Il-2rgamma binding compounds

ABSTRACT

IL-2Rβ ligands and IL-2Rγc ligands and compounds comprising the ligands are disclosed. The ligands and compounds such as heterodimers and fusion proteins comprising the IL-2Rβ ligands and/or the IL-2Rγc ligands can be IL-2 receptor agonists.

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 16/531,989, filed on Aug. 5, 2019, now allowed, which claims benefit under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e) to U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/785,754 filed on Dec. 28, 2018, and U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/715,097 filed on Aug. 6, 2018, each of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.

FIELD

The present disclosure relates to IL-2Rβ ligands, to IL-2Rγc ligands and to compounds having an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand. Compounds such as synthetic heterodimers and recombinant fusion proteins comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand can be IL-2 receptor agonists.

SEQUENCE LISTING

The instant application contains a Sequence Listing which has been submitted electronically in ASCII format and is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. The ASCII copy, created on Jul. 31, 2019, is named 62AJ-000130US-295084_SL.txt and is 305,881 bytes in size.

BACKGROUND

Recombinant human Interleukin-2 (IL-2) was one of the first immuno-oncology agents studied in the clinic and was approved by the FDA for use against some particularly challenging cancers, melanoma and renal carcinoma in the 1990s. IL-2 is effective, producing durable responses in up to 10% of patients with these tumors, but its utility is limited by very serious, dose-limiting toxicities. In addition, the efficacy of IL-2 in directing T-cell-mediated anti-tumor response is compromised by concurrent IL-2-driven upregulation of T-cell suppressive systems. There has been a continuing search for strategies to reduce the toxicity of IL-2 therapy, and to avoid the immunosuppressive limitations on anti-tumor activity. To date, modestly effective strategies have been developed to control systemic exposure, and thus toxicity, of this potent biologic. Elucidation of the complicated biology of IL-2 has led to modifications of the natural IL-2 molecule to alter the balance of tumor toxicity and suppression. However, these approaches are limited by the use of natural IL-2 as a template, thus retaining elements of the undesirable, structure-driven bioactivities of the parent molecule.

Crucial to its anti-tumor properties, IL-2 exerts potent stimulatory effects on NK and cytotoxic CD8+ T-cells. However, the anti-tumor effects are paradoxically suppressed by IL-2-directed stimulation of T-regulatory cells (Tregs), which effectively blunts the anti-tumor immune response. This dual effect of IL-2 is largely controlled by the nature of the IL-2 receptor (IL-2R) subunits expressed on the various cells responsible for immune homeostasis. IL-2 is recognized by combinations of three receptor subunits, which are differentially and conditionally expressed on many types of immune cells. The two signaling subunits, known as IL-2Rβ (β) and IL-2Rγ-common (γc), initiate signaling when brought into correctly-oriented apposition by binding to IL-2. IL-2 binds to IL-2R3γc with an affinity of about 1 nM to form an active ternary complex. Most immune cells express, at various levels, the IL-2Rβ and IL-2Rγc subunits. There is also a third, non-signaling IL-2R subunit, IL-2Rα (also known as CD25), which is expressed on a subset of immune cells, notably Tregs. The complex of IL-2Rαβγc has a very high affinity for IL-2 (about 10 pM), and cells expressing all three subunits are therefore much more sensitive to IL-2. A popular and well-supported strategy for improving the efficacy of IL-2 receptor agonists against tumors involves engineering IL-2R selectivity to reduce the binding of IL-2 to the IL-2Rα subunit while maintaining IL-2Rβγc binding and signaling to favor infiltration and stimulation of cytotoxic effector T-cells (Teff cells) over Tregs at tumor sites.

The cause of IL-2 toxicity in the clinical setting is less well understood; but is thought to be the result of exaggerated peripheral immuno-stimulation of IL-2Rβγc-expressing T-cells accompanied by excessive release of inflammatory cytokines. Toxicity is induced by the frequent administration of high doses of IL-2 required to sustain adequate tumor exposure because of the short half-life of the natural cytokine.

Strategies to address the limitations of IL-2 as a useful immuno-oncology therapy utilize mutants, fusion proteins, or chemically-modified IL-2 to alter the complex biology of the immune regulator. An example is a modified form of IL-2, decorated with 6 large cleavable polyethylene glycol (PEG) moieties that serve the dual purposes of altering receptor subunit binding specificity and prolonging the circulating half-life of a reversibly inactive prodrug of IL-2. As the prodrug systemically circulates, a cascade of PEG removal imparts a complicated pharmacokinetic (PK) profile of variously-active and inactive forms of the cytokine, producing low sustained peripheral exposure to active IL-2 agonism, and thereby avoids the C_(max)-driven severe side effects of high dose IL-2. The last two PEGs to be cleaved are located near the IL-2Rα binding site, interfering with IL-2Rα binding, but allowing for IL-2Rβγc signaling, consequently favoring cytotoxic T-cell activity over the suppressive Treg activity. This yields a promising therapeutic molecule that addresses two principal deficiencies of IL-2 as an anti-cancer therapeutic: (a) avoiding activation of IL-2Rαβγc on Tregs, and (b) half-life extension of the IL-2Rβγc-activating compound. However, these effects are necessarily intertwined and are difficult to optimize separately, as is often required during pre-clinical and clinical development. This limits the use of a bioactive IL-2 protein as a starting point for imparting multiple new properties.

SUMMARY

According to the present invention, an IL-2Rβ ligand exhibits a binding affinity (IC50) to the human IL-2Rβ subunit of less than 100 μM.

According to the present invention, an IL-2Rβ ligand comprises an amino acid sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NO: 1 to SEQ ID NO: 193, SEQ ID NO: 578 to SEQ ID NO: 903, and SEQ ID NO: 1028 to SEQ ID NO: 1050.

According to the present invention, an IL-2Rγc ligand exhibits a binding affinity (IC50) to the human IL-2Rγc subunit of less than 100 μM.

According to the present invention, an IL-2Rγc ligand comprises an amino acid sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NO: 194 to SEQ ID NO: 267 and SEQ ID NO: 904 to SEQ ID NO: 1027.

According to the present invention, a compound comprises at least one IL-2Rβ ligand according to the present invention and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand according to the present invention.

According to the present invention, a pharmaceutical composition comprises an IL-2Rβ ligand according to the present invention and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand according to the present invention; a compound according to the present invention; or a combination thereof.

According to the present invention, methods of treating cancer in a patient comprise administering to a patient in need of such treatment, a therapeutically effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition according to the present invention.

According to the present invention, methods of treating an autoimmune disease in a patient comprise administering to a patient in need of such treatment, a therapeutically effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition according to the present invention.

According to the present invention, methods include: methods of screening compounds for IL-2Rβ and/or IL-2Rγc activity; methods of activating the human IL-2 receptor; methods of treating a disease in a patient wherein the IL-2 receptor signaling pathway is associated with the etiology of the disease; methods of treating a disease in a patient wherein activation of the IL-2 receptor is effective in treating the disease; methods of treating a disease in a patient wherein inhibition of the IL-2 receptor is effective in treating the disease; methods of treating a disease in a patient, wherein cells expressing the IL-2Rβ and/or IL-2Rγc subunit are associated with the etiology of the disease; methods of treating a disease in a patient, wherein cells expressing the IL-2Rγc subunit and/or the L-2Rγc subunit are associated with the etiology of the disease; methods of treating a disease in a patient wherein reducing the sensitivity of Treg cells to IL-2 is effective in treating the disease; methods of imaging cells expressing the IL-2Rβ subunit and/or the IL-2Rγc subunit; methods of diagnosing a disease in a patient wherein the disease is associated with cells expressing the IL-2Rβ subunit and/or the IL-2Rγc subunit; methods of targeting a compound to cells expressing the IL-2Rβ subunit and/or the IL-2Rγc subunit; and methods of delivering a cytotoxic compound to cells expressing the the IL-2Rβ subunit and/or IL-2Rγc subunit.

According to the present invention, a binding site of the IL-2Rβ subunit, wherein the group of IL-2Rβ ligands having amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOS: 1-163, 164-182, 578-808, and 1028-1042, competitively bind to the binding site with each of the other IL-2Rβ ligands within the group; an IL-2Rβ ligand having amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1041 does not compete for binding to the binding site with the group of IL-2Rβ ligands; and IL-2 does not compete for binding to the binding site with the group of IL-2Rβ ligands.

According to the present invention, a binding site of the IL-2Rγc subunit, wherein the group of IL-2Rγc ligands having amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOS: 194-210, 904-913, 211-233, 914-920, 234-245, 246-254, 921-922, 265-267, and 932-940, competitively bind to the binding site with each of the other IL-2Rγc ligands within the group; an IL-2Rγc ligand having amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 948 does not compete for binding to the binding site with the group of IL-2Rγc ligands; and IL-2 does not compete for binding to the binding site with the group of IL-2Rγc ligands.

Reference is now made to certain compounds and methods. The disclosed embodiments are not intended to be limiting of the claims. To the contrary, the claims are intended to cover all alternatives, modifications, and equivalents.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The drawings described herein are for illustration purposes only. The drawings are not intended to limit the scope of the present disclosure.

FIG. 1 shows STAT5 phosphorylation in NK-92 cells by IL-2Rβγc agonists according to the present disclosure by Western Blot analysis.

FIG. 2A shows STAT5 phosphorylation in TF-1 cells by IL-2Rβγc agonists according to the present disclosure by Western Blot analysis.

FIG. 2B shows RT-qPCR gene expression profiling comparing several transfected TF-1 cell populations.

FIG. 3 shows activation of STAT5, ERK1/2 and AKT in NK-92 cells by IL-2Rβγc agonists according to the present disclosure by Western Blot analysis.

FIG. 4A shows STAT5 phosphorylation in NK-92 cells by IL-2Rβγc agonists according to the present disclosure by Western Blot analysis.

FIG. 4B shows pSTAT5 dose response curves in NK-92 cells by the IL-2Rβγc agonists evaluated in FIG. 4A.

FIGS. 5A-5C show the results of an NK-92 proliferation assay using IL-2Rβγc agonists according to the present disclosure (FIG. 5A), by rhIL-2 (FIG. 5B), and as an overlay comparison (FIG. 5C).

FIG. 6 shows the ELISA signal for various phage binding at pH 6.0 and pH 7.5.

FIG. 7 show the ELISA signal for a phage exhibiting pH-dependent binding compared to a non-pH-dependent clone that exhibited a similar binding affinity at pH 6.0 and pH 7.5.

FIGS. 8A-8B show phage binding IC₅₀ curves for a non-pH-independent clone (FIG. 8A) and a pH-dependent phage (FIG. 8B) at pH 6.0 and pH 7.5.

FIGS. 9A-9B shows IC₅₀ curves for peptide binding to IL-2Rβ-Fc for a non-pH-independent clone (FIG. 9A) and for a peptide from screening that exhibited pH-dependent binding (FIG. 9B).

FIG. 10 shows STAT5 phosphorylation in NK-92 cells by a heterodimeric IL-2Rβγc agonist provided by the present disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

A dash (“-”) that is not between two letters or symbols is used to indicate a point of attachment for a moiety or substituent. For example, —CONH₂ is attached through the carbon atom and -X¹-X²-denotes amino acids X¹ and X² covalently bonded through a single bond.

“Alkyl” refers to a saturated or unsaturated, branched, or straight-chain, monovalent hydrocarbon radical derived by the removal of one hydrogen atom from a single carbon atom of a parent alkane, alkene, or alkyne. Examples of alkyl groups include methyl; ethyls such as ethanyl, ethenyl, and ethynyl; propyls such as propan-1-yl, propan-2-yl, prop-1-en-1-yl, prop-1-en-2-yl, prop-2-en-1-yl (allyl), prop-1-yn-1-yl, prop-2-yn-1-yl, etc.; butyls such as butan-1-yl, butan-2-yl, 2-methyl-propan-1-yl, 2-methyl-propan-2-yl, but-1-en-1-yl, but-1-en-2-yl, 2-methyl-prop-1-en-1-yl, but-2-en-1-yl, but-2-en-2-yl, buta-1,3-dien-1-yl, buta-1,3-dien-2-yl, but-1-yn-1-yl, but-1-yn-3-yl, but-3-yn-1-yl, etc.; and the like. The term “alkyl” is specifically intended to include groups having any degree or level of saturation, i.e., groups having exclusively carbon-carbon single bonds, groups having one or more carbon-carbon double bonds, groups having one or more carbon-carbon triple bonds, and groups having combinations of carbon-carbon single, double, and triple bonds. Where a specific level of saturation is intended, the terms alkanyl, alkenyl, and alkynyl are used. In certain embodiments, an alkyl group is C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₅ alkyl, C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₁₋₃ alkyl, and in certain embodiments, ethyl or methyl.

“Cycloalkyl” refers to a saturated or partially unsaturated cyclic alkyl radical. In certain embodiments, a cycloalkyl group is C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₃₋₅ cycloalkyl, C₅₋₆ cycloalkyl, cyclopropyl, cyclopentyl, and in certain embodiments, cyclohexyl. In certain embodiments, cycloalkyl is selected from cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, and cyclohexyl.

“Heterocycloalkyl” by itself or as part of another substituent refers to a saturated or unsaturated cyclic alkyl radical in which one or more carbon atoms (and certain associated hydrogen atoms) are independently replaced with the same or different heteroatom; or to a parent aromatic ring system in which one or more carbon atoms (and certain associated hydrogen atoms) are independently replaced with the same or different heteroatom such that the ring system violates the Hückel-rule. Examples of heteroatoms to replace the carbon atom(s) include N, P, O, S, and Si. Examples of heterocycloalkyl groups include groups derived from epoxides, azirines, thiiranes, imidazolidine, morphoIine, piperazine, piperidine, pyrazolidine, pyrrolidine, quinuclidine, and the like. In certain embodiments, heterocycloalkyl is C₅ heterocycloalkyl and is selected from pyrrolidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydrothiophenyl, imidazolidinyl, oxazolidinyl, thiazolidinyl, doxolanyl, and dithiolanyl. In certain embodiments, heterocycloalkyl is C₆ heterocycloalkyl and is selected from piperidinyl, tetrahydropyranyl, piperizinyl, oxazinyl, dithianyl, and dioxanyl. In certain embodiments a heterocycloalkyl group is C₃₋₆ heterocycloalkyl, C₃₋₅ heterocycloalkyl, C₅₋₆ heterocycloalkyl, and in certain embodiments, C₅ heterocycloalkyl or C₆ heterocycloalkyl. In certain embodiments of heterocycloalkyl, the heteroatomic group is selected from —O—, —S—, —NH—, —N(—CH₃)—, —SO—, and —SO₂—, in certain embodiments, the heteroatomic group is selected from —O— and —NH—, and in certain embodiments the heteroatomic group is —O— or —NH—.

“Agonist” refers to a biologically active ligand which binds to its complementary biologically active receptor or subunit(s) and activates the receptor to cause a biological response mediated by the receptor, or to enhance a preexisting biological activity mediated by the receptor.

“Affinity” refers to the strength of the binding interaction between a single biomolecule to its ligand/binding partner. Affinity is expressed as the IC₅₀.

“Antagonist” refers to a biologically active ligand or compound that binds to its complementary receptor or subunit(s) and blocks or reduces a biological response of the receptor.

Amino acid residues are abbreviated as follows: alanine is Ala or A; arginine is Arg is R; asparagine is Asn or N; aspartic acid is Asp or D; cysteine is Cys or C; glutamic acid is Glu or E; glutamine is Gln or Q; glycine is Gly or G; histidine is His or H; isoleucine is Ile or I; leucine is Leu or L; lysine is Lys or K; methionine is Met or M; phenylalanine is Phe or F; proline is Pro or P; serine is Ser or S; threonine is Thr or T; tryptophan is Trp or W; tyrosine is Tyr or Y; and valine is Val or V.

“Non-natural amino acids” include, for example, β-amino acids, homo-amino acids, proline and pyruvic acid derivatives, histidine derivatives with alkyl or heteroatom moieties attached to the imidazole ring, amino acids with pyridine-containing side chains, 3-substituted alanine derivatives, glycine derivatives, ring-substituted phenylalanine and tyrosine derivatives, and N-methyl amino acids.

Amino acids having a large hydrophobic side chain include isoleucine (I), leucine (L), methionine (M), valine (V), phenylalanine (F), tyrosine (Y), and tryptophan (W).

Amino acids having a small hydrophobic side chain include alanine (A), glycine (G), proline (P), serine (S), and threonine (T).

Amino acids having a basic side chain include arginine (R), lysine (K), and histidine (H).

Amino acids having an acidic side chain include aspartate (D) and glutamate (E).

Amino acids having a polar/neutral side chain include histidine (H), asparagine (N), glutamine (Q), serine (S), threonine (T), and tyrosine (Y).

Amino acids having an aromatic side chain include phenylalanine (F), histidine (H), tryptophan (W), and tyrosine (Y).

Amino acids having a hydroxyl side chain include serine (S), threonine (T), and tyrosine (Y).

“Conservative amino acid substitution” means that amino acids within each of the following groups can be substituted with another amino acid within the group: amino acids having a small hydrophobic side chain comprising alanine (A), glycine (G), proline (P), serine (S), and threonine (T); amino acids having a hydroxyl-containing side chain comprising serine (S), threonine (T), and tyrosine (Y); amino acids having an acidic side chain comprising aspartate (D) and glutamate (E); amino acids comprising a polar-neutral side chain comprising histidine (H), asparagine (N), glutamine (Q), serine (S), threonine (T), and tyrosine (Y); amino acids having a basic side chain comprising arginine (R), lysine (K), and histidine (H); amino acids having a large hydrophobic side chain comprising isoleucine (I), leucine (L), methionine (M), valine (V), phenylalanine (F), tyrosine (Y), and tryptophan (W)); and amino acids having an aromatic side chain comprising phenylalanine (F), histidine (H), tryptophan (W), and tyrosine (Y).

“PEG,” “polyethylene glycol” and “poly(ethylene glycol)” refer to any nonpeptidic water-soluble poly(ethylene oxide). PEGs can comprise a structure —(OCH₂CH₂)_(n)— where n is, for example, an integer from 1 to 4,000. A PEG can also include moieties such as —CH₂CH₂—O(CH₂CH₂O)_(n)—CH₂CH₂— and/or —(OCH₂CH₂)_(n)O— moieties, depending upon whether or not the terminal oxygens have been displaced, e.g., during a synthetic transformation. A PEG can be capped with a suitable end group. At least 50% of the repeating subunits of a PEG can have the structure —CH₂CH₂—. A PEG can have any suitable molecular weight, structure, and/or geometry such as branched, linear, forked, or multifunctional.

Molecular weight in the context of a polymer refers to the number average molecular weight as determined by gel permeation chromatography using a polystyrene standard. A polymer can have a polydispersity index (i.e., number average molecular weight and weight average molecular weight of the polymers are not equal), for example, less than 1.2, less than 1.15, less than 1.10, less than 1.05, or less than 1.03.

A linker refers to a moiety that binds at least one IL-2R ligand such as an IL-2Rα ligand, an IL-2Rβ ligand, and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand. A linker can bind to another IL-2R ligand which can be the same IL-2R ligand or a different IL-2R ligand. A linker can also bind to one or more additional moieties that provide a desired physiological function. A linker can be divalent or multivalent. A linker can be hydrolytically stable or may include a physiologically hydrolyzable or enzymatically degradable linkage. A linker can bind IL-2R ligands to form dimers, trimers, or higher order multi-ligand peptides (heteromers) and compounds.

A “physiologically cleavable” or “hydrolyzable” or “degradable” bond is a bond that reacts with water (i.e., is hydrolyzed) under physiological conditions. The tendency of a bond to hydrolyze in water will depend not only on the general type of linkage connecting two central atoms but also on the substituents attached to these central atoms. Suitable hydrolytically unstable or weak linkages include but are not limited to carboxylate ester, phosphate ester, anhydrides, acetals, ketals, acyloxyalkyl ether, imines, orthoesters, peptides and oligonucleotides.

An “enzymatically degradable linkage” means a linkage that can be degraded or cleaved by one or more enzymes.

A “hydrolytically stable” linkage or bond refers to a chemical bond, such as a covalent bond, that is substantially stable in water such that the chemical bond does not undergo hydrolysis under physiological conditions to any appreciable extent over an extended period of time. Examples of hydrolytically stable linkages include, but are not limited to, the following: carbon-carbon bonds (e.g., in aliphatic chains), ethers, amides, urethanes, and the like. Generally, a hydrolytically stable linkage is one that exhibits a rate of hydrolysis of less than about 1% to 2% per day under physiological conditions.

An “IL-2Rα ligand” refers to a peptide capable of binding to the IL-2Rα subunit of a mammalian IL-2 receptor with an affinity (IC₅₀) less than 100 μM.

An “IL-2Rβ ligand” refers to a peptide capable of binding to the IL-2Rβ subunit of a mammalian IL-2 receptor with an affinity (IC₅₀) less than 100 μM.

An “IL-2Rγc ligand” refers to a peptide capable of binding to the IL-2Rγc subunit of a mammalian IL-2 receptor with an affinity (IC₅₀) less than 100 μM.

A “human IL-2Rα ligand” comprises refers to a peptide capable of binding to the IL-2Rα subunit of the human IL-2 receptor with an affinity (IC₅₀) less than 100 μM.

A “human IL-2Rβ ligand” refers to a peptide capable of binding to the IL-2Rβ subunit of the human IL-2 receptor with an affinity (IC₅₀) less than 100 μM.

A “human IL-2Rγc ligand” refers to a peptide capable of binding to the IL-2Rγc subunit of a mammalian IL-2 receptor with an affinity (IC₅₀) less than 100 μM.

A “human IL-2Rα ligand” comprises refers to a peptide capable of binding to the IL-2Rα subunit of the human IL-2 receptor with an affinity (IC₅₀) less than 100 μM.

The “IL-2Rβ subunit” refers to the human (Homo sapiens) interleukin-2 receptor subunit β precursor NCBI Reference Sequence NP_000689.1.

The “IL-2Rγc subunit” refers to the human (Homo sapiens) interleukin-2 receptor subunit γ precursor NCBI Reference Sequence NP_000197.1.

An “IL-2R ligand fusion protein” refers to a protein made by recombinant DNA technology in which the translational reading frame of a ligand of a mammalian IL-2 receptor is fused to that of another protein, i. e., IL-2 receptor fusion partner, to produce a single recombinant polypeptide. An IL-2R ligand fusion protein can comprise an IL-2Rβ ligand, an IL-2Rγc ligand, or both an IL-2Rβ ligand and an IL-2Rγc ligand. An IL-2R ligand fusion protein can be produced as a disulfide-linked dimer, joined together by disulfide bonds located in the hinge region. An IL-2R ligand fusion protein can include a peptide linker such as an amino acid sequence located between two proteins comprising a fusion protein, such that the linker peptide sequence is not derived from either partner protein. Peptide linkers can be incorporated into fusion proteins as spacers to promote proper protein folding and stability of the component protein moieties, to improve protein expression, and/or to enable better bioactivity of the two fusion partners. Peptide linkers can be divided into the categories of unstructured flexible peptides or rigid structured peptides.

Bioisosteres are atoms or molecules that fit the broadest definition for isosteres. The concept of bioisosterism is based on the concept that single atom, groups, moieties, or whole molecules, which have chemical and physical similarities produce similar biological effects. A bioisostere of a parent compound can still be recognized and accepted by its appropriate target, but its functions will be altered as compared to the parent molecule. Parameters affected with bioisosteric replacements include, for example, size, conformation, inductive and mesomeric effects, polarizability, capacity for electrostatic interactions, charge distribution, H-bond formation capacity, pKa (acidity), solubility, hydrophobicity, lipophilicity, hydrophilicity, polarity, potency, selectivity, reactivity, or chemical and metabolic stability, ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion). Although common in pharmaceuticals, carboxyl groups or carboxylic acid functional groups (—CO₂H) in a parent molecule may be replaced with a suitable surrogate or (bio)isostere to overcome chemical or biological shortcomings while retaining the desired attributes of the parent molecule bearing one or more carboxyl groups or carboxylic acid functional groups (—CO₂H).

“Isostere” or “isostere replacement” refers to any amino acid or other analog moiety having physiochemical and/or structural properties similar to a specified amino acid. An “isostere” or “suitable isostere” of an amino acid is another amino acid of the same class, wherein amino acids belong to the following classes based on the propensity of the side chain to be in contact with polar solvent like water: hydrophobic (low propensity to be in contact with water), polar or charged (energetically favorable contact with water). Examples of charged amino acid residues include lysine (+), arginine (+), aspartate (−) and glutamate (−). Examples of polar amino acids include serine, threonine, asparagine, glutamine, histidine and tyrosine. Illustrative hydrophobic amino acids include alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, proline, phenylalanine, tryptophan, cysteine and methionine. The amino acid glycine does not have a side chain and is difficult to assign to one of the above classes. However, glycine is often found at the surface of proteins, often within loops, providing high flexibility to these regions, and an isostere may have a similar feature. Proline has the opposite effect, providing rigidity to the protein structure by imposing certain torsion angles on the segment of the polypeptide chain. An isostere can be a derivative of an amino acid, e.g., a derivative having one or more modified side chains as compared to the reference amino acid.

“Cyclized” refers to a reaction in which one part of a peptide or polypeptide molecule becomes linked to another part of the peptide or polypeptide molecule to form a closed ring, such as by forming a disulfide bridge or other similar bond, e.g., a lactam bond. In particular embodiments, peptide monomer compounds or monomer subunits of peptide dimer compounds described herein are cyclized via an intramolecular bond between two amino acid residues present in the peptide monomer or monomer subunit.

“Patient” refers to a mammal, for example, a human.

“Peptide” refers to a polymer in which the monomers are α-amino acids joined together through amide bonds. A peptide can comprise, for example, less than 100 amino acids, less than 50 amino acids, less than 40 amino acids, less than 30 amino acids, or less than 20 amino acids. A peptide can comprise naturally-occurring α-amino acids, non-naturally occurring amino acids, or a combination thereof.

In addition to peptides consisting only of naturally-occurring amino acids, peptidomimetics or peptide analogs are also provided. Peptide mimetics that are structurally similar to therapeutically useful peptides may be used to produce an equivalent or enhanced therapeutic or prophylactic effect. Generally, peptidomimetics are structurally similar to a paradigm peptide, for example, a peptide that has a biological or pharmacological activity, such as a naturally-occurring receptor-binding peptide, but have one or more peptide linkages optionally replaced by a linkage such as —CH₂—NH—, —CH₂—S—, —CH₂—CH₂—, —CH═CH— (cis and trans), —COCH₂—, —CH(OH)CH₂—, and —CH₂SO—, by methods known in the art.

Systematic substitution of one or more amino acids of a consensus sequence with a D-amino acid of the same type, such as D-lysine in place of L-lysine, may be used to generate more stable peptides. In addition, constrained peptides comprising a consensus sequence or a substantially identical consensus sequence variation may be generated by methods known in the art; for example, by adding internal cysteine residues capable of forming intramolecular disulfide bridges which cyclize the peptide.

Synthetic or non-naturally occurring amino acids refer to amino acids which do not naturally occur in vivo but which, nevertheless, can be incorporated into the peptide ligands provided by the present disclosure. Suitable examples of synthetic amino acids include the D-α-amino acids of naturally occurring L-α-amino acid as well as non-naturally occurring D- and L-α-amino acids represented by the formula H₂NCHR⁵COOH where R⁵ is c₁₋₆ alkyl, C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, C₃₋₈ heterocycloalkyl; an aromatic residue of from 6 to 10 carbon atoms optionally having from 1 to 3 substituents on the aromatic nucleus selected from the group consisting of hydroxyl, lower alkoxy, amino, and carboxyl; -alkylene-Y where alkylene is an alkylene group of from 1 to 7 carbon atoms and Y is selected from a hydroxyl, amino, cycloalkyl, and cycloalkenyl having from 3 to 7 carbon atoms; aryl of from 6 to 10 carbon atoms, such as from 1 to 3 substituents on the aromatic nucleus selected from the group consisting of hydroxyl, lower alkoxy, amino and carboxyl; heterocyclic of from 3 to 7 carbon atoms and 1 to 2 heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of oxygen, sulfur, and nitrogen; —C(O)R² where R² is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxy, lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, and —NR³R⁴ where R³ and R⁴ are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and lower alkyl; —S(O)_(n)R⁶ where n is 1 or 2 and R² is C₁₋₆ alkyl and with the proviso that R⁵ does not define a side chain of a naturally occurring amino acid.

Examples of other synthetic amino acids include amino acids wherein the amino group is separated from the carboxyl group by more than one carbon atom such as b-alanine, g-aminobutyric acid, and the like.

Examples of suitable synthetic amino acids include the D-amino acids of naturally occurring L-amino acids, L-1-naphthyl-alanine, L-2-naphthylalanine, L-cyclohexylalanine, L-2-amino isobutyric acid, the sulfoxide and sulfone derivatives of methionine, i.e., HOOC—(H₂NCH)CH₂CH₂—S(O)_(n)R⁶, where n and R⁶ are as defined above as well as the lower alkoxy derivative of methionine, i.e., HOOC—(H₂NCH)CH₂CH₂OR⁶ where R⁶ is as defined above.

“Polypeptide” refers to a polymer in which the monomers are α-amino acids joined together through amide bonds and comprising greater than 100 amino acids.

“N-terminus” refers to the end of a peptide or polypeptide, such as an N-terminus of an IL-2Rβ ligand or an IL-2Rγc ligand, that bears an amino group in contrast to the carboxyl end bearing a carboxyl acid group.

“C-terminus” refers to the end of a peptide or polypeptide, such as a C-terminus of an IL-2Rβ ligand or an IL-2Rγc ligand, that bears a carboxylic acid group in contrast to the amino terminus bearing an amino group.

“Pharmaceutically acceptable” refers to approved or approvable by a regulatory agency of the Federal or a state government or listed in the U.S. Pharmacopoeia or other generally recognized pharmacopoeia for use in animals, and more particularly in humans.

“Pharmaceutically acceptable salt” refers to a salt of a compound, which possesses the desired pharmacological activity of the parent compound. Such salts include acid addition salts, formed with inorganic acids and one or more protonable functional groups such as primary, secondary, or tertiary amines within the parent compound. Examples of inorganic acids include hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, and the like. In certain embodiments the salts are formed with organic acids such as acetic acid, propionic acid, hexanoic acid, cyclopentanepropionic acid, glycolic acid, pyruvic acid, lactic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, malic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, benzoic acid, 3-(4-hydroxybenzoyl) benzoic acid, cinnamic acid, mandelic acid, methanesulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, 1,2-ethane-disulfonic acid, 2-hydroxyethanesulfonic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, 4-chlorobenzenesulfonic acid, 2-naphthalenesulfonic acid, 4-toluenesulfonic acid, camphorsulfonic acid, 4-methylbicyclo[2.2.2]-oct-2-ene-1-carboxylic acid, glucoheptonic acid, 3-phenylpropionic acid, trimethylacetic acid, tertiary butylacetic acid, lauryl sulfuric acid, gluconic acid, glutamic acid, hydroxynaphthoic acid, salicylic acid, stearic acid, muconic acid, and the like. In certain embodiments, a salt is formed when one or more acidic protons present in the parent compound are replaced by a metal ion, e.g., an alkali metal ion, an alkaline earth ion, or an aluminum ion, or combinations thereof; or coordinates with an organic base such as ethanolamine, diethanolamine, triethanolamine, N-methylglucamine, and the like. In certain embodiments, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt is the hydrochloride salt. In certain embodiments, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt is the sodium salt. In certain embodiments where a compound has two or more ionizable groups, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt comprises one or more counterions, such as a bi-salt, for example, a dihydrochloride salt.

The term “pharmaceutically acceptable salt” includes hydrates and other solvates, as well as salts in crystalline or non-crystalline form. Where a particular pharmaceutically acceptable salt is disclosed, it is understood that the particular salt (e.g., a hydrochloride salt) is an example of a salt, and that other salts may be formed using techniques known to one of skill in the art. Additionally, one of skill in the art would be able to convert the pharmaceutically acceptable salt to the corresponding compound, free base and/or free acid, using techniques generally known in the art. See also: Stahl and Wermuth, C. G. (Editors), Handbook of Pharmaceutical Salts, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, Germany, 2008.

“Pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle” refers to a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent, a pharmaceutically acceptable adjuvant, a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, or a combination of any of the foregoing with which a compound provided by the present disclosure may be administered to a patient and which does not destroy the pharmacological activity thereof and which is non-toxic when administered in doses sufficient to provide a therapeutically effective amount of the compound.

“Solvate” refers to a molecular complex of a compound with one or more solvent molecules in a stoichiometric or non-stoichiometric amount. Such solvent molecules are those commonly used in the pharmaceutical arts, which are known to be innocuous to a patient, e.g., water, ethanol, and the like. A molecular complex of a compound or moiety of a compound and a solvent can be stabilized by non-covalent intra-molecular forces such as, for example, electrostatic forces, van der Waals forces, or hydrogen bonds. The term “hydrate” refers to a solvate in which the one or more solvent molecules is water.

“Pharmaceutical composition” refers to an IL-2R binding compound provided by the present disclosure or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle with which the compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered to a patient. Pharmaceutically acceptable vehicles are known in the art.

“Disease” refers to a disease, disorder, condition, or symptom of any of the foregoing.

“Preventing” or “prevention” refers to a reduction in risk of acquiring a disease or disorder (i.e., causing at least one of the clinical symptoms of the disease not to develop in a patient that may be exposed to or predisposed to the disease but does not yet experience or display symptoms of the disease). In some embodiments, “preventing” or “prevention” refers to reducing symptoms of the disease by taking the compound in a preventative fashion. The application of a therapeutic for preventing or prevention of a disease of disorder is known as ‘prophylaxis.’

“Prodrug” refers to a derivative of a therapeutic compound that requires a transformation within the body to release the active therapeutic compound. Prodrugs are frequently, although not necessarily, pharmacologically inactive until converted to the parent drug.

“Promoiety” refers to a group bonded to a therapeutic compound, typically to a functional group of the therapeutic compound, via bond(s) that are cleavable under specified conditions of use. The bond(s) between the drug and promoiety may be cleaved by enzymatic or non-enzymatic means. Under the conditions of use, for example following administration to a patient, the bond(s) between the therapeutic compound and the promoiety may be cleaved to release the parent therapeutic compound. The cleavage of the promoiety may proceed spontaneously, such as via a hydrolysis reaction, or it may be catalyzed or induced by another agent, such as by an enzyme, by light, by acid, or by a change of or exposure to a physical or environmental parameter, such as a change of temperature, pH, etc. The agent may be endogenous to the conditions of use, such as an enzyme present in the systemic circulation of a patient to which the prodrug is administered or the acidic conditions of the stomach or the agent may be supplied exogenously.

“Substantially” means, for example, greater than 90%, greater than 95%, greater than 98%, or greater than 99%.

“Therapeutically effective amount” refers to the amount of a compound that, when administered to a subject for treating a disease, or at least one of the clinical symptoms of a disease, is sufficient to treat the disease or symptom thereof. The “therapeutically effective amount” may vary depending, for example, on the compound, the disease and/or symptoms of the disease, severity of the disease and/or symptoms of the disease or disorder, the age, weight, and/or health of the patient to be treated, and the judgment of the prescribing physician. An appropriate amount in any given instance may be ascertained by those skilled in the art or capable of determination by routine experimentation.

“Therapeutically effective dose” refers to a dose that provides effective treatment of a disease or disorder in a patient. A therapeutically effective dose may vary from compound to compound, and from patient to patient, and may depend upon factors such as the condition of the patient and the route of delivery. A therapeutically effective dose may be determined in accordance with routine pharmacological procedures known to those skilled in the art.

“Treating” or “treatment” of a disease refers to arresting or ameliorating a disease or at least one of the clinical symptoms of a disease or disorder, reducing the risk of acquiring a disease or at least one of the clinical symptoms of a disease, reducing the development of a disease or at least one of the clinical symptoms of the disease or reducing the risk of developing a disease or at least one of the clinical symptoms of a disease. “Treating” or “treatment” also refers to inhibiting the disease, either physically, (e.g., stabilization of a discernible symptom), physiologically, (e.g., stabilization of a physical parameter), or both, and to inhibiting at least one physical parameter or manifestation that may or may not be discernible to the patient. In certain embodiments, “treating” or “treatment” refers to delaying the onset of the disease or at least one or more symptoms thereof in a patient who may be exposed to or predisposed to a disease or disorder even though that patient does not yet experience or display symptoms of the disease.

“Tregs” or “Treg cells” refer to regulatory T cells. Regulatory T cells are a class of T cells that suppress the activity of other immune cells and are defined using flow cytometry by the cell marker phenotypes CD4+/CD25+/FOXP3+, CD4+CD25+CD127lo, or CD4+/CD25+/FOXP3+/CD127lo. Because FOXP3 is an intracellular protein and requires cell fixation and permeablization for staining, the cell surface phenotype CD4+CD25+CD127lo− can be used for defining live Tregs. Tregs also include various Treg subclasses, such as tTregs (thymus-derived) and pTregs (peripherally-derived, differentiated from naive T cells in the periphery). All Tregs express the IL-2Rαβγ receptor, do not produce IL-2 and are dependent on IL-2 for growth. A person skilled in the art will recognize that Tregs will be more potently activated by an IL-2Rαβγc-biased agonist.

“CD4+ T cells” are a type of lymphocyte that functions to coordinate the immune response by stimulating other immune cells such as macrophages, B lymphocytes (B cells), CD8 lymphocytes (CD8 cells) to fight infection. CD4+ T cells recognize peptides presented on MHC Class II molecules, which are found on antigen presenting cells.

“CD8+(cytotoxic) T cells” are generated in the thymus and express the T-cell receptor. Cytotoxic T cells express a dimeric co-receptor, CD8, which typically comprises one CD8α and one CD8β chain. CD8+ T cells recognize peptides presented by MHC Class 1 molecules found on all nucleated cells. The CD8 heterodimer binds to a conservative portion of MHC Class 1 during T cell/antigen presenting cell interactions. CD8+ T-cells (cytotoxic T lymphocytes, or CTLs) are important for immune defense against intracellular pathogens including viruses and bacteria, and for tumor surveillance.

“NK (natural killer) cells” are lymphocytes in the same family as T and B cells and, as cells of the innate immune system, are classified as group I innate lymphocytes (ILCs). NK cells respond to a wide variety of pathological challenges including killing virally infected cells and detecting and controlling early signs of cancer.

“Functional activation of T cells” is defined as an IL-2-mediated response in T cells. Assays for functional activation of T cells include stimulation of pSTAT5, Treg cell proliferation or markers of proliferation (such as Ki67), change in immune cell type ratios, and stimulation of the levels of T-cell effector proteins.

Reference is now made in detail to certain embodiments of compounds, compositions, and methods. The disclosed embodiments are not intended to be limiting of the claims. To the contrary, the claims are intended to cover all alternatives, modifications, and equivalents.

Interleukin-2 (IL-2) plays a crucial role in regulating immune responses and maintaining peripheral self-tolerance by having both immuno-stimulatory and immuno-regulatory functions. IL-2 acts primarily as a T cell growth factor, essential for the proliferation and survival of T cells as well as for the generation of effector and memory T cells. IL-2 is a four α-helical bundle cytokine that belongs to a family of structurally related cytokines that includes IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, IL-15, and IL-21. IL-2 is produced by activated CD4+ T cells in response to antigen stimulation and can also be produced by CD8+ T cells and innate immune cells such as activated dendritic cells (DCs) and natural killer (NK) cells.

IL-2 binds to various forms of the IL-2 receptor (IL-2R), notably the monomeric, dimeric, and trimeric forms. Monomeric IL-2R consists of the membrane-associated IL-2Rα (CD25) chain, which also exists in a soluble form; however, it is not capable of inducing signaling events. The trimeric IL-2R consists of IL-2Rα, IL2β (CD122), and IL-2Rγc, also known as the common γ-chain (γc or CD132 and is shared by all members of the IL-2 cytokine family. Dimeric IL-2R comprises the IL-2Rγc and IL-2Rβ subunits. In contrast to monomeric IL-2R, both the dimeric and trimeric IL-2 receptors lead to a downstream signaling cascade upon IL-2 binding IL-2 binds with high affinity to the trimeric IL-2R but with low-moderate affinity to the dimeric IL-2R, varying the sensitivity of the cell to IL-2, Additionally, IL-2 can bind to IL-2Rα expressed on the surface of activated dendritic cells for trans presentation to neighboring cells including antigen-specific naïve T cells and NK cells that express both IL-2Rβ and IL-2Rγc subunits. This trans presentation of IL-2 has been shown to facilitate initial high affinity IL-2 signaling, required early in the immune response to prime naïve T-cells to produce IL-2.

IL-2 is first captured by IL2Rα, bringing about a conformational change to IL-2, increasing its affinity for IL-2Rβ. Association of IL-2 with the IL-2Rβγc induces the dimerization of the signaling motifs in the cytoplasmic tails of IL-2Rβ and IL-2Rγc leading to the phosphoryiation/activation of the Janus kinases, JAK1 and JAK3, which in turn exert kinase activity on key tyrosine residues in the tail of the IL-2Rβ subunit.

Downstream signaling occurs via three major pathways, the JAK-STAT pathway, the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)-AKT pathway, and the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. These pathways ultimately result in the transcription of target genes that contribute to IL-2-dependent biological actions, through the recruitment of the adaptor protein She and the transcription factor STAT5. Target genes of IL-2 signaling include cyclin D2, bcl-2, fasI, cd25 (encoding IL-2Rα), socs1-2, and the IL-2 silencing gene prdm1, which encodes for the transcription factor, BLIMP1. The production of the negative regulator of IL-2 BLIMP1 is essential for maintaining the balance between effector T cells and Treg cells, which is crucial for immune homeostasis.

IL-2 plays a dual role in T cell activation by stimulating the proliferation and differentiation of T cells as well as by maintaining and expanding the population of immuno-suppressive Treg cells. The conventional naive CD4+ and CD8+ T cells express the dimeric IL-2R, and therefore require a high concentration of IL-2 to induce their initial proliferation. Once activated, these T cells express the high-affinity trimeric IL-2R, driving the differentiation of the T cells into either effector (Teff) or memory cells. This differentiation depends on the strength and duration of the IL-2 signal.

During the primary expansion of CD8+ T cells in the presence of low-moderate levels of IL-2, a subset of CD8+ T cells will differentiate into memory T cells. The cells do this by downregulating CD25 and upregulating CD127 (IL-7R) and CD62 (L-selectin), which are crucial receptors for secondary responses upon re-infection. During an acute infection, sustained high levels of IL-2 leads to a rapid up-regulation of CD25 and the differentiation of CD8+ cells into cytotoxic effector cells. The upregulation induces an IL-2-driven expression of the death receptor fas and fasI, causing activation-induced cell death (AICD) upon pathogen clearance. For CD4+ T cells, the activation of STAT5 signaling by IL-2 influences their differentiation into multiple helper T cell populations, including Th1, Th2, and Th17 by regulating the expression of the appropriate receptors for each response.

Homeostatic or background levels of IL-2 are essential for the survival and function of Treg cells by maintaining the expression of FOXP3 and CD25. Treg cells naturally occur in the thymus and upon contact with self-peptides become activated. Additionally, Treg cells can be generated by stimulation of conventional CD4+ T cells upon interaction with antigens in peripheral lymphoid organs. Because Treg cells do not produce IL-2, they are dependent on IL-2-producing cells such as conventional T cells. Additionally, due to their high expression of IL-2Rα (CD25), Tregs are able to consume and limit the systemic concentration of IL-2, ensuring the regulation of the immune balance. In the absence of IL-2, the number of Treg cells decreases and the number of effector T cells increases, leading to an enhanced susceptibility to autoimmune and inflammatory disorders. Therefore, the unique activation of Treg cells at low levels of IL-2, which does not activate CD4+ or CD8+ T cells, has allowed for the development of IL-2 as a promising therapeutic in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases.

The production of IL-2 from both arms of the immune system highlights the importance of this cytokine in the early stages of infection, as well as in the secondary adaptive response. Furthermore, the dual functions of IL-2 in both protective immunity and immune tolerance allows IL-2 to be a potential therapeutic in seemingly contrasting therapies, as both an immune stimulant and an immune suppressor, for cancer and autoimmune disease, respectively.

The present disclosure in directed to IL-2Rβ ligands, IL-2Rγc ligands, and compounds comprising IL-2Rβ ligands and/or IL-2Rγc ligands. Compounds comprising IL-2Rβ ligands and IL-2Rγc ligands can be IL-2R agonists including selective IL-2R agonists.

IL-2Rβ ligands and IL-2Rγc ligands provided by the present disclosure comprise peptide domains amenable to strategies to simultaneously mask peripheral bioactivity, target delivery to a tumor, selectively activate cytotoxic anti-tumor cells, and direct IL-2 receptor activation at tumor sites. IL-2Rβ ligands and IL-2Rγc ligands and compounds comprising IL-2Rβ ligands and/or IL-2Rγc ligands provided by the present disclosure can also be used to treat autoimmune diseases.

IL-2Rα ligands and compounds comprising IL-2Rα ligands are disclosed in U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/856,305 filed on Jun. 3, 2019, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.

The IL-2R agonists and compounds comprising IL-2Rβ ligands and/or IL-2Rγc ligands can be designed to selectively activate a specific form of the IL-2 receptor. The small peptide IL-2R ligands, having an amino acid sequence that is unrelated to that of the natural cytokine, and can selectively bind to and activate the IL-2Rβ and/or IL-2Rγc subunits to produce therapeutic IL-2 activity, while avoiding the effects that have limited clinical success of IL-2-based compounds in cancer therapy. Because the IL-2R peptide ligands are small, i.e. from 5 to 30 amino acids, with very low immunogenic potential, the small peptide IL-2R ligands can be incorporated into compounds to enhance therapeutic efficacy. For example, this allows the affinity of the IL-2R peptide ligands for each of the three IL-2R subunits to be tuned to direct the responsiveness of a particular immune cell population and thereby affords flexibility to chemically target tumor sites.

Peptide ligands for the IL-2Rβ and IL-2Rγc subunits can be identified from highly complex peptide diversity libraries such as phage display libraries, optimized by peptide synthesis, and can be assembled into monomers, homooligomers, heterodimers, or into other compounds and can be designed to bring the IL-2Rβ and IL-2Rγc binding subunits into a competent signaling conformation.

Small agonists of IL-2R provided by the present disclosure can activate cells that do not express the IL-2Rα subunit with a similar potency as cells that do express the IL-2Rα subunit thereby avoiding preferential activation of cells expressing the IL-2Rα such as Tregs. These IL-2R agonists are referred to as selective IL-2Rβγc agonists. Because the selective IL-2R agonists provided by the present disclosure can be chemically-synthesized, the IL-2R agonists can be modified using natural and/or non-natural amino acids to independently tailor binding affinity to each receptor subunit to optimize potency and efficacy, and to improve metabolic stability. The small agonists also allow such modifications to be made with a low likelihood of inducing immunogenicity. Also, due to their chemical malleability, peptides can be “caged” to construct a reversibly inactive prodrug using tumor-specific environmental triggers such as proteases, or complexes sensitive to low pH. For example, the pH-dependent binding properties of peptides can be optimized by use of non-natural amino acids having side-chain ionizable groups with pKa's in the range of pH 5.0 to pH 8.0. As with proteins, pharmacokinetic-enhancing moieties, such as PEG, can be appended to peptides, either as part of, or independent of, the “caging” strategy. Finally, sites on a peptide can be reserved for attaching a variety of tumor targeting moieties, such as tumor-specific antibodies. These features of IL-2Rβγc agonists can be exploited in the design of optimal therapeutic candidates based on the IL-2Rβγc agonists provided by the present disclosure.

Certain compounds provided by the present disclosure comprise ligands that selectively activate a specific form of the IL-2 receptor. These agonists can stimulate cytotoxic tumor-targeted cell populations without inducing immunosuppressive activity of Tregs at tumor sites. The cellular selectivity of the agonists can enhance the efficacy of IL-2 for anti-tumor therapy.

Peptides having a binding affinity to the IL-2Rβγc subunits can be identified by random peptide diversity generating systems in conjunction with an affinity enrichment process, for example, using peptides on plasmids or peptides on phage systems. Synthetic peptide library technologies such as DNA-encoded peptide libraries can also be used.

Using such systems, random peptides are generally designed to have a defined number of amino acid residues in length, such as from 6 to 20 amino acids. To generate a collection of oligonucleotides encoding the random peptides, the codon motif (NNK)_(x), where N is nucleotide A, C, G, or T (equimolar; depending on the methodology employed, other nucleotides can be employed), K is G or T (equimolar), and x is an integer corresponding to the number of amino acids in the peptide, such as from 6 to 20, can be used to specify any one of the 32 possible codons resulting from the NNX motif: 1 for each of 12 amino acids, 2 for each of 5 amino acids, 3 for each of 3 amino acids, and only one of the three stop codons. Thus, the NNK motif encodes all of the amino acids, encodes only one stop codon, and reduces codon bias.

In the systems employed, the random peptides can be presented either on the surface of a phage particle, as part of a fusion protein comprising either the pIII or the pVIII coat protein of a phage fd derivative (peptides on phage) or as a fusion protein with the LacI peptide fusion protein bound to a plasmid (peptides on plasmids). The phage or plasmids, including the DNA encoding the peptides, can be identified and isolated by an affinity enrichment process using immobilized IL-2Rβ and/or IL-2Rγc subunits. The affinity enrichment process, sometimes referred to as “panning,” involves multiple rounds of incubating the phage or plasmids with the immobilized receptor, collecting the phage or plasmids that bind to the receptor (along with the accompanying DNA), and producing more of the phage or plasmids (along with the accompanying LacI-peptide fusion protein) collected. The extracellular domain (ECD) of the IL-2Rβ and/or IL-2Rγc subunits can be used during panning. An engineered form of the IL-2Rβ and IL-2Rγc can be expressed in host cells, such as CHO cells. Following receptor harvesting, the receptor can be tested for binding to IL-2Rβ or IL-2Rγc specific phage clones. Peptides can also be identified by panning IL-2R subunits fused to an Fc domain. The IL-2 receptor, as well as its extracellular domain, can be produced in recombinant host cells.

After several rounds of affinity enrichment, the phage or plasmids and accompanying peptides can be examined by ELISA to determine if the peptides bind specifically to the IL-2Rβ and/or IL-2Rγc subunits. The assay can be performed using methods similar to those described for the affinity enrichment process, except that after removing unbound phage, the wells can be treated with an antibody such as a rabbit anti-phage antibody, then with alkaline phosphatase (AP)-conjugated goat anti-rabbit antibody. The amount of alkaline phosphatase in each well can be determined by standard methods.

By comparing test wells with control wells without the IL-2 receptor, one can determine whether the fusion proteins bind to the receptor specifically. The phage pools found to bind to the IL-2Rβ and/or IL-2Rγc subunits can be screened in a colony lift probing format using radiolabeled monovalent receptor. This probe can be produced using protein kinase A to phosphorylate a peptide sequence fused to the C-terminus of the soluble receptor. The receptor can then be labeled to high specific activity with ³³P for use as a monovalent probe to identify high affinity ligands using colony lifts.

Peptides found to bind specifically to the IL-2Rβ subunits or IL-2Rγc subunits can then synthesized as the free peptide (e.g., no phage) and tested in a blocking assay. The blocking assay can be carried out in similar manner to the ELISA, except that IL-2Rβ or IL-2Rγc binding peptides or a reference peptide can be added to the wells before a tracer compound for which receptor binding can be detected. Examples of tracer compounds include a specific phage clone bearing a receptor-binding peptide, a radiolabeled or biotinylated peptide known to bind to the receptor, or a labeled variant of IL-2. Peptides that blocked tracer binding to IL-2Rβ or IL-2Rγc are preferred compounds of the invention.

When using random peptide generation systems that allow for multivalent ligand-receptor interaction, the density of the immobilized receptor can be an important factor in determining the affinity of the ligands that can bind to the immobilized receptor. At higher receptor densities, such as, when each anti-receptor antibody-coated well is treated with 0.25 mg to 0.5 mg of receptor, multivalent binding is more likely to occur than at lower receptor densities (e.g., each anti-receptor antibody-coated well treated with 0.5 to 1 ng of the receptor). If multivalent binding is occurring, then one will be more likely to isolate ligands with relatively lower affinity, unless one uses high densities of immobilized receptor to identify lead compounds and uses lower receptor densities to isolate higher affinity derivative compounds.

Screening methods that can be used to identify peptides that bind IL-2R can involve first identifying lead peptides which bind to the extracellular domain of the receptor and then synthesizing other peptides which resemble the lead peptides. For example, using peptides on phage system, a random library can be screened to discover a phage that presents a peptide that binds to the IL-2Rβ and/or IL-2Rγc subunits. The phage DNAs can be sequenced to determine the sequences of the peptides displayed on the surface of the phages.

For example, clones capable of specific binding to IL-2R can be identified from a random linear library. The sequences of these peptides can serve as the basis for the construction of other peptide libraries designed to contain a high frequency of derivatives of the initially identified peptides. These libraries can be synthesized so as to favor the production of peptides that differ from the binding peptide in only a few residues. This approach involves the synthesis of an oligonucleotide with the binding peptide coding sequence, except that rather than using pure preparations of each of the four nucleoside triphosphates in the synthesis, mixtures of the four nucleoside triphosphates (i.e., 55% of the “correct” nucleotide, and 15% each of the other three nucleotides is one preferred mixture for this purpose and 70% of the “correct” nucleotide and 10% of each of the other three nucleotides is another preferred mixture for this purpose) can be used so as to generate derivatives of the binding peptide coding sequence.

A variety of strategies can be used to derivatize the lead peptides by making “mutagenesis on a theme” libraries, based on a consensus sequence and mutagenized at 70:10:10:10 frequency with 5 NNK codons on each terminus (probing with radiolabeled monovalent receptor and with or without peptide elution).

The “peptides on plasmids” method can also be used for peptide screening and mutagenesis studies. According to this approach, random peptides can be fused at the C-terminus of LacI through expression from a plasmid vector carrying the fusion gene. Linkage of the LacI-peptide fusion to its encoding DNA occurs via the lacO sequences on the plasmid, forming a stable peptide-LacI-plasmid complex that can be screened by affinity purification (panning) on an immobilized receptor. The plasmids thus isolated can then be reintroduced into E. coli by electroporation to amplify the selected population for additional rounds of screening, or for the examination of individual clones.

In addition, random peptide screening and mutagenesis studies can be performed using a modified C-terminal Lac-I display system in which display valency can be reduced. The libraries can be screened, and the resulting DNA inserts can be cloned as a pool into a maltose binding protein (MBP) vector allowing their expression as a C-terminal fusion protein. Crude cell lysates from randomly picked individual MBP fusion clones can then assayed for IL-2R binding in an ELISA format.

A variety of methods can be used to evaluate IC₅₀ binding affinity values. For example, a competitive binding ELISA assay, an IL-2 tracer, an IL-2Rβ ligand tracer, or an IL-2Rγc ligand tracer, can be used to determine whether the peptides inhibit the binding of the tracer to the extracellular domain of the IL-2 receptor. The IC₅₀ value can be determined using the free peptide, which optionally can be C-terminally amidated, or can be prepared as an ester or other carboxy amide. To recreate the exact sequence displayed by a phage, the N-terminal and C-terminal amino acids of the synthetic peptides can be preceded by one or two glycine residues. These glycines are not believed to be necessary for binding or activity.

In general, peptides and peptidomimetics having an IC₅₀ of greater than about 100 μM lack sufficient binding affinity (IC₅₀) to be useful in imaging, targeting, diagnostic, and therapeutic applications. For imaging, targeting, and diagnostic purposes, the peptides and peptidomimetics can have an IC₅₀, for example, of about 1 μM or less and, for pharmaceutical purposes, the peptides and peptidomimetics can have an IC₅₀, for example, less than 100 μM, or less than 100 nM.

Robust and quantitative bioassays can be used to characterize the biological activity of a compound exhibiting IL-2Rβγc agonist activity. The assays can measure the activation of the IL-2 receptor, measure the downstream functional consequences of IL-2R activation and/or measure therapeutically-relevant outcomes and functions of the activated IL-2 receptor. The assays can be used to measure the therapeutic activity and potency of an IL-2R selective agonist and compounds comprising an IL-2Rβ and/or IL-2Rγc ligand and can also be used to measure the pharmacodynamics of an IL-2 selective agonist in animals or in humans.

Activation of the IL-2Rβγc subunits can be determined using a suitable assay. An example is an assay that can measure the phosphorylation of the signal transduction protein STAT5, measured flow cytometry with an antibody specific for the phosphorylated protein (pSTAT5). Phosphorylation of STAT5 is an essential step in the IL-2 signal transduction pathway. Therefore, measurement of phosphorylated STAT5 (pSTAT5) in cells will be recognized as reflective of IL-2 activation in these cells and will be predictive of other biological outcomes of IL-2 treatment given appropriate exposure time and conditions.

Another assay for assessing functional activation is to use an assay that measures IL-2-stimulated proliferation of cells. Cell proliferation can be determined, for example, by measuring the incorporation of tritiated thymidine into a purified T-cell population, by measuring an increase in cell numbers of a particular T-cell type in a mixed population of cells using flow cytometry, or by measuring the cell division-associated dilution of a vital fluorescent dye such as carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (CFSE) by flow cytometry.

An IL-2Rβ ligand provided by the present disclosure can exhibit a binding affinity (IC₅₀) to the human IL-2Rβ subunit of less than 100 μM, less than 10 μM, less than 1 μM, less than 0.1 μM, or less than 0.01 μM.

An IL-2Rβ ligand can exhibit a binding affinity (IC₅₀) to the human IL-2Rβ subunit from 1 pM to 100 μM, from 10 pM to 10 μM, from 100 pM to 1 μM, from 0.001 μM to 1 μM, or from 0.01 μM to 1 μM.

An IL-2Rβ ligand provided by the present disclosure can exhibit a binding affinity (IC₅₀) to a mammalian IL-2Rβ subunit of less than 100 μM, less than 10 μM, less than 1 μM, less than 0.1 μM, or less than 0.01 μM.

An IL-2Rβ ligand can exhibit a binding affinity (IC₅₀) to a mammalian IL-2Rβ subunit from 1 pM to 100 μM, from 10 pM to 10 μM, from 100 pM to 1 μM, from 0.001 μM to 1 μM, or from 0.01 M to 1 μM.

An IL-2Rβ ligand provided by the present disclosure can exhibit a binding affinity (IC₅₀) to each of the human IL-2Rβ subunit and to the human IL-2Rγc subunit of less than 100 μM, less than 10 μM, less than 1 μM, less than 0.1 μM, or less than 0.01 μM.

An IL-2Rβ ligand can exhibit a binding affinity (IC₅₀) to each of the human IL-2Rβ subunit and to the human IL-2Rγc subunit from 1 pM to 100 μM, from 10 pM to 10 μM, from 100 pM to 1 μM, from, 0.001 μM to 1 μM, or from 0.01 μM to 1 μM.

An IL-2Rβ ligand can exhibit a binding affinity (IC₅₀) to the human IL-2Rα (CD25) subunit of greater than 100 μM, greater than 1 mM, greater than 10 mM, or greater than 100 mM.

An IL-2Rβ ligand can exhibit a binding affinity (IC₅₀) to the human IL-2Rβ subunit that is at least 10 times greater than the binding affinity (IC₅₀) of the IL-2Rβ ligand to the human IL-2Rα subunit, at least 50 times greater, at least 100 times greater, at least 500 times greater, or at least 1,000 times greater.

An IL-2Rβ ligand can comprise an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NO: 1 to SEQ ID NO: 193, from SEQ ID NO: 578 to SEQ ID NO: 903, and from SEQ ID NO: 1028 to SEQ ID NO: 1050.

An IL-2Rβ ligand can comprise an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NO: 1 to SEQ ID NO: 193 from SEQ ID NO: 578 to SEQ ID NO: 903, and from SEQ ID NO: 1028 to SEQ ID NO: 1050 can independently comprise one or more of the following conservative substitutions: amino acids having a small hydrophobic side chain comprising alanine (A), glycine (G), proline (P), serine (S) or threonine (T), or tyrosine (Y); amino acids having a hydroxyl-containing side chain comprising serine (S), threonine (T); amino acids having an acidic side chain comprising aspartate (D) or glutamate (E); amino acids having a polar neutral side chain comprising histidine (H), asparagine (N), glutamine (Q), serine (S), threonine (T), or tyrosine (Y); amino acids having a basic side chain comprising arginine (R), lysine (K), or histidine (H); amino acids having a large hydrophobic side chain comprising isoleucine (I), leucine (L), methionine (M), valine (V), phenylalanine (F), tyrosine (Y), or tryptophan (W); and amino acids having an aromatic side chain comprising phenylalanine (F), histidine (H), tryptophan (W), or tyrosine (Y).

An IL-2Rβ ligand can have the amino acid sequence of Formula (1) (SEQ ID NO: 1), the amino acid sequence of Formula (1a) (SEQ ID NO: 2), or the amino acid sequence of Formula (1b) (SEQ ID NO: 3):

-X³-X⁴-X⁵-X⁶-X⁷-X⁸-X⁹-X¹⁰-  (1)

-X²-C-X³-X⁴-X⁵-X⁶-X⁷-X⁸-X⁹-X¹⁰-C-X¹¹-  (1a)

-X¹-X²-C-X³-X⁴-X⁵-X⁶-X⁷-X⁸-X⁹-X¹⁰-C-X¹¹-X¹²-  (1b)

wherein, X¹ is selected from A, D, E, F, G, I, K, L, M, N, P, Q, S, T, V, W, and Y; X² is selected from A, C, D, E, F, G, H, K, L, N, P, R, S, T, W, and Y; X³ is selected from A, D, E, F, G, H, M, N, Q, R, S, T, W, and Y; X⁴ is selected from A, D, E, F, G, I, K, L, M, N, Q, R, S, T, V, and Y; X⁵ is selected from A, G, I, Q, S, T, V, and W; X⁶ is selected from A, D, E, G, H, K, L, M, N, P, Q, R, S, T, and V; X⁷ is selected from F, I, K, L, Q, and V; X⁸ is selected from D, F, G, H, M, N, W, and Y; X⁹ is selected from A, D, E, M, P, Q, S, T, V, and W; X¹⁰ is selected from D, F, I, L, M, S, T, V, and Y; X¹¹ is selected from D, E, F, H, I, L, M, Q, S, T, V, W, and Y; and X¹² is selected from F, I, L, M, N, S, V, W, and Y.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (1)-(1b), X¹ can be selected from F, I, L, M, and V.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (1)-(1b), X² can be selected from D, E, F, G, H, L, N, P, R, S, T, W, and Y.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (1)-(1b), X⁵ can be A.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (1)-(1b), X⁶ can be selected from D, E, and Q.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (1)-(1b), X⁷ can be selected from F, I, L, and V.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (1)-(1b), X⁸ can be G.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (1)-(1b), X⁹ can be selected from D, E, and Q.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (1)-(1b), X¹⁰ can be selected from F, I, L, M, V, and Y.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (1)-(1b), X¹¹ can be selected from D and E.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (1)-(1b), X¹² can be selected from F, I, L, M, and V.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (1)-(1b), X¹ can be selected from F, I, L, M, and V; X² can be selected from D, E, F, G, H, L, N, P, R, S, T, W, and Y; X³ can be selected from A, D, E, F, G, H, M, N, Q, R, S, T, W, and Y; X⁴ can be selected from A, D, E, F, G, I, K, L, M, N, Q, R, S, T, V, and Y; X⁵ can be A; X⁶ can be selected from D, E, and Q; X⁷ can be selected from F, I, L, and V; X⁸ can be G; X⁹ can be selected from D, E, and Q; X¹⁰ can be selected from F, I, L, M, V, and Y; X¹¹ can be selected from D and E; and X¹² can be selected from F, I, L, M, and V.

An IL-2Rβ ligand can comprise the amino acid sequence of Formula (1) (SEQ ID NO: 1), the amino acid sequence of Formula (1a) (SEQ ID NO: 2), or the amino acid sequence of Formula (1b) (SEQ ID NO: 3):

-X³-X⁴-X⁵-X⁶-X⁷-X⁸-X⁹-X¹⁰-  (1)

-X²-C-X³-X⁴-X⁵-X⁶-X⁷-X⁸-X⁹-X¹⁰-C-X¹¹-  (1a)

-X¹-X²-C-X³-X⁴-X⁵-X⁶-X⁷-X⁸-X⁹-X¹⁰-C-X¹¹-X¹²-  (1b)

wherein, X¹ can be selected from an amino acid X² can be selected from an amino acid; X³ can be selected from an amino acid; X⁴ can be selected from an amino acid; X⁵ can be selected from an amino acid comprising a small hydrophobic side chain; X⁶ can be selected from an amino acid; X⁷ can be selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain; X⁸ can be selected from an amino acid comprising a small hydrophobic side chain; X⁹ can be selected from an amino acid comprising a polar-neutral or an acidic side chain; X¹⁰ can be selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain; X¹¹ can be selected from an amino acid; and X¹² can be selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (1)-(1b), X¹ can be selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain; X² can be selected from an amino acid; X³ can be selected from an amino acid; X⁴ can be selected from an amino acid; X⁵ can be selected from an amino acid comprising a small hydrophobic side chain; X⁶ can be selected from an amino acid comprising a polar-neutral or an acidic side chain; X⁷ can be selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain; X⁸ can be selected from an amino acid comprising a small hydrophobic side chain; X⁹ can be selected from an amino acid comprising a polar-neutral or an acidic side chain; X¹⁰ can be selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain; X¹¹ can be selected from an amino acid comprising a polar-neutral or an acidic side chain; and X¹² can be selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (1)-(1b), X¹ can be selected from I, L, M, V, F, W, and Y; X² can be selected from an amino acid; X³ can be selected from an amino acid; X⁴ can be selected from an amino acid; X⁵ can be selected from A, G, P, S, and T; X⁶ can be selected from H, N, Q, S, T, Y, D, and E; X⁷ can be selected from I, L, M, V, F, W, and Y; X⁸ can be selected from A, G, P, S, and T; X⁹ can be selected from H, N, Q, S, T, Y, D, and E; X¹⁰ can be selected from I, L, M, V, F, W, and Y; X¹¹ can be selected from H, N, Q, S, T, Y, D, and E; and X¹² can be selected from I, L, M, V, F, W, and Y.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (1)-(1b), X¹ can be selected from I, L, M, V, F, W, and Y; X² can be selected from an amino acid; X³ can be selected from an amino acid; X⁴ can be selected from an amino acid; X⁵ can be A; X⁶ can be selected from H, N, Q, S, T, Y, D, and E; X⁷ can be selected from I, L, M, V, F, W, and Y; X⁸ can be G; X⁹ can be selected from H, N, Q, S, T, Y, D, and E; X¹⁰ can be selected from I, L, M, V, F, W, and Y; X¹¹ can be selected from H, N, Q, S, T, Y, D, and E; and X¹² can be selected from I, L, M, V, F, W, and Y.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (1)-(1b), X¹ can be selected from I, L, M, and V.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (1)-(1b), X² can be selected from D and E.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (1)-(1b), X⁶ can be selected from Q, E, and D.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (1)-(1b), X⁷ can be selected from V, L, and I.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (1)-(1b), X⁹ can be selected from E, D, and Q.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (1)-(1b), X¹⁰ can be selected from L, V, I, and Y.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (1)-(1b), X¹¹ can be selected from D and E.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (1)-(1b), X¹² can be selected from L, I, and F.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (1)-(1b), X¹ can be selected from L, I, F, and V; X² can be selected from D and E; X⁶ can be selected from Q, E, and D; X⁷ can be selected from V, L, and I; X⁸ can be G; X⁹ can be selected from E, D, and Q; X¹⁰ can be selected from L, V, I, and Y; X¹¹ can be selected from D and E; and X¹² can be selected from L, I, and F.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (1)-(1b), X¹ can be selected from F, I, M, and Y; X² can be selected from E, D, and R; X³ can be selected from and amino acid; X⁴ can be selected from an amino acid; X⁵ can be A; X⁶ can be selected from A, P, and Q; X⁷ can be selected from I and V; X⁸ can be G; X⁹ can be selected from E and Q; X¹⁰ can be selected from I, L, and V; X¹¹ can be selected from E, D, and Q; and X¹² can be selected from I and L.

An IL-2Rβ ligand can comprise an amino acid sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NO: 4 to SEQ ID NO: 163:

SEQ ID NO: 4 QDCSSASVGTICYL SEQ ID NO: 5 QECGVWDLWPDCWI SEQ ID NO: 6 AFCDEARVGELCVM SEQ ID NO: 7 DDCSTAQVGELCVM SEQ ID NO: 8 DTCAIAQLYDLCDL SEQ ID NO: 9 DYCRNSNVGDVCYL SEQ ID NO: 10 EDCRYAEVGVLCQM SEQ ID NO: 11 FDCQTAELGDLCIV SEQ ID NO: 12 FFCYLIGQDEFCEF SEQ ID NO: 13 FPCQIAMIGEYCDW SEQ ID NO: 14 FRCWEAPVGEICEL SEQ ID NO: 15 FSCDQATLGQICVI SEQ ID NO: 16 GDCYFSQIGELCML SEQ ID NO: 17 GPCQQAKLGELCDL SEQ ID NO: 18 IDCAQATVGQYCTL SEQ ID NO: 19 IDCSDAAVGALCTQ SEQ ID NO: 20 IDCTRASLGDICVW SEQ ID NO: 21 IECERAQIGEVCQI SEQ ID NO: 22 IFCGDAQLGEVCSL SEQ ID NO: 23 IFCQFARLGQTCQL SEQ ID NO: 24 IPCSIAQLFsLCDV SEQ ID NO: 25 IPCYLAELGQVCSL SEQ ID NO: 26 KNCEVARLGDYCEI SEQ ID NO: 27 LACSQAPLGTLCEI SEQ ID NO: 28 LDCGIALQGQLCDY SEQ ID NO: 29 LDCSLSSLGDYCYM SEQ ID NO: 30 LGCFEAQIGMICDL SEQ ID NO: 31 LHCYLAVLGQLCDV SEQ ID NO: 32 LLCQVASLGDYCTI SEQ ID NO: 33 LPCDMADLFTLCDY SEQ ID NO: 34 LSCGIAQIGQVCDM SEQ ID NO: 35 LWCQDAQIGDVCWL SEQ ID NO: 36 MECFLAAVGQICEL SEQ ID NO: 37 MFCQTAEVGQMCLL SEQ ID NO: 38 MLCWEAPVGDVCTI SEQ ID NO: 39 NFCsGAGLGELCVI SEQ ID NO: 40 NLCEYSKVGEVCVF SEQ ID NO: 41 NYCYQALLDTYCIL SEQ ID NO: 42 PDCWYAGLGQICEF SEQ ID NO: 43 PSCWMAQVGDLCFI SEQ ID NO: 44 PTCDTAAVGDLCEF SEQ ID NO: 45 QDCFQAPIGSLCYL SEQ ID NO: 46 QWCYMTDVGDLCEL SEQ ID NO: 47 SDCHLAQVGEFCFL SEQ ID NO: 48 SDCYLSQVGSLCDF SEQ ID NO: 49 SPCSEASLFQLCDL SEQ ID NO: 50 SWCQVGDFWDVCTS SEQ ID NO: 51 TECWLQALGELCDF SEQ ID NO: 52 VACSSVQVGELCDF SEQ ID NO: 53 VECMMSSLGDLCSF SEQ ID NO: 54 VNCWEAQVGWLCDW SEQ ID NO: 55 VTCDKATVGQMCSI SEQ ID NO: 56 WSCDVASVGSYCML SEQ ID NO: 57 XDCSEALLGQICTY SEQ ID NO: 58 YDCRIAQVGELCDL SEQ ID NO: 59 YECFQAQVGQLCDV SEQ ID NO: 60 VDCSRAVVGELCVN SEQ ID NO: 61 QACEVAKVGELCDL SEQ ID NO: 62 IRCEDALLGDFCIF SEQ ID NO: 63 LFCHQAQIGELCSV SEQ ID NO: 64 PDCSVALLGESCSV SEQ ID NO: 65 TGCNLAQIGDLCDL SEQ ID NO: 66 IGCSLARLGEYCVI SEQ ID NO: 67 LECWQAQKGDLCDL SEQ ID NO: 68 MDCSDAHVGQICSI SEQ ID NO: 69 ALCQAAQVGQLCDL SEQ ID NO: 70 LWCGDASLGQLCWL SEQ ID NO: 71 DHCSEAQIGQLDHL SEQ ID NO: 72 LDCFYATLGQVCSL SEQ ID NO: 73 PDCSEALLGQICTY SEQ ID NO: 74 TGCWQAPVGSLCEL SEQ ID NO: 75 SGCEYATLGSLCDL SEQ ID NO: 76 SLCSLAPLGSLCDL SEQ ID NO: 77 SLCSMVGLGQLCDL SEQ ID NO: 78 IPCSVARVGWLCDL SEQ ID NO: 79 DPCYAAVLNSLCDI SEQ ID NO: 80 DSCQNAPLGSYCVL SEQ ID NO: 81 LPCSLAKLHELCDI SEQ ID NO: 82 LSCSDAQLMQLCEI SEQ ID NO: 83 CCYQAMVGDLCDFC SEQ ID NO: 84 SSASVGTI SEQ ID NO: 85 GVWDLWPD SEQ ID NO: 86 DEARVGEL SEQ ID NO: 87 STAQVGEL SEQ ID NO: 88 AIAQLYDL SEQ ID NO: 89 RNSNVGDV SEQ ID NO: 90 RYAEVGVL SEQ ID NO: 91 QTAELGDL SEQ ID NO: 92 YLIGQDEF SEQ ID NO: 93 QIAMIGEY SEQ ID NO: 94 WEAPVGEI SEQ ID NO: 95 DQATLGQI SEQ ID NO: 96 YFSQIGEL SEQ ID NO: 97 QQAKLGEL SEQ ID NO: 98 AQATVGQY SEQ ID NO: 99 SDAAVGAL SEQ ID NO: 100 TRASLGDI SEQ ID NO: 101 ERAQIGEV SEQ ID NO: 102 GDAQLGEV SEQ ID NO: 103 QFARLGQT SEQ ID NO: 104 SIAQLFSL SEQ ID NO: 105 YLAELGQV SEQ ID NO: 106 EVARLGDY SEQ ID NO: 107 SQAPLGTL SEQ ID NO: 108 GIALQGQL SEQ ID NO: 109 SLSSLGDY SEQ ID NO: 110 FEAQIGMI SEQ ID NO: 111 YLAVLGQL SEQ ID NO: 112 QVASLGDY SEQ ID NO: 113 DMADLFTL SEQ ID NO: 114 GIAQIGQV SEQ ID NO: 115 QDAQIGDV SEQ ID NO: 116 FLAAVGQI SEQ ID NO: 117 QTAEVGQM SEQ ID NO: 118 WEAPVGDV SEQ ID NO: 119 SGAGLGEL SEQ ID NO: 120 EYSKVGEV SEQ ID NO: 121 YQALLDTY SEQ ID NO: 122 WYAGLGQI SEQ ID NO: 123 WMAQVGDL SEQ ID NO: 124 DTAAVGDL SEQ ID NO: 125 FQAPIGSL SEQ ID NO: 126 YMTDVGDL SEQ ID NO: 127 HLAQVGEF SEQ ID NO: 128 YLSQVGSL SEQ ID NO: 129 SEASLFQL SEQ ID NO: 130 QVGDFWDV SEQ ID NO: 131 WLQALGEL SEQ ID NO: 132 SSVQVGEL SEQ ID NO: 133 MMSSLGDL SEQ ID NO: 134 WEAQVGWL SEQ ID NO: 135 DKATVGQM SEQ ID NO: 136 DVASVGSY SEQ ID NO: 137 SEALLGQI SEQ ID NO: 138 RIAQVGEL SEQ ID NO: 139 FQAQVGQL SEQ ID NO: 140 SRAVVGEL SEQ ID NO: 141 EVAKVGEL SEQ ID NO: 142 EDALLGDF SEQ ID NO: 143 HQAQIGEL SEQ ID NO: 144 SVALLGES SEQ ID NO: 145 NLAQIGDL SEQ ID NO: 146 SLARLGEY SEQ ID NO: 147 WQAQKGDL SEQ ID NO: 148 SDAHVGQI SEQ ID NO: 149 QAAQVGQL SEQ ID NO: 150 GDASLGQL SEQ ID NO: 151 SEAQIGQL SEQ ID NO: 152 FYATLGQV SEQ ID NO: 153 SEALLGQI SEQ ID NO: 154 WQAPVGSL SEQ ID NO: 155 EYATLGSL SEQ ID NO: 156 SLAPLGSL SEQ ID NO: 157 SMVGLGQL SEQ ID NO: 158 SVARVGWL SEQ ID NO: 159 YAAVLNSL SEQ ID NO: 160 QNAPLGSY SEQ ID NO: 161 SLAKLHEL SEQ ID NO: 162 SDAQLMQL SEQ ID NO: 163 YQAMVGDL

An IL-2Rβ ligand can comprise an amino acid sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NO: 1 to SEQ ID NO: 163, wherein the amino acid sequence can be terminated with amino acids -G-G- on the N-terminus, on the C-terminus, or on both the N- and C-termini.

An IL-2Rβ ligand can comprise an amino acid sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NO: 1 to SEQ ID NO: 163, wherein each amino acid independently comprises one or more of the following conservative substitutions: amino acids having a small hydrophobic side chain comprising alanine (A), glycine (G), proline (P), serine (S), or threonine (T); amino acids having a hydroxyl-containing side chain comprising serine (S), threonine (T), or tyrosine (Y); amino acids having an acidic side chain comprising aspartate (D) or glutamate (E); amino acids having a polar-neutral side chain comprising histidine (H), asparagine (N), glutamine (Q), serine (S), threonine (T), or tyrosine (Y); amino acids having a basic side chain comprising arginine (R), lysine (K), or histidine (H); amino acids having a large hydrophobic side chain comprising isoleucine (I), leucine (L), methionine (M), valine (V), phenylalanine (F), tyrosine (Y), or tryptophan (W); and amino acids having an aromatic side chain comprising phenylalanine (F), histidine (H), tryptophan (W), or tyrosine (Y).

IL-2Rβ ligands of SEQ ID NO: 1 to SEQ ID NO: 163 exhibit an affinity to the IL-2Rβ subunit of less than 100 μM.

An IL-2Rβ ligand can comprise the amino acid sequence of Formula (2) (SEQ ID NO: 164), the amino acid sequence of Formula (2a) (SEQ ID NO: 165), or the amino acid sequence of Formula (2b) (SEQ ID NO: 166):

-X¹⁵-X¹⁶-X¹⁷-X¹⁸-X¹⁹-X²⁰-X²¹-X²²-  (2)

-X¹⁴-C-X¹⁵-X¹⁶-X¹⁷-X¹⁸-X¹⁹-X²⁰-X²¹-X²²-C-X²³-  (2a)

-X¹³-X¹⁴-C-X¹⁵-X¹⁶-X¹⁷-X¹⁸-X¹⁹-X²⁰-X²¹-X²²-C-X²³-X²⁴-  (2b)

wherein, X¹³ can be selected from A, D, E, G, N, Q, R, and V; X¹⁴ can be selected from E, F, I, L, M, and Q; X¹⁵ can be selected from D, G, L, and N; X¹⁶ can be selected from L, P, V, and Y; X¹⁷ can be selected from F, G, and M; X¹⁸ can be selected from A, D, N, and Q; X¹⁹ can be selected from F, I, L, S, V, W, and Y; X²⁰ can be selected from D and W; X²¹ can be selected from P and Y; X²² can be selected from A, D, Q, and S; X²³ can be selected from I, L, Q, W, and Y; and X²⁴ can be selected from E, F, I, L, T, V, and W.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (2)-(2b), X¹⁶ can be V.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (2)-(2b), X¹⁷ can be G.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (2)-(2b), X²⁰ can be W.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (2)-(2b), X²¹ can be P.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (2)-(2b), X¹³ can be selected from E, N, and Q; X¹⁴ can be selected from I and M; X¹⁵ can be selected from D, L, and N; X¹⁶ can be V; X¹⁷ can be G; X¹⁸ can be selected from D and Q; X¹⁹ can be selected from V, W, and Y; X²⁰ can be W; X²¹ can be P; X²² can be selected from D and S; X²³ can be selected from L and Q; and X²⁴ can be selected from I, L, and V.

An IL-2Rβ ligand can comprise an amino acids sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NO: 167 to SEQ ID NO: 182:

SEQ ID NO: 167 E I C N V G Q V W P D C L L SEQ ID NO: 168 G Q C L P G D F W P A C Y E SEQ ID NO: 169 N M C L V G D Y W P S C Q I SEQ ID NO: 170 Q I C D V G Q W W P D C Q V SEQ ID NO: 171 V L C D Y M N S D Y Q C I T SEQ ID NO: 172 A E C G V G A I W P S C L W SEQ ID NO: 173 R L C D L F A I W P D C L F SEQ ID NO: 174 D F C L V G D L W P S C W L SEQ ID NO: 175 N V G Q V W P D SEQ ID NO: 176 L P G D F W P A SEQ ID NO: 177 L V G D Y W P S SEQ ID NO: 178 D V G Q W W P D SEQ ID NO: 179 D Y M N S D Y Q SEQ ID NO: 180 G V G A I W P S SEQ ID NO: 181 D L F A I W P D SEQ ID NO: 182 L V G D L W P S

An IL-2Rβ ligand can comprise an amino acid sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NO: 164 to SEQ ID NO: 182, wherein the amino acid sequence can be terminated with amino acids -G-G- on the N-terminus, on the C-terminus, or on both the N- and C-termini.

An IL-2Rβ ligand can comprise an amino acid sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NO: 164 to SEQ ID NO: 182, wherein each amino acid independently comprises one or more of the following conservative substitutions: amino acids having a small hydrophobic side chain comprising alanine (A), glycine (G), proline (P), serine (S), or threonine (T); amino acids having a hydroxyl-containing side chain comprising serine (S), threonine (T), or tyrosine (Y); amino acids having an acidic side chain comprising aspartate (D) or glutamate (E); amino acids having a polar-neutral side chain comprising histidine (H), asparagine (N), glutamine (Q), serine (S), threonine (T), or tyrosine (Y); amino acids having a basic side chain comprising arginine (R), lysine (K), or histidine (H); amino acids having a large hydrophobic side chain comprising isoleucine (I), leucine (L), methionine (M), valine (V), phenylalanine (F), tyrosine (Y), or tryptophan (W); and amino acids having an aromatic side chain comprising phenylalanine (F), histidine (H), tryptophan (W), or tyrosine (Y).

IL-2Rβ ligands of SEQ ID NO: 164 to SEQ ID NO: 182 exhibit an affinity to the IL-2Rβ subunit of less than 100 μM.

An IL-2Rβ ligand can comprise the amino acid sequence of Formula (2) (SEQ ID NO: 164), the amino acid sequence of Formula (2a) (SEQ ID NO: 165), or the amino acid sequence of Formula (2b) (SEQ ID NO: 166):

-X¹⁵-X¹⁶-X¹⁷-X¹⁸-X¹⁹-X²⁰-X²¹-X²²-  (2)

-X¹⁴-C-X¹⁵-X¹⁶-X¹⁷-X¹⁸-X¹⁹-X²⁰-X²¹-X²²-C-X²³-  (2a)

-X¹³-X¹⁴-C-X¹⁵-X¹⁶-X¹⁷-X¹⁸-X¹⁹-X²⁰-X²¹-X²²-C-X²³-X²⁴-  (2b)

wherein, X¹³ can be selected from an amino acid; X¹⁴ can be selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain; X¹⁵ can be selected from an amino acid; X¹⁶ can be selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain; X²⁷ can be selected from an amino acid comprising a small hydrophobic side chain; X¹⁸ can be selected from an amino acid; X¹⁹ can be selected from an amino acid; X²⁰ can be selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain; X²¹ can be selected from an amino acid comprising a small hydrophobic side chain; X²² can be selected from an amino acid; X²³ can be selected from an amino acid; and X²⁴ can be selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (2)-(2b), X¹³ can be selected from an amino acid; X¹⁴ can be selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain; X¹⁵ can be selected from an amino acid; X¹⁶ can be selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain; X¹⁷ can be selected from an amino acid comprising a small hydrophobic side chain; X¹⁸ can be selected from an amino acid comprising a polar-neutral or an acidic side chain; X¹⁹ can be selected from an amino acid comprising large hydrophobic or neutral side chain; X²⁰ can be selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain; X²¹ can be selected from an amino acid comprising a small hydrophobic side chain; X²² can be selected from an amino acid; X²³ can be selected from an amino acid; and X²⁴ can be selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (2)-(2b), X¹³ can be selected from an amino acid; X¹⁴ can be selected from I, L, M, V, F, W, and Y; X¹⁵ can be selected from D, E, I, L, M, V, F, Y, and W; X¹⁶ can be selected from I, L, M, N, V, F, Y, and W; X¹⁷ can be selected from A, G, P, S, and T; X¹⁸ can be selected from H, N, Q, S, T, Y, D, and E; X¹⁹ can be selected from I, L, M, V, F, W, and Y; X²⁰ can be selected from I, L, M, N, V, F, Y, and W; X²¹ can be selected from A, G, P, S, and T; X²² can be selected from an amino acid; X²³ can be selected from an amino acid; and X²⁴ can be selected from I, L, M, V, F, W, and Y.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (2)-(2b), X¹⁴ can be selected from I and M.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (2)-(2b), X¹⁶ can be V.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (2)-(2b), X¹⁷ can be G.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (2)-(2b), X¹⁸ can be selected from D and Q.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (2)-(2b), X²⁰ can be W.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (2)-(2b), X²¹ can be P.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (2)-(2b), X²³ can be selected from F, I, L, and V.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (2)-(2b), X¹³ can be selected from an amino acid; X¹⁴ can be selected from I and M; X¹⁵ can be selected from an amino acid; X¹⁶ can be V; X¹⁷ can be G; X¹⁸ can be selected from D and Q; X¹⁹ can be selected from I, L, M, V, F, W, and Y; X²⁰ can be W; X²¹ can be P; X²² can be selected from an amino acid; X²³ can be selected from an amino acid; and X²⁴ can be selected from F, I, L, and V.

An IL-2Rβ ligand can comprise the amino acid sequence of Formula (3) (SEQ ID NO: 183) or the amino acid sequence of Formula (3a) (SEQ ID NO: 184):

-X²⁶-X²⁷-X²⁸-X²⁹-X³⁰-X³¹-X³²-X³³-X³⁴-X³⁵-  (3)

-X²⁵-C-X²⁶-X²⁷-X²⁸-X²⁹-X³⁰-X³¹-X³²-X³³-X³⁴-X³⁵-C-X³⁶-  (3a)

wherein, X²⁵ can be selected from an amino acid; X²⁶ can be selected from an amino acid; X²⁷ can be selected from I and V; X²⁸ can be G; X²⁹ can be selected from D, E, and N; X³⁰ can be selected from F, L, and Y; X³¹ can be selected from F, I, and V; X³² can be selected from D and Q; X³³ can be selected from an amino acid; X³⁴ can be selected from an amino acid; X³⁵ can be selected from an amino acid; and X³⁶ can be selected from an amino acid.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (3)-(3a), X²⁵ can be selected from L, S, T, and Y; X²⁶ can be selected from H and Q; X²⁷ can be selected from I and V; X²⁸ can be G; X²⁹ can be selected from D, E, and N; X³⁰ can be selected from F, L, and Y; X³¹ can be selected from F, I, and V; X³² can be selected from D and Q; X³³ can be selected from D, L, and W; X³⁴ can be selected from G, L, and T; X³⁵ can be selected from D, I, and S; and X³⁶ can be selected from A and M.

An IL-2Rβ ligand can comprise the amino acid sequence of Formula (3) (SEQ ID NO: 183) or the amino acid sequence of Formula (3a) (SEQ ID NO: 184):

-X²⁶-X²⁷-X²⁸-X²⁹-X³⁰-X³¹-X³²-X³³-X³⁴-X³⁵-  (3)

-X²⁵-C-X²⁶-X²⁷-X²⁸-X²⁹-X³⁰-X³¹-X³²-X³³-X³⁴-X³⁵-C-X³⁶-  (3a)

wherein, X²⁵ can be selected from an amino acid; X²⁶ can be selected from an amino acid; X²⁷ can be selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain; X²⁸ can be selected from an amino acid comprising a small hydrophobic side chain; X²⁹ can be selected from an amino acid comprising an acidic side chain or a polar neutral side chain; X³⁰ can be selected from an amino acid; X³¹ can be selected from an amino acid; X³² can be selected from an amino acid comprising a polar-neutral side chain or an acidic side chain; X³³ can be selected from an amino acid; X³⁴ can be selected from an amino acid; X³⁵ can be selected from an amino acid; and X³⁶ can be selected from an amino acid.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (3)-(3a), X²⁵ can be selected from an amino acid; X²⁶ can be selected from an amino acid; X²⁷ can be selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain; X²⁸ can be selected from an amino acid comprising a small hydrophobic side chain; X²⁹ can be selected from an amino acid comprising an acidic side chain or a polar neutral side chain; X³⁰ can be selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain; X³¹ can be selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain; X³² can be selected from an amino acid comprising a polar-neutral side chain or an acidic side chain; X³³ can be selected from an amino acid; X³⁴ can be selected from an amino acid; X³⁵ can be selected from an amino acid; and X³⁶ can be selected from an amino acid.

An IL-2Rβ ligand can comprise the amino acid sequence of Formula (3) (SEQ ID NO: 183) or the amino acid sequence of Formula (3a) (SEQ ID NO: 184):

-X²⁶-X²⁷-X²⁸-X²⁹-X³⁰-X³¹-X³²-X³³-X³⁴-X³⁵-  (3)

-X²⁵-C-X²⁶-X²⁷-X²⁸-X²⁹-X³⁰-X³¹-X³²-X³³-X³⁴-X³⁵-C-X³⁶-  (3a)

wherein, X²⁵ can be selected from an amino acid; X²⁶ can be selected from an amino acid; X²⁷ can be selected from I, L, M, V, F, Y, and W; X²⁸ can be selected from A, G, P, S, and T; X²⁹ can be selected from D, E, H, N, Q, S, T, and Y; X³⁰ can be selected from I, L, M, V, F, Y, and W; X³¹ can be selected from I, L, M, V, F, Y, and W; X³² can be selected from D, E, H, N, Q, T, and Y; X³³ can be selected from an amino acid; X³⁴ can be selected from an amino acid; X³⁵ can be selected from an amino acid; and X³⁶ can be selected from an amino acid.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (3)-(3a), X²⁷ can be selected from V and I.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (3)-(3a), X²⁸ can be G.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (3)-(3a), X²⁹ can be selected from D and E.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (3)-(3a), X³⁰ can be selected from V, L, F, and Y.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (3)-(3a), X³¹ can be selected from I, V, and F.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (3)-(3a), X³² can be selected from Q and D.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (3)-(3a), X²⁵ can be selected from an amino acid; X²⁶ can be selected from an amino acid; X²⁷ can be selected from V and I; X²⁸ can be G; X²⁹ can be selected from D and E; X³⁰ can be selected from V, L, F, and Y; X³¹ can be selected from I, V, and F; X³² can be selected from Q and D; X³³ can be selected from an amino acid; X³⁴ can be selected from an amino acid; X³⁵ can be selected from an amino acid; and X³⁶ can be selected from an amino acid.

An IL-2Rβ ligand can comprise an amino acid sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NO: 185 to SEQ ID NO: 193:

SEQ ID NO: 185 LCHVGDYIQDGICM SEQ ID NO: 186 SCQIGELVDLTDCA SEQ ID NO: 187 TCQVGDFFDWLSCA SEQ ID NO: 188 YACAENVIDWLCT SEQ ID NO: 189 LCHVGDYIQDGICM SEQ ID NO: 190 SCQIGELVDLTDCA SEQ ID NO: 191 TCQVGDFFDWLSCA SEQ ID NO: 192 YACAENVIDWLCT SEQ ID NO: 193 CVLLEHSSVGDIIC

An IL-2Rβ ligand can comprise an amino acid sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NO: 183 to SEQ ID NO: 193, wherein the amino acid sequence can be terminated with amino acids -G-G- on the N-terminus, on the C-terminus, or on both the N- and C-termini.

An IL-2Rβ ligand can comprise an amino acid sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NO: 183 to SEQ ID NO: 193, wherein each amino acid independently comprises one or more of the following conservative substitutions: amino acids having a small hydrophobic side chain comprising alanine (A), glycine (G), proline (P), serine (S), or threonine (T); amino acids having a hydroxyl-containing side chain comprising serine (S), threonine (T), or tyrosine (Y); amino acids having an acidic side chain comprising aspartate (D) or glutamate (E); amino acids having a polar-neutral side chain comprising histidine (H), asparagine (N), glutamine (Q), serine (S), threonine (T), or tyrosine (Y); amino acids having a basic side chain comprising arginine (R), lysine (K), or histidine (H); and amino acids having a large hydrophobic side chain comprising isoleucine (I), leucine (L), methionine (M), valine (V), phenylalanine (F), tyrosine (Y), or tryptophan (W); and amino acids having an aromatic side chain comprising phenylalanine (F), histidine (H), tryptophan (W), or tyrosine (Y).

IL-2Rβ ligands of SEQ ID NO: 183 to SEQ ID NO: 193 exhibit an affinity to the IL-2Rβ subunit of less than 100 μM.

An IL-2Rβ ligand can comprise the amino acid sequence of Formula (13) (SEQ ID NO: 1028):

-X²⁰¹-X²⁰²-X²⁰³-X²⁰⁴-X²⁰⁵-X²⁰⁶-X²⁰⁷-X²⁰⁸-X²⁰⁹-X²¹⁰-X²¹¹-X²¹²-  (13)

wherein, X²⁰¹ can be selected from an amino acid; X²⁰² can be selected from an amino acid; X²⁰³ can be selected from an amino acid comprising an acidic side chain; X²⁰⁴ can be selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain; X²⁰⁵ can be selected from an amino acid comprising a small hydrophobic side chain; X²⁰⁶ can be selected from an amino acid comprising an acidic side chain; X²⁰⁷ can be selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain; X²⁰⁸ can be selected from an amino acid; X²⁰⁹ can be selected from an amino acid comprising an acidic side chain; X²¹⁰ can be selected from an amino acid; X²¹¹ can be selected from an amino acid; and X²¹² can be selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (13), X²⁰¹ can be selected from an amino acid; X²⁰² can be selected from an amino acid; X²⁰³ can be selected from D and E; X²⁰⁴ can be selected from I, L, M, V, F, Y, and W; X²⁰⁵ can be selected from A, G, P, S, and T; X²⁰⁶ can be selected from D and E; X²⁰⁷ can be selected from I, L, M, V, F, Y, and W; X²⁰⁸ can be selected from an amino acid; X²⁰⁹ can be selected from D and E; X²¹⁰ can be selected from an amino acid; X²¹¹ can be selected from an amino acid; and X²¹² can be selected from I, L, M, V, F, Y, and W.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (13), X²⁰¹ can be selected from C, F, L, S, and W; X²⁰² can be selected from C, D, F, G, L, M, Q, S, V, W, and Y; X²⁰³ can be selected from A, C, D, E, L, M, N, S, W, and Y; X²⁰⁴ can be selected from A, D, I, M, V, and W; X²⁰⁵ can be selected from D, E, G, and I; X²⁰⁶ can be selected from C, D, G, H, L, Q, S, and T; X²⁰⁷ can be selected from C, D, I, L, V, W, and Y; X²⁰⁸ can be selected from C, D, L, V, and W; X²⁰⁹ can be selected from C, D, G, I, M, N, P, Q, and W; X²¹⁰ can be selected from D. F. L. M. P, S, T, and Y; X²¹¹ can be selected from C, F, L, V, and W; and X²¹² can be selected from L, N, S, T, and V.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (13), X²⁰¹ can be selected from C, F, L, S, and W.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (13), X²⁰² can be selected from C, D, F, G, L, M, Q, S, V, W, and Y.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (13), X²⁰³ can be selected from D and E.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (13), X²⁰⁴ can be V.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (13), X²⁰⁵ can be G.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (13), X²⁰⁶ can be D.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (13), X²⁰⁷ can be selected from I, W, and Y.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (13), X²⁰⁸ can be selected from C, D, L, V, and W.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (13), X²⁰⁹ can be D.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (13), X²¹⁰ can be selected from D, F, L, M, P, S, T, and Y.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (13), X²¹¹ can be selected from C, F, L, V, and W.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (13), X²¹² can be selected from L and V.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (13), X²⁰¹ can be selected from an amino acid; X²⁰² can be selected from an amino acid; X²⁰³ can be selected from D and E; X²⁰⁴ can be V; X²⁰⁵ can be G; X²⁰⁶ can be D; X²⁰⁷ can be selected from I, Y, and W; X²⁰⁸ can be selected from an amino acid; X²⁰⁹ can be D; X²¹⁰ can be selected from an amino acid; X²¹¹ can be selected from an amino acid; and X²¹² can be selected from I, L, M, V, F, Y, and W.

An IL-2Rβ ligand can comprise an amino acid sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NO: 1029 to SEQ ID NO: 1043:

SEQ ID NO: 1029 CQSVGDWCDM SEQ ID NO: 1030 CDAVGSWCDFC SEQ ID NO: 1031 CFTVGDYCGY SEQ ID NO: 1032 WCSDIGQYCDY SEQ ID NO: 1033 CYEVGDYCQS SEQ ID NO: 1034 CGMAIGDLCM SEQ ID NO: 1035 CLEVGCIWDMFV SEQ ID NO: 1036 FCDMGTVWPDLS SEQ ID NO: 1037 DCMLYELCDIDVL SEQ ID NO: 1038 SCCVGDIWDTF SEQ ID NO: 1039 RWGDVGDLLMPFL SEQ ID NO: 1040 FLVCDDHYCWLWT SEQ ID NO: 1041 WESWNVGDLVNLVNW SEQ ID NO: 1042 CYEVGDYCQSPL SEQ ID NO: 1043 RWGDVGDLLMPL

An IL-2Rβ ligand can comprise an amino acid sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NO: 1028 to SEQ ID NO: 1043, wherein the amino acid sequence can be terminated with amino acids -G-G-on the N-terminus, on the C-terminus, or on both the N- and C-termini.

An IL-2Rβ ligand can comprise an amino acid sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NO: 1028 to SEQ ID NO: 1043, wherein each amino acid independently comprises one or more of the following conservative substitutions: amino acids having a small hydrophobic side chain comprising alanine (A), glycine (G), proline (P), serine (S), or threonine (T); amino acids having a hydroxyl-containing side chain comprising serine (S), threonine (T), or tyrosine (Y); amino acids having an acidic side chain comprising aspartate (D) or glutamate (E); amino acids having a polar-neutral side chain comprising histidine (H), asparagine (N), glutamine (Q), serine (S), threonine (T), or tyrosine (Y); amino acids having a basic side chain comprising arginine (R), lysine (K), or histidine (H); and amino acids having a large hydrophobic side chain comprising isoleucine (I), leucine (L), methionine (M), valine (V), phenylalanine (F), tyrosine (Y), or tryptophan (W); and amino acids having an aromatic side chain comprising phenylalanine (F), histidine (H), tryptophan (W), or tyrosine (Y).

An IL-2β ligand can comprise an amino acid sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NO: 1044 to SEQ ID NO: 1050:

SEQ ID NO: 1044 RSCYYKRPRLWCSE SEQ ID NO: 1045 ICYYSPSDNTTVCE SEQ ID NO: 1046 ASCXWLVSFGRSVCL SEQ ID NO: 1047 CLSIGFRDICFYRV SEQ ID NO: 1048 DCMLYELCDIDVL SEQ ID NO: 1049 FLVCDDHYCWLWT SEQ ID NO: 1050 ICYYSPSDNTTVCE

An IL-2Rβ ligand can comprise an amino acid sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NO: 1044 to SEQ ID NO: 1050, wherein the amino acid sequence can be terminated with amino acids -G-G-on the N-terminus, on the C-terminus, or on both the N- and C-termini.

An IL-2Rβ ligand can comprise an amino acid sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NO: 1044 to SEQ ID NO: 1050, wherein each amino acid independently comprises one or more of the following conservative substitutions: amino acids having a small hydrophobic side chain comprising alanine (A), glycine (G), proline (P), serine (S), or threonine (T); amino acids having a hydroxyl-containing side chain comprising serine (S), threonine (T), or tyrosine (Y); amino acids having an acidic side chain comprising aspartate (D) or glutamate (E); amino acids having a polar-neutral side chain comprising histidine (H), asparagine (N), glutamine (Q), serine (S), threonine (T), or tyrosine (Y); amino acids having a basic side chain comprising arginine (R), lysine (K), or histidine (H); and amino acids having a large hydrophobic side chain comprising isoleucine (I), leucine (L), methionine (M), valine (V), phenylalanine (F), tyrosine (Y), or tryptophan (W); and amino acids having an aromatic side chain comprising phenylalanine (F), histidine (H), tryptophan (W), or tyrosine (Y). IL-2Rβ ligands of SEQ ID NO: 144 to SEQ ID NO: 150 exhibit an affinity to the IL-2Rβ subunit of less than 100 μM.

An IL-2β ligand can comprise the amino acid sequence of Formula (10) (SEQ ID NO: 578):

-X¹⁹¹-X¹⁹²-X¹⁹³-X¹⁹⁴-X¹⁹⁵-C-X¹⁹⁶-X¹⁹⁷-X¹⁹⁸-X¹⁹⁹-X²⁰⁰-X²⁰¹-X²⁰²-X²⁰³-C-X²⁰⁴-X²⁰⁵-X²⁰⁶-X²⁰⁷-X²⁰⁸-  (10)

wherein, X¹⁹¹ can be selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain or an aromatic side chain; X¹⁹² can be selected from an amino acid; X¹⁹³ can be selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain or an aromatic side chain; X¹⁹⁴ can be selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain or a basic side chain; X¹⁹⁵ can be selected from an amino acid comprising an acidic side chain or a small hydrophobic side chain; X¹⁹⁶ can be selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain or a basic side chain; X¹⁹⁷ can be selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain; X¹⁹⁸ can be selected from an amino acid comprising a small hydrophobic side chain; X¹⁹⁹ can be selected from an amino acid comprising a polar/neutral side chain or a basic side chain; X²⁰⁰ can be selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain; X²⁰¹ can be selected from an amino acid comprising a small hydrophobic side chain; X²⁰² can be selected from an amino acid comprising an acidic side chain or a polar/neutral side chain; X²⁰³ can be selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain; X²⁰⁴ can be selected from an amino acid comprising an acidic side chain; X²⁰⁵ can be selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain; X²⁰⁶ can be selected from an amino acid comprising an acidic side chain or an aromatic side chain; X²⁰⁷ can be selected from an amino acid comprising an amino acid; and X²⁰⁸ can be selected from an amino acid comprising an acidic side chain.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (10), X¹⁹¹ can be selected from F, H, I, L, M, V, W, and Y; X¹⁹² can be selected from an amino acid; X¹⁹³ can be selected from F, H, I, L, M, V, W, and Y; X¹⁹⁴ can be selected from F, I, L, M, V, W, Y, H, K, and R; X¹⁹⁵ can be selected from D, E, A, G, P, S, and T; X¹⁹⁶ can be selected from F, I, L, M, V, W, Y, H, K, and R; X¹⁹⁷ can be selected from F, I, L, M, V, W, and Y; X¹⁹⁸ can be selected from A, G, P, S, and T; X¹⁹⁹ can be selected from H, N, Q, S, T, Y, H, K, and R; X²⁰⁰ can be selected from F, I, L, M, V, W, and Y; X²⁰¹ can be selected from A, G, P, S, and T; X²⁰² can be selected from D, E, H, N, Q, S, T, and Y; X²⁰³ can be selected from F, I, L, M, V, W, and Y; X²⁰⁴ can be selected from D and E; X²⁰⁵ can be selected from F, I, L, M, V, W, and Y; X²⁰⁶ can be selected from D, E, F, H, I, L, M, V, W, and Y; X²⁰⁷ can be selected from an amino acid; and X²⁰⁸ can be selected from D and E.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (10), X¹⁹¹ can be selected from F, H, W, and Y.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (10), X¹⁹¹ can be W.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (10), X¹⁹² can be selected from an amino acid.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (10), X¹⁹³ can be selected from F, H, W, and Y.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (10), X¹⁹³ can be selected from F, W, and Y.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (10), X¹⁹⁴ can be selected from H, L, and Y.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (10), X¹⁹⁴ can be L.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (10), X¹⁹⁴ can be Y.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (10), X¹⁹⁵ can be selected from D and P.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (10), X¹⁹⁵ can be D.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (10), X¹⁹⁵ can be P.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (10), X¹⁹⁶ can be selected from H and W.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (10), X¹⁹⁶ can be H.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (10), X¹⁹⁶ can be W.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (10), X¹⁹⁷ can be M.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (10), X¹⁹⁸ can be A.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (10), X¹⁹⁹ can be selected from H, K, R, and Q.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (10), X¹⁹⁹ can be Q.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (10), X¹⁹⁹ can be selected from H, K, and R.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (10), X²⁰⁰ can be selected from L and V.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (10), X²⁰⁰ can be L.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (10), X²⁰¹ can be G.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (10), X²⁰² can be selected from D, E, and Q.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (10), X²⁰² can be E.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (10), X²⁰³ can be L.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (10), X²⁰⁴ can be selected from D and E.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (10), X²⁰⁴ can be D.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (10), X²⁰⁵ can be L.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (10), X²⁰⁶ can be selected from D and E.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (10), X²⁰⁷ can be selected from an amino acid.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (10), X²⁰⁸ can be selected from D and E.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (10), X¹⁹¹ can be selected from F, H, W, and Y; X¹⁹² can be selected from an amino acid; X¹⁹³ can be selected from F, H, W, and Y; X¹⁹⁴ can be selected from H, L, and Y; X¹⁹⁵ can be selected from D and P; X¹⁹⁶ can be selected from H, R, and W; X¹⁹⁷ can be M; X¹⁹⁸ can be A; X¹⁹⁹ can be selected from H, K, R, and Q; X²⁰⁰ can be selected from L and V; X²⁰¹ can be G; X²⁰² can be selected from D, E, and Q; X²⁰³ can be L; X²⁰⁴ can be selected from D and E; X²⁰⁵ can be L; X²⁰⁶ can be selected from D, E, H, F, W, and Y; X²⁰⁷ can be selected from an amino acid; and X²⁰⁸ can be selected from D and E.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (10), X¹⁹¹ can be selected from F, H, W, and Y; X¹⁹² can be selected from an amino acid; X¹⁹³ can be Y; X¹⁹⁴ can be selected from H, L, and Y; X¹⁹⁵ can be D; X¹⁹⁶ can be W; X¹⁹⁷ can be M; X¹⁹⁸ can be A; X¹⁹⁹ can be Q; X²⁰⁰ can be selected from L and V; X²⁰¹ can be G; X²⁰² can be selected from D, E, and Q; X²⁰³ can be L; X²⁰⁴ can be selected from D and E; X²⁰⁵ can be L; X²⁰⁶ can be selected from D and E; X²⁰⁷ can be selected from an amino acid; and X²⁰⁸ can be selected from D and E.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (10), X¹⁹¹ can be selected from F, H, W, and Y; X¹⁹² can be selected from an amino acid; X¹⁹³ can be Y; X¹⁹⁴ can be selected from H, L, and Y; X¹⁹⁵ can be D; X¹⁹⁶ can be H; X¹⁹⁷ can be M; X¹⁹⁸ can be A; X¹⁹⁹ can be Q; X²⁰⁰ can be selected from L and V; X²⁰¹ can be G; X²⁰² can be selected from D, E, and Q; X²⁰³ can be L; X²⁰⁴ can be selected from D and E; X²⁰⁵ can be L; X²⁰⁶ can be selected from D and E; X²⁰⁷ can be selected from an amino acid; and X²⁰⁸ can be selected from D and E.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (10), X¹⁹¹ can be selected from F, H, W, and Y; X¹⁹² can be selected from an amino acid; X¹⁹³ can be Y; X¹⁹⁴ can be selected from H, L, and Y; X¹⁹⁵ can be D; X¹⁹⁶ can be R; X¹⁹⁷ can be M; X¹⁹⁸ can be A; X¹⁹⁹ can be Q; X²⁰⁰ can be selected from L and V; X²⁰¹ can be G; X²⁰² can be selected from D, E, and Q; X²⁰³ can be L; X²⁰⁴ can be selected from D and E; X²⁰⁵ can be L; X²⁰⁶ can be selected from D and E; X²⁰⁷ can be selected from an amino acid; and X²⁰⁸ can be selected from D and E.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (10), X¹⁹¹ can be selected from F, H, W, and Y; X¹⁹² can be selected from an amino acid; X¹⁹³ can be Y; X¹⁹⁴ can be selected from H, L, and Y; X¹⁹⁵ can be P; X¹⁹⁶ can be W; X¹⁹⁷ can be M; X¹⁹⁸ can be A; X¹⁹⁹ can be Q; X²⁰⁰ can be selected from L and V; X²⁰¹ can be G; X²⁰² can be selected from D, E, and Q; X²⁰³ can be L; X²⁰⁴ can be selected from D and E; X²⁰⁵ can be L; X²⁰⁶ can be selected from D and E; X²⁰⁷ can be selected from an amino acid; and X²⁰⁸ can be selected from D and E.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (10), X¹⁹¹ can be selected from F, H, W, and Y; X¹⁹² can be selected from an amino acid; X¹⁹³ can be Y; X¹⁹⁴ can be selected from H, L, and Y; X¹⁹⁵ can be D; X¹⁹⁶ can be W; X¹⁹⁷ can be M; X¹⁹⁸ can be A; X¹⁹⁹ can be selected from H, K, and R; X²⁰⁰ can be selected from L and V; X²⁰¹ can be G; X²⁰² can be selected from D, E, and Q; X²⁰³ can be L; X²⁰⁴ can be selected from D and E; X²⁰⁵ can be L; X²⁰⁶ can be selected from D and E; X²⁰⁷ can be selected from an amino acid; and X²⁰⁸ can be selected from D and E.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (10), X¹⁹¹ can be selected from F, H, W, and Y; X¹⁹² can be selected from an amino acid; X¹⁹³ can be Y; X¹⁹⁴ can be selected from H, L, and Y; X¹⁹⁵ can be D; X¹⁹⁶ can be W; X¹⁹⁷ can be M; X¹⁹⁸ can be A; X¹⁹⁹ can be Q; X²⁰⁰ can be selected from L and V; X²⁰¹ can be G; X²⁰² can be selected from D, E, and Q; X²⁰³ can be L; X²⁰⁴ can be selected from D and E; X²⁰⁵ can be L; X²⁰⁶ can be selected from F, H, W, and Y; X²⁰⁷ can be selected from an amino acid; and X²⁰⁸ can be selected from D and E.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (10), X¹⁹¹ can be selected from A, D, E, F, G, H, I, K, L, N, M, P, Q, R, S, T, V, W, and Y; X¹⁹² can be selected from A, D, E, F, G, H, I, K, L, M, N, P, Q, R, S, T, V, W, and Y; X¹⁹³ can be selected from A, C, D, F, G, H, I, L, M, N P, R, S, T, V, W, and Y; X¹⁹⁴ can be selected from F, H, I, K, L, N, P, Q, R, S, T, V, W, and Y; X¹⁹⁵ can be selected from A, D, E, F, G, H, K, L, M, N, P, Q, S, W, and Y; X¹⁹⁶ can be selected from A, E, F, G, H, Q, R, S, W, and Y; X¹⁹⁷ can be selected from A, D, E, F, I, K, L, M, N, Q, R, S, T, V, W, and Y; X¹⁹⁸ can be A; X¹⁹⁹ can be selected from A, D, H, K, L, N, P, Q, R, S, and Y; X²⁰⁰ can be selected from I, L, M, P, and V; X²⁰¹ can be selected from G, H, and W; X²⁰² can be selected from D, E, and Q; X²⁰³ can be L; X²⁰⁴ can be selected from A, D, E, H, I, L, T, V, and Y; X²⁰⁵ can be selected from F, I, L, M, V, W, and Y; X²⁰⁶ can be selected from A, D, E, F, G, H, I, K, L, M, N, P, Q, R, S, T, V, W, and Y; X²⁰⁷ can be selected from A, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, L, M, N, P, Q, R, S, T, V, W, and Y; and X²⁰⁸ can be selected from A, D, E, F, G, H, K, L, M, N, P, Q, R, S, T, V, W, and Y.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (10), X¹⁹¹ can be selected from F, H, W, and Y; X¹⁹² can be selected from A, D, E, F, G, H, I, K, L, M, N, P, Q, R, S, T, V, W, and Y; X¹⁹³ can be selected from F, H, W, and Y; X¹⁹⁴ can be selected from F, H, I, L, V W, and Y; X¹⁹⁵ can be selected from D, E, and P; X¹⁹⁶ can be selected from F, H, R, S, W, and Y; X¹⁹⁷ can be selected from F, I, L, M, and V; X¹⁹⁸ can be A; X¹⁹⁹ can be selected from H, K, N, Q, and R; X²⁰⁰ can be selected from I, L, and V; X²⁰¹ can be G; X²⁰² can be selected from D, E, and Q; X²⁰³ can be selected from F, I, L, M, V, and Y; X²⁰⁴ can be selected from D and E; X²⁰⁵ can be L; X²⁰⁶ can be selected from D, E, N, and Q; X²⁰⁷ can be selected from A, D, E, F, G, H, I, L, M, N, P, Q, R, S, T, V, W, and Y; and X²⁰⁸ can be selected from D and E.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (10), X¹⁹¹ can be W; X¹⁹² can be selected from A, D, E, F, G, H, I, K, L, M, N, P, Q, R, S, T, V, W, and Y; X¹⁹³ can be selected from F, H, W, and Y; X¹⁹⁴ can be Y; X¹⁹⁵ can be selected from D, E, and P; X¹⁹⁶ can be selected from H, R, and W; X¹⁹⁷ can be selected from I and M; X¹⁹⁸ can be A; X¹⁹⁹ can be selected from K, Q, and R; X²⁰⁰ can be selected from I, L, and V; X²⁰¹ can be G; X²⁰² can be E; X²⁰³ can be L; X²⁰⁴ can be D; X²⁰⁵ can be L; X²⁰⁶ can be selected from D and E; X²⁰⁷ can be selected from A, D, E, F, G, H, I, L, M, N, P, Q, R, S, T, V, W, and Y; and X²⁰⁸ can be selected from D and E.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (10), X¹⁹¹ can be selected from A, D, E, F, G, H, I, K, L, N, M, P, Q, R, S, T, V, W, and Y; X¹⁹² can be selected from A, D, E, F, G, H, I, K, L, M, N, P, Q, R, S, T, V, W, and Y; X¹⁹³ can be selected from F, H, W, and Y; X¹⁹⁴ can be selected from F, H, L, W, and Y; X¹⁹⁵ can be selected from D, E, and P; X¹⁹⁶ can be selected from F, H, R, S, W, and Y; X¹⁹⁷ can be selected from F, I, L, M, and V; X¹⁹⁸ can be A; X¹⁹⁹ can be selected from H, K, Q, N, and R; X²⁰⁰ can be selected from I, L, and V; X²⁰¹ can be G; X²⁰² can be selected from D, E, and Q; X²⁰³ can be L; X²⁰⁴ can be selected from D and E; X²⁰⁵ can be selected from F, I, L, M, V, and W; X²⁰⁶ can be selected from D, E, F, I, L, M, V, W, and Y; X²⁰⁷ can be selected from A, D, E, F, G, H, I, L, M, N, P, Q, R, S, T, V, W, and Y; and X²⁰⁸ can be selected from D and E.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (10), X¹⁹¹ can be selected from A, D, E, F, G, H, I, K, L, N, M, P, Q, R, S, T, V, W, and Y.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (10), X¹⁹¹ can be selected from A, G, P, S, and T.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (10), X¹⁹¹ can be selected from F, H, I, L, M, V, W, and Y.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (10), X¹⁹¹ can be selected from F, H, W, and Y.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (10), X¹⁹² can be selected from A, D, E, F, G, H, I, K, L, M, N, P, Q, R, S, T, V, W, and Y.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (10), X¹⁹² can be selected from A, G, P, S, and T.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (10), X¹⁹² can be selected from F, H, I, L, M, V, W, and Y.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (10), X¹⁹³ can be selected from F, H, W, and Y.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (10), X¹⁹³ can be W.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (10), X¹⁹⁴ can be selected from F, H, L, W, and Y.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (10), X¹⁹⁴ can be selected from H, L, and Y.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (10), X¹⁹⁴ can be Y.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (10), X¹⁹⁵ can be selected from D, E, and P.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (10), X¹⁹⁵ can be D.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (10), X¹⁹⁵ can be P.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (10), X¹⁹⁶ can be selected from F, H, R, S, W, and Y.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (10), X¹⁹⁶ can be selected from H, R, and W.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (10), X¹⁹⁶ can be W.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (10), X¹⁹⁷ can be selected from F, I, L, M, and V.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (10), X¹⁹⁷ can be selected from I and M.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (10), X¹⁹⁷ can be M.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (10), X¹⁹⁸ can be A.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (10), X¹⁹⁹ can be selected from H, K, Q, N, and R.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (10), X¹⁹⁹ can be selected from H, K, and R.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (10), X¹⁹⁹ can be Q.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (10), X²⁰⁰ can be selected from I, L, and V.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (10), X²⁰⁰ can be selected from L and V.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (10), X²⁰¹ can be G.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (10), X²⁰² can be selected from D, E, and Q.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (10), X²⁰² can be E.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (10), X²⁰³ can be L.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (10), X²⁰⁴ can be selected from D and E.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (10), X²⁰⁴ can be D.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (10), X²⁰⁵ can be selected from F, I, L, M, V, and W.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (10), X²⁰⁵ can be L.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (10), X²⁰⁶ can be selected from D and E.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (10), X²⁰⁶ can be D.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (10), X²⁰⁶ can be selected from F, I, L, M, V, W, and Y.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (10), X²⁰⁷ can be selected from A, D, E, F, G, H, I, L, M, N, P, Q, R, S, T, V, W, and Y.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (10), X²⁰⁷ can be selected from A, G, P, S, and T.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (10), X²⁰⁷ can be selected from F, I, L, M, V, W, and Y.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (10), X²⁰⁸ can be selected from D and E.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (10), X¹⁹¹ can be selected from F, I, L, M, V, W, and Y; X¹⁹² can be selected from A, D, E, F, G, H, I, K, L, M, N, P, Q, R, S, T, V, W, and Y; X¹⁹³ can be selected from F, H, W, and Y; X¹⁹⁴ can be selected from H, L, and Y; X¹⁹⁵ can be selected from D and P; X¹⁹⁶ can be selected from H, R, and W; X¹⁹⁷ can be selected from I and M; X¹⁹⁸ can be A; X¹⁹⁹ can be selected from H, K, Q, and R; X²⁰⁰ can be selected from L and V; X²⁰¹ can be G; X²⁰² can be selected from D, E, and Q; X²⁰³ can be L; X²⁰⁴ can be selected from D and E; X²⁰⁵ can be L; X²⁰⁶ can be selected from D, E, F, I, L, M, V, W, and Y; X²⁰⁷ can be selected from A, D, E, F, G, H, I, L, M, N, P, Q, R, S, T, V, W, and Y; and X²⁰⁸ can be selected from D and E.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (10), X¹⁹¹ can be selected from F, I, L, M, V, W, and Y; X¹⁹² can be selected from A, D, E, F, G, H, I, K, L, M, N, P, Q, R, S, T, V, W, and Y; X¹⁹³ can be W; X¹⁹⁴ can be Y; X¹⁹⁵ can be selected from D and P; X¹⁹⁶ can be W; X¹⁹⁷ can be M; X¹⁹⁸ can be A; X¹⁹⁹ can be Q; X¹⁹⁹ can be selected from H, K, and R; X²⁰⁰ can be selected from L and V; X²⁰¹ can be G; X²⁰² can be E; X²⁰³ can be L; X²⁰⁴ can be selected from D and E; X²⁰⁵ can be L; X²⁰⁶ can be D; X²⁰⁷ can be selected from A, D, E, F, G, H, I, L, M, N, P, Q, R, S, T, V, W, and Y; and X²⁰⁸ can be selected from D and E.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (10), X¹⁹¹ can be selected from F, I, L, M, V, W, and Y; X¹⁹³ can be W; X¹⁹⁴ can be Y; X¹⁹⁵ can be selected from D and P; X¹⁹⁶ can be selected from H, R, and W; X¹⁹⁷ can be M; X¹⁹⁸ can be A; X¹⁹⁹ can be selected from H, K, Q, and R; X²⁰⁰ can be selected from L and V; X²⁰¹ can be G; X²⁰² can be E; X²⁰³ can be L; X²⁰⁴ can be D; X²⁰⁵ can be L; X²⁰⁶ can be D; X²⁰⁷ can be selected from A, D, E, F, G, H, I, L, M, N, P, Q, R, S, T, V, W, and Y; and X²⁰⁸ can be selected from D and E.

An IL-2Rβ ligand can comprise an amino acid sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NO: 579 to SEQ ID NO: 808:

SEQ ID NO: 579 IYCGFAPLGELCIL SEQ ID NO: 580 LPCWIAQVGELCDL SEQ ID NO: 581 LPCHMAQLGELCDL SEQ ID NO: 582 HPCWMAKVGELCDL SEQ ID NO: 583 YPCHMANVGELCDL SEQ ID NO: 584 SGSNDVPHCSMADLGDLCHL SEQ ID NO: 585 WHQWLRKDCRFAKLGELCDL SEQ ID NO: 586 GRGVEYKECWMASLGELCTL SEQ ID NO: 587 GRADQVLPCWMAQLGELCEL SEQ ID NO: 588 INQSVLWPCHLAAVGDLCDL SEQ ID NO: 589 LVGWNHYDCSVARVGELCDL SEQ ID NO: 590 YPCWMAQIGELCDL SEQ ID NO: 591 YPCHIALLGELCDL SEQ ID NO: 592 LYCWQAQLGQLCDL SEQ ID NO: 593 YDCRFAQLGELCDL SEQ ID NO: 594 LMCWNAQLGDLCDL SEQ ID NO: 595 TMASNWYDCHMAQVGELCDL SEQ ID NO: 596 LEYDWNQACSKAHLGELCVL SEQ ID NO: 597 RILYEYPDCWMAQLGELCEL SEQ ID NO: 598 AQARFWHDCSIAHVGELCDL SEQ ID NO: 599 TAAEYWYPCWMAQVGELCDL SEQ ID NO: 600 GPSMTYKACWMAQLGELCEL SEQ ID NO: 601 YFCHIAKLGELCDL SEQ ID NO: 602 LACRFAKLGELCDL SEQ ID NO: 603 LPCWMAQLGDLCDL SEQ ID NO: 604 LYRPNYSDCSMAQLGELCEM SEQ ID NO: 605 KLGKGWHDCSVAQVGELCDL SEQ ID NO: 606 DVFKNWYDCRIAKLGELCDL SEQ ID NO: 607 EYVLKWPDCSSAQLGELCEL SEQ ID NO: 608 RALRKFHDCSTARLGELCDL SEQ ID NO: 609 QVEGSYYDCRWAHLGELCDL SEQ ID NO: 610 YPCRMAKLGELCDL SEQ ID NO: 611 YPCWLAHVGELCDL SEQ ID NO: 612 YPCWMAQLGELCDL SEQ ID NO: 613 YDCSIAQLGELCDL SEQ ID NO: 614 LYCWAAQLGELCDL SEQ ID NO: 615 LACWMAHLGDLCDL SEQ ID NO: 616 SSYDMDQDCRWAQLGQLCAI SEQ ID NO: 617 MENKYWYDCSVALVGELCDL SEQ ID NO: 618 KVKLSWYDCSVAQVGELCDL SEQ ID NO: 619 GFLLEWYDCRIAQVGELCDL SEQ ID NO: 620 YDSRSYLPCHMAQLGDLCDL SEQ ID NO: 621 ESMGLGYPCWRAQLGELCDL SEQ ID NO: 622 YPCWMALVGELCDL SEQ ID NO: 623 YDCRFALLGELCDL SEQ ID NO: 624 YWCWMAQLGELCDL SEQ ID NO: 625 KWCWLAHLGELCDL SEQ ID NO: 626 LPCWLAKVGDLCDL SEQ ID NO: 627 DHLQRWWPCRLARLGELCDL SEQ ID NO: 628 KSGQRYYDCSMAQLGELCDL SEQ ID NO: 629 ELVKTWYPCWKAHVGELCDL SEQ ID NO: 630 RSLFLWHDCSTAQLGELCDL SEQ ID NO: 631 LPRSGWYDCSIAHVGELCDL SEQ ID NO: 632 LSVNKWYPCWIADVGELCDW SEQ ID NO: 633 YPCWIAQVGELCDL SEQ ID NO: 634 LKCWMAQLGELCDL SEQ ID NO: 635 LDCRFAQVGDLCDI SEQ ID NO: 636 LWCWMAQLGELCDL SEQ ID NO: 637 YPCWVAKLGELCDF SEQ ID NO: 638 WSSKVVKPCHIARLGELCEL SEQ ID NO: 639 LDETYWYDCHVAQVGELCDL SEQ ID NO: 640 TSLDSYYDCGMAKVGELCDL SEQ ID NO: 641 ESGHYIKHCSIALLGELCHL SEQ ID NO: 642 RTYDPGQDCRLAQLGELCEL SEQ ID NO: 643 LMCWLAQLGELCEL SEQ ID NO: 644 YPCWIAKVGELCDL SEQ ID NO: 645 YWCWMAQVGELCDL SEQ ID NO: 646 YECHLAKLGELCDL SEQ ID NO: 647 RGRWEWYDCSIAQVGELCDV SEQ ID NO: 648 RSFENWYDCRIAQLGELCDL SEQ ID NO: 649 PSSRGYKPCWSAQVGELCEL SEQ ID NO: 650 VDVSGWKPCYMAHLGELCDL SEQ ID NO: 651 VETTAWYPCELAQLGELCDL SEQ ID NO: 652 LHCHNAQVGDLCDL SEQ ID NO: 653 LWCHMANLGDLCDL SEQ ID NO: 654 YPCHIAQVGELCDL SEQ ID NO: 655 YPCHVAQLGELCDL SEQ ID NO: 656 YDCSMAQLGELCDL SEQ ID NO: 657 QWCWMARLGELCDL SEQ ID NO: 658 LMVWDRRDCSTAQLGELCDL SEQ ID NO: 659 TRNEFVYPCWLAQVGELCDL SEQ ID NO: 660 AVRNVWYDCSFARLHELCDV SEQ ID NO: 661 EVNWLYYDCRFAHLGELCDL SEQ ID NO: 662 RKTWIWKDCSIARVGELCDL SEQ ID NO: 663 YDCRIAQVGELCDL SEQ ID NO: 664 YPCHMAQLGELCDLWSWGDI SEQ ID NO: 665 FDCRFAQVGDLCDLWSPEHI SEQ ID NO: 666 LPCWLANVGELCDLPGKFER SEQ ID NO: 667 YDCRNAHVGELCDLIDVPWE SEQ ID NO: 668 LKCWMAQVGELCDLGVDDGQ SEQ ID NO: 669 YECWMAKLGELCDMYLEGEI SEQ ID NO: 670 GDVYFCWNAKLGELCDLFEM SEQ ID NO: 671 VQYKKCWMAQLGDLCELDPS SEQ ID NO: 672 PLCYSCQMARVGELCDLGCD SEQ ID NO: 673 IGYHACWMAQLGDLCDLHDN SEQ ID NO: 674 MSWYDCWMAQVGELCDLHVL SEQ ID NO: 675 YLCRFAQLGELCDLHVHWED SEQ ID NO: 676 YYCGIANVGELCDLEMGGNI SEQ ID NO: 677 YHCRFAQVGELCDLEPQITW SEQ ID NO: 678 LGCWLAHVGELCDLMFPGDE SEQ ID NO: 679 GWHHWCHMAQVGELCDLQVT SEQ ID NO: 680 ETVSDCRMAQVGELCEYHSA SEQ ID NO: 681 WSWYDCRIAQIGELCDLIIM SEQ ID NO: 682 WLFYDCRWAQVGELCDLSGD SEQ ID NO: 683 YPCWIAQIGELCDMDPRANM SEQ ID NO: 684 YDCRFAQLGELCDLYETDGR SEQ ID NO: 685 YWCRFAQVGELCDVQMYASQ SEQ ID NO: 686 LPCWMAQVGQLCYLDTERHS SEQ ID NO: 687 YACYIAKLGELCDLEMTDHG SEQ ID NO: 688 PEWYDCSTAQVGELCDLFDD SEQ ID NO: 689 SSYYSCSMAQLGELCDLKLS SEQ ID NO: 690 DRFNPCHMAQLGELCDLARD SEQ ID NO: 691 WLYPECRFAQVGQLCEFRNQ SEQ ID NO: 692 AGWHPCHLAQVGELCDLDAL SEQ ID NO: 693 YACWLAKVGELCDMDEDFTI SEQ ID NO: 694 YSCGIAKVGELCDLVDQEPD SEQ ID NO: 695 HPCHMARLGELCDLHSGVYD SEQ ID NO: 696 LYCGFAQVGDLCDLDVEVTY SEQ ID NO: 697 LPCWKAYVGELCDLNMPRLD SEQ ID NO: 698 AEVKPCHMAQVGDLCDLTGG SEQ ID NO: 699 TPHYPCWMAHMGELCDLEWK SEQ ID NO: 700 PIYQPCHMAALGELCDLGTA SEQ ID NO: 701 SKFYDCRIAKLGELCDLRSG SEQ ID NO: 702 LDWHACWEAQVGELCDLRRS SEQ ID NO: 703 LWCHMANVGELCDIDWTNGS SEQ ID NO: 704 LACHVAQLGELCDLWPDGVN SEQ ID NO: 705 KPCYMAQVGELCDLPAESLS SEQ ID NO: 706 YDCSIAQLGELCDVEPWESM SEQ ID NO: 707 YWCRWAQVGELCDLEVENKD SEQ ID NO: 708 LHCYDAQVGELCDLENWLHQ SEQ ID NO: 709 IKMSPCHLAQVGELCDLQWE SEQ ID NO: 710 RHFLDCRIAQIGDLCDLIGF SEQ ID NO: 711 PAYYDCSIAKVGELCDLSMM SEQ ID NO: 712 VRFHDCSIALVGDLCDLHMY SEQ ID NO: 713 VTPYYCWNAKLGELCDMMWN SEQ ID NO: 714 EYSLDCRIAQLGQLCDLMRW SEQ ID NO: 715 YDCRMAKVGELCDLWWDTLY SEQ ID NO: 716 YDCHMAKLGELCDLMLGDVT SEQ ID NO: 717 YPCHLAHVGELCDLEGGTEF SEQ ID NO: 718 YDCSIARVGELCDLLQDWWP SEQ ID NO: 719 LPCWLAQVGELCDLQEETGS SEQ ID NO: 720 DGHYECWKAQLGELCDLAGA SEQ ID NO: 721 SFVQDCSLAQLWDLCEIWTD SEQ ID NO: 722 EPFYHCSIAQLGELCDLVRA SEQ ID NO: 723 WPWQDCSTAQLGDLCDLMSY SEQ ID NO: 724 GLTLPCWMAQLGELCDLNNA SEQ ID NO: 725 NLHYDCRIAQVGELCDLTYE SEQ ID NO: 726 YHCFLAQVGDLCDLWDSMTT SEQ ID NO: 727 RWCHMAQLGDLCELYIFDKH SEQ ID NO: 728 LPCHLAQVGELCDLPSSMLT SEQ ID NO: 729 WAWLDCHNAQVGELCDLLRD SEQ ID NO: 730 TSFHDCRIANVGELCDLSIL SEQ ID NO: 731 VSWYPCHMAQVGELCDLGFS SEQ ID NO: 732 GNFKQCHMAAVGELCEMENE SEQ ID NO: 733 AVWYDCRIAQVGELCDLVHP SEQ ID NO: 734 YDCFFAHVGELCDLMGNSGT SEQ ID NO: 735 KACHMAQLGELCDLYQGGIN SEQ ID NO: 736 YPCWLALPGELCDLMESTVN SEQ ID NO: 737 YDCSLAQLGELCDLTGPSYG SEQ ID NO: 738 YPCHVAQVGELCDLSPGLHG SEQ ID NO: 739 HMFYPCWRAQVGELCDLANY SEQ ID NO: 740 SGWYPCRIARLGELCDLWEG SEQ ID NO: 741 QVHYDCSMAQLGELCDLYDE SEQ ID NO: 742 LWFYDCRFAHVGELCDLEQT SEQ ID NO: 743 VGRQMRKACHMALLGELCDL SEQ ID NO: 744 HWCWMARLGELCDL SEQ ID NO: 745 SVLLSYPLCRFAQLGELCDL SEQ ID NO: 746 YFCWMAKLGELCDL SEQ ID NO: 747 LHILKNYPCYLAQVGELCDL SEQ ID NO: 748 HIMRTWYDCSIAQIGELCDL SEQ ID NO: 749 PERGGWYDCRFAKLGELCDL SEQ ID NO: 750 GGMAKYNPCHIAKLGELCDL SEQ ID NO: 751 YFCWMAQLGELCDL SEQ ID NO: 752 ISGLGIYPCWMAHLGELCDL SEQ ID NO: 753 GVTYQWYDCSIALVGELCDI SEQ ID NO: 754 YPCHLALLGELCDL SEQ ID NO: 755 RPWRQWYDCSIARLGELCDI SEQ ID NO: 756 YPCWMAQVGELCDL SEQ ID NO: 757 YDCSIAKLGELCDL SEQ ID NO: 758 VSVWKDCSIAQLGELCDL SEQ ID NO: 759 NEQMIPWPCHLAQLGDLCDL SEQ ID NO: 760 FPCWLAKLGDLCDL SEQ ID NO: 761 YWCHIAQLGELCDL SEQ ID NO: 762 DSNAPWYDCSKALLGELCDL SEQ ID NO: 763 WSIANFYDCRFAHLGELCDL SEQ ID NO: 764 LPCHMALLGQLCDL SEQ ID NO: 765 LMCWFAQLGDLCDL SEQ ID NO: 766 YPCWIAKLGELCDF SEQ ID NO: 767 AYRAMPYYCWMAQLGELCDL SEQ ID NO: 768 GSSVETKPCWMAYLGELCHL SEQ ID NO: 769 YPCWLARVGELCDLDSGDVH SEQ ID NO: 770 YDCSMALLGELCDLWMPAIK SEQ ID NO: 771 YPCWMAHVGELCDLEGWFGV SEQ ID NO: 772 GVFYDCRIAQLGELCDLWAS SEQ ID NO: 773 YKFLPCWRARVGELCDLDTA SEQ ID NO: 774 ANFYDCRYAQLGELCDLMNV SEQ ID NO: 775 RRASWCHLAQVGELCDLLWE SEQ ID NO: 776 HPCHMAQVGELCDLNFPYVE SEQ ID NO: 777 TPCYMAKLGELCDLEEWALE SEQ ID NO: 778 LWCWMAQVGELCDLEERSFM SEQ ID NO: 779 YPCHMAQLGELCDLWSWGDI SEQ ID NO: 780 LPCWKANLGELCDLYDMGHS SEQ ID NO: 781 WAFYDCFTAQVGELCDLSIG SEQ ID NO: 782 KTWYDCRFAQLGELCDLNMN SEQ ID NO: 783 LPCWLARLGELCDLQYEYND SEQ ID NO: 784 FSFQHCHMAQLGELCDLGYE SEQ ID NO: 785 YPCRIAKLGELCDLSEWQQL SEQ ID NO: 786 YACWFAQVGELCDLEEDMVT SEQ ID NO: 787 GFSHFCWEAQVGELCDLIYG SEQ ID NO: 788 LYCWMAQLGELCDLEHVDWN SEQ ID NO: 789 LWCGIAQLGELCDLELGIHD SEQ ID NO: 790 LLCWMAQLGELCDLEGEVMK SEQ ID NO: 791 KVWYPCRIAQVGELCDLDQF SEQ ID NO: 792 GEWYDCRIAQVGELCDLWPV SEQ ID NO: 793 YPCWFAKLGELCDLGLTDTK SEQ ID NO: 794 VSWVDCHMAQVGELCDLRDS SEQ ID NO: 795 QFWLGCWMAQVGELCDLDQP SEQ ID NO: 796 YTWLDCSVAQLGQLCDLWSM SEQ ID NO: 797 ALSWLWQDCALAQLGELCDL SEQ ID NO: 798 GDLVMFYDCRFARVGELCDL SEQ ID NO: 799 RLFDPDQNCRFALLGELCLL SEQ ID NO: 800 GSVWEFYDCFIARVGELCDL SEQ ID NO: 801 SDLMVWKPCWTAQLGELCDL SEQ ID NO: 802 KYCGFAQLGELCVL SEQ ID NO: 803 YPCWMAQVGELCDLFLESVP SEQ ID NO: 804 MGFYPCWTAQLGELCDLSVD SEQ ID NO: 805 PLNYPCWIAQLGELCDLDLR SEQ ID NO: 806 WKFQDCRTAQVGELCDLWPY SEQ ID NO: 807 LYCGMAHVGQLCILEDWRGA SEQ ID NO: 808 WYPCWMAQLGELCDLD

An IL-2Rβ ligand can comprise an amino acid sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NO: 578 to SEQ ID NO: 808, wherein the amino acid sequence can be terminated with amino acids -G-G- on the N-terminus, on the C-terminus, or on both the N- and C-termini.

An IL-2Rβ ligand can comprise an amino acid sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NO: 578 to SEQ ID NO: 808, wherein each amino acid independently comprises one or more of the following conservative substitutions: amino acids having a small hydrophobic side chain comprising alanine (A), glycine (G), proline (P), serine (S), or threonine (T); amino acids having a hydroxyl-containing side chain comprising serine (S), threonine (T), or tyrosine (Y); amino acids having an acidic side chain comprising aspartate (D) or glutamate (E); amino acids having a polar-neutral side chain comprising histidine (H), asparagine (N), glutamine (Q), serine (S), threonine (T), or tyrosine (Y); amino acids having a basic side chain comprising arginine (R), lysine (K), or histidine (H); and amino acids having a large hydrophobic side chain comprising isoleucine (I), leucine (L), methionine (M), valine (V), phenylalanine (F), tyrosine (Y), or tryptophan (W); and amino acids having an aromatic side chain comprising phenylalanine (F), histidine (H), tryptophan (W), or tyrosine (Y).

IL-2Rβ ligands of SEQ ID NO: 578 to SEQ ID NO: 808 exhibit an affinity to the IL-2Rβ subunit of less than 100 μM.

An IL-2β ligand can comprise the amino acid sequence of Formula (11) (SEQ ID NO: 809):

-X²¹¹-X²¹²-X²¹³-X²¹⁴-C-X²¹⁵-X²¹⁶-X²¹⁷-X²¹⁸-X²¹⁹-X²²⁰-X²²¹-X²²²-C-X²²³-X²²⁴-X²²⁵-  (11)

wherein, X²¹¹ can be selected from an amino acid; X²¹² can be selected from an amino acid comprising an aromatic side chain; X²¹³ can be selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain or an aromatic side chain; X²¹⁴ can be P; X²¹⁵ can be selected from an amino acid comprising an aromatic side chain; X²¹⁶ can be selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain; X²¹⁷ can be A; X²¹⁸ can be selected from an amino acid comprising a basic side chain or a polar/neutral side chain; X²¹⁹ can be selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain; X²²⁰ can be G; X²²¹ can be selected from an amino acid comprising an acidic side chain or a polar/neutral side chain; X²²² can be L; X²²³ can be D; X²²⁴ can be selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain; and X²²⁵ can be selected from an amino acid comprising an acidic side chain.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (11), X²¹¹ can be selected from an amino acid; X²¹² can be selected from F, H, W, and Y; X²¹³ can be selected from F, H, I, L, M, V, W, and Y; X²¹⁴ can be P; X²¹⁵ can be selected from F, H, W, and Y; X²¹⁶ can be selected from F, I, L, M, V, W, and Y; X²¹⁷ can be A; X²¹⁸ can be selected from K, R, H, N, Q, S, T, and Y; X²¹⁹ can be selected from F, I, L, M, V, W, and Y; X²²⁰ can be G; X²²¹ can be selected from D, E, H, N, Q, S, T, and Y; X²²² can be L; X²²³ can be D; X²²⁴ can be selected from F, I, L, M, V, W, and Y; and X²²⁵ can be selected from D and E.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (11), X²¹¹ can be selected from an amino acid.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (11), X²¹¹ can be selected from H, K, and R.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (11), X²¹¹ can be selected from H and R.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (11), X²¹² can be selected from F, H, W, and Y.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (11), X²¹² can be W.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (11), X²¹³ can be selected from F, H, I, L, M, V, W, and Y.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (11), X²¹³ can be L.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (11), X²¹³ can be Y.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (11), X²¹⁴ can be P.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (11), X²¹⁵ can be selected from F, H, W, and Y.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (11), X²¹⁵ can be W.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (11), X²¹⁶ can be selected from F, I, L, M, V, W, and Y.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (11), X²¹⁶ can be M.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (11), X²¹⁷ can be A.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (11), X²¹⁸ can be selected from K, R, H, N, Q, S, T, and Y.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (11), X²¹⁸ can be selected from K and R.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (11), X²¹⁸ can be Q.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (11), X²¹⁹ can be selected from F, I, L, M, V, W, and Y.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (11), X²¹⁹ can be L.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (11), X²²⁰ can be G.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (11), X²²¹ can be selected from D, E, H, N, Q, S, T, and Y.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (11), X²²¹ can be E.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (11), X²²² can be L.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (11), X²²³ can be D.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (11), X²²⁴ can be selected from F, I, L, M, V, W, and Y.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (11), X²²⁴ can be L.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (11), X²²⁵ can be selected from D and E.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (11), X²¹¹ can be selected from H, K, and R; X²¹² can be W; X²¹³ can be Y; X²¹⁴ can be P; X²¹⁵ can be W; X²¹⁶ can be M; X²¹⁷ can be A; X²¹⁸ can be selected N and Q; X²¹⁹ can be selected from L and V; X²²⁰ can be G; X²²¹ can be selected from E, D, and Q; X²²² can be L; X²²³ can be D; X²²⁴ can be selected from L and M; and X²²⁵ can be selected from D and E.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (11), X²¹¹ can be selected from A, D, E, G, H, L, M, N, Q, R, S, T, and V; X²¹² can be selected from C, F, W, and Y; X²¹³ can be selected from F, H, K, L, N, Q, R, S, W, and Y; X²¹⁴ can be P; X²¹⁵ can be selected from W and Y; X²¹⁶ can be selected from F, I, K, L, M, R, S, T, and V; X²¹⁷ can be A; X²¹⁸ can be selected from D, E, G, H, K, L, N, Q, R, S, and Y; X²¹⁹ can be selected from L, P, and V; X²²⁰ can be selected from G, H, and W; X²²¹ can be selected from D, E, and Q; X²²² can be selected from L and M; X²²³ can be D; X²²⁴ can be selected from L, M, Q, and V; and X²²⁵ can be selected from A, D, E, F, G, H, L, N, Q, T, and V.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (11), X²¹¹ can be selected from H an R; X²¹² can be selected from F and W; X²¹³ can be selected from F, L, W, and Y; X²¹⁴ can be P; X²¹⁵ can be selected from W and Y; X²¹⁶ can be selected from F, I, L, M, and V; X²¹⁷ can be A; X²¹⁸ can be selected D, E, H, K, N, Q, and R; X²¹⁹ can be selected from L and V; X²²⁰ can be G; X²²¹ can be selected from D, E, and Q; X²²² can be selected from L and M; X²²³ can be D; X²²⁴ can be selected L, M, and V; and X²²⁵ can be selected from D and E.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (11), X²¹¹ can be selected from H and R; X²¹² can be W; X²¹³ can be Y; X²¹⁴ can be P; X²¹⁵ can be W; X²¹⁶ can be M; X²¹⁷ can be A; X²¹⁸ can be Q; X²¹⁹ can be L; X²²⁰ can be G; X²²¹ can be Q; X²²² can be L; X²²³ can be D; X²²⁴ can be L; and X²²⁵ can be selected from D and E.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (11), X²¹¹ can be selected from H and R; X²¹² can be W; X²¹³ can be L; X²¹⁴ can be P; X²¹⁵ can be W; X²¹⁶ can be M; X²¹⁷ can be A; X²¹⁸ can be Q; X²¹⁹ can be L; X²²⁰ can be G; X²²¹ can be Q; X²²² can be L; X²²³ can be D; X²²⁴ can be L; and X²²⁵ can be selected from D and E.

In IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (11), X²¹¹ can be selected from H and R; X²¹² can be W; X²¹³ can be Y; X²¹⁴ can be P; X²¹⁵ can be W; X²¹⁶ can be M; X²¹⁷ can be A; X²¹⁸ can be selected from K and R; X²¹⁹ can be L; X²²⁰ can be G; X²²¹ can be Q; X²²² can be L; X²²³ can be D; X²²⁴ can be L; and X²²⁵ can be selected from D and E.

An IL-2Rβ ligand can comprise an amino acid sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NO: 810 to SEQ ID NO: 903:

SEQ ID NO: 810 QPCWLAQVGDLCDLLWPGPL SEQ ID NO: 811 WLPCWIARLGDLCDLE SEQ ID NO: 812 WYPCWMALLGELCDQE SEQ ID NO: 813 WYPCYRARLGELCDLD SEQ ID NO: 814 WQREWRWFPCWMAKLGDMCDLD SEQ ID NO: 815 QDEAVEWFPCWMARLGELCDLE SEQ ID NO: 816 YYPCWMARLGELCDLD SEQ ID NO: 817 SVVVNNWLPCWMAQLGELCDLD SEQ ID NO: 818 WYPCWLAQLGDLCDLD SEQ ID NO: 819 VMSPTRWLPCWIAKLGELCDLE SEQ ID NO: 820 WFPCWMAQLGQLCDLE SEQ ID NO: 821 WRPCWRAYLGELCDLEAMPRAT SEQ ID NO: 822 IRSCSPCWSADVGELCDLECEW SEQ ID NO: 823 SGHWYPCWMARLGELCDMEERA SEQ ID NO: 824 WYPCWMAQLGELCDLQTMGYSH SEQ ID NO: 825 AGDWLPCWMAELGELCDLEGPT SEQ ID NO: 826 WLPCWIASLGELCDLDTGKRQG SEQ ID NO: 827 WLPCWMAHLGQLCDLDLPGKSM SEQ ID NO: 828 EGVFFPCWIARLGELCDLDHGL SEQ ID NO: 829 TGRWKPCWMAGLHELCDLEGFR SEQ ID NO: 830 RKHFYPCWMAQLGELCDLEGMP SEQ ID NO: 831 DIGYYPCWMAQVGDLCDLDDEK SEQ ID NO: 832 DSDWWPCWMAQLGELCDLEDAR SEQ ID NO: 833 GERWKPCWIAQLGELCDLDFNW SEQ ID NO: 834 WWPCWMAQLGEMCDLEYPYVPG SEQ ID NO: 835 QTKLEGWYPCWMAQLGELCDLD SEQ ID NO: 836 WGRKEQWLPCWKAQLGELCDLE SEQ ID NO: 837 VPRANAWHPCWMAQLGELCDLE SEQ ID NO: 838 GRQQKGWYPCWLAQLGELCDME SEQ ID NO: 839 WLNRHLFNPCWMARLGELCDLE SEQ ID NO: 840 AQVRREWYPCWMAQLGELCDLT SEQ ID NO: 841 ETEQMSWYPCWVAQLWELCDLD SEQ ID NO: 842 WLPCWLAKLGELCDLEWLPCW SEQ ID NO: 843 ERRPDTWFPCWRALVGELCDLE SEQ ID NO: 844 WGRNRSWYPCWMAQLGELCDLE SEQ ID NO: 845 QDRRSPWYPCWMAKLGELCDLA SEQ ID NO: 846 TRRWYPCYLAKLGELCDLFEGGTR SEQ ID NO: 847 SEQWWPCWIARLGELCDLDRELSE SEQ ID NO: 848 WYPCWVAQLGEICDLEMTGPDSWYP SEQ ID NO: 849 QDGWLPCWMAQLGELCDLEYKR SEQ ID NO: 850 NRRWYPCWMAQLGELCDLDSRP SEQ ID NO: 851 FYPCWMAHLGELCDLDGDTDSM SEQ ID NO: 852 KSNFFPCWIAQLGQLCDLEPET SEQ ID NO: 853 FYPCWMANLGELCDLDFLRELN SEQ ID NO: 854 HASWLPCWLAQLGELCDLEPNP SEQ ID NO: 855 NGAWYPCWMAQVGELCDLEERW SEQ ID NO: 856 WRRWYPCWVAQVGELCDLEIEA SEQ ID NO: 857 RQAWYPCWMAQLGELCDLEAEL SEQ ID NO: 858 RQRWYPCWMARLGELCDLDEPT SEQ ID NO: 859 NNSREGWFPCWLAKLGDLCDLD SEQ ID NO: 860 YYPCWMAQLGELCDLE SEQ ID NO: 861 WYPCWLAQLGELCDLD SEQ ID NO: 862 SWHAETWYPCWLAQVGELCDLD SEQ ID NO: 863 KMHKAVWLPCWMAQVGELCDLE SEQ ID NO: 864 DVLGDRWYPCWIAKLGELCDLD SEQ ID NO: 865 WYPCWMAQLGELCDLD SEQ ID NO: 866 KLQSWRWYPCWMAQLGELCDLD SEQ ID NO: 867 NEPEGGFYPCWLAQLGELCDLH SEQ ID NO: 868 WYPCWMARLGELCDLE SEQ ID NO: 869 FYPCWTALLGELCDLEPGPPAM SEQ ID NO: 870 WGTTWRWYPCWMAQLGELCDLE SEQ ID NO: 871 AKGWDTWKPCWLANLGELCDLE SEQ ID NO: 872 RDESAGYYPCWIAQLGELCDLE SEQ ID NO: 873 WYPCWIAKLGELCDLE SEQ ID NO: 874 WYPCWIAQLGELCDLD SEQ ID NO: 875 WYPCWLAKLGELCDLD SEQ ID NO: 876 QGPVRLWYPCWMAQLGELCDLD SEQ ID NO: 877 WYPCWMAQPGELCDVD SEQ ID NO: 878 WHPCWIAQLGELCDLE SEQ ID NO: 879 WYPCWIAQLGELCDLE SEQ ID NO: 880 VRPMGVWYPCWIAQLGELCDLV SEQ ID NO: 881 VPRWYPCWIAQLGELCDLDSDD SEQ ID NO: 882 YRGWLPCWRAKLGDLCDLGQPM SEQ ID NO: 883 GEAWYPCWLARLGELCDMDPRV SEQ ID NO: 884 WYPCWMAQLGELCDLDESTRLT SEQ ID NO: 885 IGSWWPCWMAQLGELCDLEPEL SEQ ID NO: 886 GTTWYPCWLAQLGELCDLDVLE SEQ ID NO: 887 WWPCWMAQLGDLCDLEETSGGT SEQ ID NO: 888 WYPCWMAQLGELCDLGPTESNL SEQ ID NO: 889 WYPCWMANLGELCDLEYPSWAQ SEQ ID NO: 890 RGMCYPCWFARLGELCDLECDQ SEQ ID NO: 891 WYPCWMAQLGELCDLDAGARHL SEQ ID NO: 892 KSGWYPCWMAKLGELCDLEAQP SEQ ID NO: 893 GPRFYPCWIAQLGELCDLEDMG SEQ ID NO: 894 RVTWYPCWMAQLGELCDLEESV SEQ ID NO: 895 WLPCWMAQLGDLCDLEQYVPLP SEQ ID NO: 896 YLPCWMAHLGELCDLDSPLKAR SEQ ID NO: 897 WYPCWMAQLGELCDLDDHWPAM SEQ ID NO: 898 WYPCWRAQLGELCDLDPPIAVE SEQ ID NO: 899 WYPCWMANLGELCDLEAERSPV SEQ ID NO: 900 RDQYYPCWMAQLGELCDLDEVF SEQ ID NO: 901 WYPCWMAQLGDLCDLEKPVTER SEQ ID NO: 902 WYPCWIARLGELCDLETSGGFP SEQ ID NO: 903 SGHCYPCWLAGLGELCDLNCG

An IL-2Rβ ligand can comprise an amino acid sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NO: 809 to SEQ ID NO: 903, wherein the amino acid sequence can be terminated with amino acids -G-G- on the N-terminus, on the C-terminus, or on both the N- and C-termini.

An IL-2Rβ ligand can comprise an amino acid sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NO: 809 to SEQ ID NO: 903, wherein each amino acid independently comprises one or more of the following conservative substitutions: amino acids having a small hydrophobic side chain comprising alanine (A), glycine (G), proline (P), serine (S), or threonine (T); amino acids having a hydroxyl-containing side chain comprising serine (S), threonine (T), or tyrosine (Y); amino acids having an acidic side chain comprising aspartate (D) or glutamate (E); amino acids having a polar-neutral side chain comprising histidine (H), asparagine (N), glutamine (Q), serine (S), threonine (T), or tyrosine (Y); amino acids having a basic side chain comprising arginine (R), lysine (K), or histidine (H); and amino acids having a large hydrophobic side chain comprising isoleucine (I), leucine (L), methionine (M), valine (V), phenylalanine (F), tyrosine (Y), or tryptophan (W); and amino acids having an aromatic side chain comprising phenylalanine (F), histidine (H), tryptophan (W), or tyrosine (Y).

IL-2Rβ ligands of SEQ ID NO: 809 to SEQ ID NO: 903 can exhibit a binding affinity (IC₅₀) to the IL-2Rβ subunit of less than 100 μM.

An IL-2Rβ ligand can comprise, for example, from 5 to 50 amino acids, from 5 to 40 amino acids, from 5 to 30 amino acids, from 5 to 30 amino acids, from 6 to 25 amino acids, or from 7 to 20 amino acids.

An IL-2Rβ ligand can exhibit a binding affinity (IC₅₀) to the human IL-2Rβ subunit, to a mammalian IL-2Rβ subunit, or to both the human IL-2Rβ subunit and a mammalian IL-2Rβ subunit from 1 pM to 100 μM, from 10 pM to 10 μM, from 100 pM to 1 μM, from, 0.001 μM to 1 μM, or from 0.01 μM to 1 μM.

An IL-2Rβ ligand provided by the present disclosure can exhibit, for example, a binding affinity (IC₅₀) to the human IL-2Rβ subunit from 0.1 μM to 50 μM.

An IL-2Rβ ligand can exhibit a binding affinity (IC₅₀) to the human IL-2Rβ subunit, to a mammalian IL-2Rβ subunit, or to both the human IL-2Rβ subunit and a mammalian IL-2Rβ subunit of less than 100 μM, less than 10 μM, less than 1 μM, less than 0.1 μM, or less than 0.01 μM.

An IL-2Rβ ligand can exhibit a binding affinity (IC₅₀) to each of the human IL-2Rβ subunit and to the human IL-2Rγc subunit of less than 100 μM, less than 10 μM, less than 1 μM, less than 0.1 μM, or less than 0.01 μM.

An IL-2Rβ ligand can exhibit a binding affinity (IC₅₀) to each of the human IL-2Rβ subunit and to the human IL-2Rγc subunit from 1 pM to 100 μM, from 10 pM to 10 μM, from 100 pM to 1 μM, from, 0.001 μM to 1 μM, or from 0.01 μM to 1 μM.

An IL-2Rβ ligand provided by the present disclosure can exhibit a binding affinity (IC₅₀) to the human IL-2Rα (CD25) subunit of greater than 100 μM, greater than 1 mM, greater than 10 mM, or greater than 100 mM.

An IL-2Rβ ligand can exhibit a binding affinity (IC₅₀) to the human IL-2Rβ subunit that can be at least 10 times greater, at least 50 times greater, at least 100 time greater, at least 500 times greater, or at least 1,000 times greater than the binding affinity of the IL-2Rβ ligand to the human IL-2Rα subunit.

An IL-2Rγc ligand provided by the present disclosure can exhibit a binding affinity (IC₅₀) to the human IL-2Rγc subunit of less than 100 μM, less than 10 μM, less than 1 μM, less than 0.1 μM, or less than 0.01 μM.

An IL-2Rγc ligand provided by the present disclosure can exhibit a binding affinity (IC₅₀) to the human IL-2Rγc subunit from 1 pM to 100 μM, from 10 pM to 10 μM, from 100 pM to 1 μM, from, 0.001 μM to 1 μM, or from 0.01 μM to 1 μM.

An IL-2Rγc ligand provided by the present disclosure can exhibit a binding affinity (IC₅₀) to a mammalian IL-2Rγc subunit, for example, of less than 100 μM, less than 10 μM, less than 1 μM, less than 0.1 μM, or less than 0.01 μM.

An IL-2Rγc ligand provided by the present disclosure can exhibit a binding affinity (IC₅₀) to a mammalian IL-2Rγc subunit, for example, from 1 pM to 100 μM, from 10 pM to 10 μM, from 100 pM to 1 μM, from, 0.001 μM to 1 μM, or from 0.01 μM to 1 μM.

An IL-2Rγc ligand provided by the present disclosure can comprise an amino acid sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NO: 194 to SEQ ID NO: 267 and SEQ ID NO: 904 to SEQ ID NO: 1027.

An IL-2Rγc ligand provided by the present disclosure can comprise an amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NO: 194 to SEQ ID NO: 267 and SEQ ID NO: 904 to SEQ ID NO: 1027 independently comprising one or more of the following conservative substitutions: amino acids having a small hydrophobic side chain comprising alanine (A) or glycine (G); amino acids having a hydroxyl-containing side chain comprising serine (S), threonine (T), or tyrosine (Y); amino acids having a acidic and polar-neutral side chain comprising aspartic acid (I) or glutamic acid (E); asparagine (N) or glutamine (Q); amino acids having aromatic side chains comprise phenylalanine (F), tryptophan (W), tyrosine (Y), or histidine (H); amino acids having a basic side chain comprising arginine (R), lysine (K), or histidine (H); amino acids having a large hydrophobic side chain comprising isoleucine (I), leucine (L), methionine (M), valine (V), phenylalanine (F), tyrosine (Y), or tryptophan (W) and amino acids having an aromatic side chain comprising phenylalanine (F), histidine (H), tryptophan (W), or tyrosine (Y).

An IL-2Rγc ligand can comprise the amino acid sequence of Formula (4) (SEQ ID NO: 194) or the amino acid sequence of Formula (4a) (SEQ ID NO: 195):

-X⁵³-X⁵⁴-X⁵⁵-X⁵⁶-X⁵⁷-X⁵⁸-X⁵⁹-X⁶⁰-  (4)

-X⁵¹-X⁵²-C-X⁵³-X⁵⁴-X⁵⁵-X⁵⁶-X⁵⁷-X⁵⁸-X⁵⁹-X⁶⁰-C-X⁶¹-X⁶²-  (4a)

wherein, X⁵¹ can be selected from G, I, K, L, Q, R, T, Y, and V; X⁵² can be selected from A, D, E, H, I, L, M, R, S, T, V, and W; X⁵³ can be selected from D, E, F, N, Q, S, and T; X⁵⁴ can be selected from A, D, E, G, I, M, N, Q, R, S, and T; X⁵⁵ can be selected from D, E, F, Q, S, T, W, and Y X⁵⁶ can be selected from D, E, F, G, L, M, N, Q, and Y; X⁵⁷ can be selected from E, G, N, S and Q; X⁵⁸ can be selected from I, K, M, P, T, and V; X⁵⁹ can be selected from I, L, M, S, T, and V; X⁶⁰ can be selected from F, I, and L; X⁶¹ can be selected from F, T, and W; and X⁶² can be selected from A, E, F, G, I, K, L, M, N, P, Q, S, T, V, W, and Y.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (4) and (4a), X⁵¹ can be selected from I, L, and V.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (4) and (4a), X⁵² can be selected from S and T.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (4) and (4a), X⁵³ can be selected from D, E, N, and Q.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (4) and (4a), X⁵⁴ can be selected from D, E, N, and Q.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (4) and (4a), X⁵⁵ can be selected from F, W, and Y.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (4) and (4a), X⁵⁶ can be selected from D, E, N, and Q.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (4) and (4a), X⁵⁷ can be G.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (4) and (4a), X⁵⁸ can be selected from I and V.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (4) and (4a), X⁵⁹ can be selected from I, L, M, and V.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (4) and (4a), X⁶⁰ can be selected from F, I, and L.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (4) and (4a), X⁶¹ can be W.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (4) and (4a), X⁶² can be selected from N and Q.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (4) and (4a), X⁵¹ can be selected from I, L, and V; X⁵² can be selected from S and T; X⁵³ can be selected from D, E, N, and Q; X⁵⁴ can be selected from D and N; X⁵⁵ can be selected from F, W, and Y; X⁵⁶ can be selected from D, E, N, and Q; X⁵⁷ can be G; X⁵⁸ can be selected from I and V; X⁵⁹ can be selected from I, L, M, and V; X⁶⁰ can be selected from F, I, and L; X⁶¹ can be W; and X⁶² can be selected from N and Q.

An IL-2Rγc ligand can comprise an amino acid sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NO: 196 to SEQ ID NO: 210 and SEQ ID NO: 904 to SEQ ID NO: 913:

SEQ ID NO: 196 QLCQIWQEVLLCWP SEQ ID NO: 197 IECNRDECPMICWA SEQ ID NO: 198 KVCEMWGGVLLCWN SEQ ID NO: 199 LECNNSYGVLLCWS SEQ ID NO: 200 RICQDFQGVILCWL SEQ ID NO: 201 RRCQDYLGILLCWE SEQ ID NO: 202 RTCTEWENVVLCWV SEQ ID NO: 203 TSCFNFDGVLLCWQ SEQ ID NO: 204 VSCESWQGTLFCWQ SEQ ID NO: 205 VTCQDWNGVLLCFP SEQ ID NO: 206 GTCQEYNGVMICWG SEQ ID NO: 207 IACSQEMGILLCWV SEQ ID NO: 208 KWCQDWFGVLLCTV SEQ ID NO: 209 LTCQNWQGVSLCWN SEQ ID NO: 210 LVCDDTLGVTLCWW SEQ ID NO: 904 IHCNSQMGILICWY SEQ ID NO: 905 IMCDSSSGVSICWT SEQ ID NO: 906 ITCQTFNGVPLCWK SEQ ID NO: 907 LECDASMSVMICWF SEQ ID NO: 908 RVCQDWLGVKLCWN SEQ ID NO: 909 VSCDGSSGVLLCWM SEQ ID NO: 910 YLCDESMGVKLCWF SEQ ID NO: 911 VTCQTWNQVLLCWS SEQ ID NO: 912 LDCDTSMGVPLCWF SEQ ID NO: 913 VMCEDWGGVPICWI

An IL-2Rγc ligand can comprise an amino acid sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NO: 194 to SEQ ID NO: 210 and SEQ ID NO: 904 to SEQ ID NO: 913, wherein the amino acid sequence can be terminated with amino acids -G-G- on the N-terminus, on the C-terminus, or on both the N- and C-termini.

An IL-2Rγc ligand can comprise an amino acid sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NO: 194 to SEQ ID NO: 210 and SEQ ID NO: 904 to SEQ ID NO: 913, wherein each amino acid independently comprises one or more of the following conservative substitutions: amino acids having a small hydrophobic side chain comprising alanine (A), glycine (G), proline (P), serine (S), or threonine (T); amino acids having a hydroxyl-containing side chain comprising serine (S), threonine (T), or tyrosine (Y); amino acids having an acidic side chain comprising aspartate (D) or glutamate (E); amino acids having a polar-neutral side chain comprising histidine (H), asparagine (N), glutamine (Q), serine (S), threonine (T), or tyrosine (Y); amino acids having a basic side chain comprising arginine (R), lysine (K), or histidine (H); amino acids having a large hydrophobic side chain comprising isoleucine (I), leucine (L), methionine (M), valine (V), phenylalanine (F), tyrosine (Y), or tryptophan (W); and amino acids having an aromatic side chain comprising phenylalanine (F), histidine (H), tryptophan (W), or tyrosine (Y).

IL-2Rγc ligands of SEQ ID NO: 194 to SEQ ID NO: 210 and SEQ ID NO: 904 to SEQ ID NO: 913 exhibit a binding affinity (IC₅₀) to the IL-2Rγc subunit of less than 100 μM.

An IL-2Rγc ligand can comprise the amino acid sequence of Formula (4) (SEQ ID NO: 194) or the amino acid sequence of Formula (4a) (SEQ ID NO: 195):

-X⁵³-X⁵⁴-X⁵⁵-X⁵⁶-X⁵⁷-X⁵⁸-X⁵⁹-X⁶⁰-  (4)

-X⁵¹-X⁵²-C-X⁵³-X⁵⁴-X⁵⁵-X⁵⁶-X⁵⁷-X⁵⁸-X⁵⁹-X⁶⁰-C-X⁶¹-X⁶²-  (4a)

wherein, X⁵¹ can be selected from an amino acid; X⁵² can be selected from an amino acid; X⁵³ can be selected from an amino acid comprising a polar-neutral side chain or an acidic side chain; X⁵⁴ can be selected from an amino acid comprising a polar-neutral side chain or an acidic side chain; X⁵⁵ can be selected from an amino acid; X⁵⁶ can be selected from an amino acid; X⁵⁷ can be selected from an amino acid comprising a small hydrophobic side chain; X⁵⁸ can be selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain; X⁵⁹ can be selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain; X⁶⁰ can be selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain; X⁶¹ can be selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain; and X⁶² can be selected from an amino acid.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (4) and (4a), X⁵¹ can be selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain and a basic side chain; X⁵² can be selected from an amino acid comprising a hydroxyl-containing side chain and a large hydrophobic side chain; X⁵³ can be selected from an amino acid comprising a polar-neutral side chain or an acidic side chain; X⁵⁴ can be selected from an amino acid comprising a polar-neutral side chain or an acidic side chain; X⁵⁵ can be selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain; X⁵⁶ can be selected from an amino acid comprising a polar-neutral side chain or an acidic side chain; X⁵⁷ can be selected from an amino acid comprising a small hydrophobic side chain; X⁵⁸ can be selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain; X⁵⁹ can be selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain; X⁶⁰ can be selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain; X⁶¹ can be selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain; and X⁶² can be selected from an amino acid comprising a polar-neutral side chain.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (4) and (4a), X⁵¹ can be selected from R, K, H, F, I, L, M, V, Y, and W; X⁵² can be selected from S, T, F, I, L, M, V, Y, and W; X⁵³ can be selected from D, E, H, N, Q, S, T, and Y; X⁵⁴ can be selected from D, E, H, N, Q, S, T, and Y; X⁵⁵ can be selected from F, I, L, M, V, Y, and W; X⁵⁶ can be selected from D, E, H, N, Q, S, T, and Y; X⁵⁷ can be selected from A, G, P, S, and T; X⁵⁸ can be selected from F, I, L, M, V, Y, and W; X⁵⁹ can be selected from F, I, L, M, V, Y, and W; X⁶⁰ can be selected from F, I, L, M, V, Y, and W; X⁶¹ can be selected from F, I, L, M, V, Y, and W; and X⁶² can be selected from H, N, Q, S, T, and Y.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (4) and (4a), X⁵¹ can be selected from I, L, and V.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (4) and (4a), X⁵² can be selected from S and T.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (4) and (4a), X⁵³ can be selected from D, E, and Q.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (4) and (4a), X⁵⁴ can be selected from D, E, and N.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (4) and (4a), X⁵⁵ can be selected from F, Y, and W.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (4) and (4a), X⁵⁶ can be selected from D, E, N, and Q.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (4) and (4a), X⁵⁷ can be G.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (4) and (4a), X⁵⁸ can be selected from I and V.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (4) and (4a), X⁵⁹ can be selected from I, L, M, and V.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (4) and (4a), X⁶⁰ can be selected from F, I, and L.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (4) and (4a), X⁶¹ can be W.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (4) and (4a), X⁶² can be selected from N and Q.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (4) and (4a), X⁵¹ can be selected from I, L, and V; X⁵² can be selected from S and T; X⁵³ can be selected from D, E, and Q; X⁵⁴ can be selected from D, E, and N; X⁵⁵ can be selected from F, Y, and W; X⁵⁶ can be selected from D, E, N, and Q; X⁵⁷ can be G; X⁵⁸ can be selected from I and V; X⁵⁹ can be selected from I, L, M, and V; X⁶⁰ can be selected from F, I, and L; X⁶¹ can be W; and X⁶² can be selected from N and Q.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (4) and (4a), X⁵¹ can be selected from G, I, K, L, Q, R, and V; X⁵² can be selected from A, D, E, H, I, L, M, R, S, T, V, and W; X⁵³ can be selected from D, E, F, N, Q, S, and T; X⁵⁴ can be selected from A, D, E, G, I, M, N, R, S, and T; X⁵⁵ can be selected from D, E, F, Q, S, T, W, and Y; X⁵⁶ can be selected from D, E, F, G, L, M, N, Q, S, and Y; X⁵⁷ can be selected from C, E, G, N, Q, and S; X⁵⁸ can be selected from I, P, T, and V; X⁵⁹ can be selected from I, K, L, M, P, S, T, and V; X⁶⁰ can be selected from F, I, and L; X⁶¹ can be selected from F, T, and W; and X⁶² can be selected from A, E, F, G, I, K, L, M, N, P, Q, S, T, V, W, and Y.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (4) and (4a), X⁵¹ can be selected from I, L, and V; X⁵² can be selected from S and T; X⁵³ can be selected from D, E, N, and Q; X⁵⁴ can be selected from D, E, N, S, and T; X⁵⁵ can be selected from F, S, T, W, and Y; X⁵⁶ can be selected from D, E, N, and Q; X⁵⁷ can be selected from G and N; X⁵⁸ can be selected from I and V; X⁵⁹ can be selected from I, L, M, and V; X⁶⁰ can be selected from F, I, and L; X⁶¹ can be W; and X⁶² can be selected from N and Q.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (4) and (4a), X⁵¹ can be selected from I, L, and V; X⁵² can be selected from S and T; X⁵³ can be Q; X⁵⁴ can be selected from D, E, N, S, and T; X⁵⁵ can be selected from S, T, and W; X⁵⁶ can be selected from D, E, N, and Q; X⁵⁷ can be G; X⁵⁸ can be V; X⁵⁹ can be L; X⁶⁰ can be L; X⁶¹ can be W; and X⁶² can be selected from N and Q.

An IL-2Rγc ligand can comprise the amino acid sequence of Formula (5) (SEQ ID NO: 211) or Formula (5a) (SEQ ID NO: 212):

-X⁷³-X⁷⁴-X⁷⁵-X⁷⁶-X⁷⁷-X⁷⁸-X⁷⁹-X⁸⁰-  (5)

-X⁷¹-X⁷²-C-X⁷³-X⁷⁴-X⁷⁵-X⁷⁶-X⁷⁷-X⁷⁸-X⁷⁹-X⁸⁰-C-X⁸¹-X⁸²-  (5a)

wherein, X⁷¹ can be selected from F, G, I, L, P, Q, R, T, and V; X⁷² can be selected from A, D, E, I, M, R, S, T, and V; X⁷³ can be selected from D, E, F, M, N, Q, S T, V, W, and Y; X⁷⁴ can be selected from D, E, F, G, I, L, M, P, R, S, T, and V; X⁷⁵ can be selected from F, H, L, W, and Y; X⁷⁶ can be selected from D, E, H, L, N, Q, S, and T; X⁷⁷ can be selected from G, T, Q, and E; X⁷⁸ can be selected from I, L, M, Q, and V; X⁷⁹ can be selected from D, E, N, Q, and R; X⁸⁰ can be selected from D, F, I, and L; X⁸¹ can be selected from F, I, L, R, T, W, and Y; and X⁸² can be selected from A, F, G, H, I, L, N, P, Q, S, T, and W.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (5) and (5a), X⁷¹ can be selected from I, L, and V.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (5) and (5a), X⁷² can be selected from A, D, E, I, M, and V.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (5) and (5a), X⁷³ can be selected from E, Q, and N.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (5) and (5a), X⁷⁴ can be selected from D and E.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (5) and (5a), X⁷⁵ can be selected from F, W, and Y.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (5) and (5a), X⁷⁶ can be selected from D, E, L, N, and Q.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (5) and (5a), X⁷⁷ can be G.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (5) and (5a), X⁷⁸ can be selected from I, M, and V.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (5) and (5a), X⁷⁹ can be selected from D, E, Q, and R.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (5) and (5a), X⁸⁰ can be selected from F, I, and L.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (5) and (5a), X⁸¹ can be W.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (5) and (5a), X⁸² can be selected from N and Q.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (5) and (5a), X⁷¹ can be selected from I, L, and V; X⁷² can be selected from A, D, E, I, M, and V; X⁷³ can be selected from E, Q, and N; X⁷⁴ can be selected from D and E; X⁷⁵ can be selected from F, W, and Y; X⁷⁶ can be selected from D, E, L, N, and Q; X⁷⁷ can be G; X⁷⁸ can be selected from I, M, and V; X⁷⁹ can be selected from D, E, Q, and R; X⁸⁰ can be selected from F, I, and L; X⁸¹ can be W; and X⁸² can be selected from N and Q.

An IL-2Rγc ligand can comprise the amino acid sequence of Formula (5) (SEQ ID NO: 211) or Formula (5a) (SEQ ID NO: 212):

-X⁷³-X⁷⁴-X⁷⁵-X⁷⁶-X⁷⁷-X⁷⁸-X⁷⁹-X⁸⁰-  (5)

-X⁷¹-X⁷²-C-X⁷³-X⁷⁴-X⁷⁵-X⁷⁶-X⁷⁷-X⁷⁸-X⁷⁹-X⁸⁰-C-X⁸¹-X⁸²-  (5a)

wherein, X⁶¹ can be selected from an amino acid; X⁶² can be selected from an amino acid; X⁶³ can be selected from an amino acid; X⁶⁴ can be selected from an amino acid; X⁶⁵ can be selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain; X⁶⁶ can be selected from an amino acid; X⁶⁷ can be selected from a small hydrophobic side chain; X⁶⁸ can be selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain; X⁶⁹ can be selected from an amino acid comprising a basic side chain, an acidic side chain, or a polar-neutral side chain; X⁷⁰ can be selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain; X⁷¹ can be selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain; and X⁷² can be selected from an amino acid.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (5) and (5a), X⁷¹ can be selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain; X⁷² can be selected from an amino acid comprising an acidic side chain or a large hydrophobic side chain; X⁷³ can be selected from an amino acid comprising an acidic side chain, a hydroxyl-containing side chain, or a polar neutral side chain; X⁷⁴ can be selected from an amino acid comprising an acidic side chain, a hydroxyl-containing side chain, or a large hydrophobic side chain; X⁷⁵ can be selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain; X⁷⁶ can be selected from an amino acid comprising an acidic side chain, a hydroxyl-containing side chain, or a polar neutral side chain; X⁷⁷ can be selected from a small hydrophobic side chain; X⁷⁸ can be selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain; X⁷⁹ can be selected from an amino acid comprising a basic side chain, an acidic side chain, or a polar-neutral side chain; X⁸⁰ can be selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain; X⁸¹ can be selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain; and X⁸² can be selected from an amino acid comprising a polar neutral side chain.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (5) and (5a), X⁷¹ can be selected from F, I, L, M, V, Y, and W; X⁷² can be selected from D, E, F, I, L, M, V, Y, and W; X⁷³ can be selected from D, E, S, T, H, N, Q, S, T, and Y; X⁷⁴ can be selected from D, E, S, T, F, I, L, M, V, Y, and W; X⁷⁵ can be selected from F, I, L, M, V, Y, and W; X⁷⁶ can be selected from D, E, S, T, H, N, Q, S, T, and Y; X⁷⁷ can be selected from A, G, P, S, and T; X⁷⁸ can be selected from F, I, L, M, V, Y, and W; X⁷⁹ can be selected from R, K, H, D, E, H, N, Q, S, T, and Y; X⁸⁰ can be selected from F, I, L, M, V, Y, and W; X⁸¹ can be selected from F, I, L, M, V, Y, and W; and X⁸² can be selected from H, N, Q, S, T, and Y.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (5) and (5a), X⁷¹ can be selected from I, L, and V.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (5) and (5a), X⁷² can be selected from D, E, I, M, and V.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (5) and (5a), X⁷³ can be selected from E, N, and Q.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (5) and (5a), X⁷⁴ can be selected from D and E.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (5) and (5a), X⁷⁵ can be selected from F, W, and Y.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (5) and (5a), X⁷⁶ can be selected from D, E, and N.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (5) and (5a), X⁷⁷ can be G.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (5) and (5a), X⁷⁸ can be selected from I, M, and V.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (5) and (5a), X⁷⁹ can be selected from D, E, N, Q, and R.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (5) and (5a), X⁸⁰ can be selected from F, I, and L.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (5) and (5a), X⁸¹ can be W.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (5) and (5a), X⁸² can be selected from N and Q.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (5) and (5a), X⁷¹ can be selected from I, L, and V; X⁷² can be selected from D, E, I, M, and V; X⁷³ can be selected from E, N, and Q; X⁷⁴ can be selected from D and E; X⁷⁵ can be selected from F, W, and Y; X⁷⁶ can be selected from D, E, and N; X⁷⁷ can be G; X⁷⁸ can be selected from I, M, and V; X⁷⁹ can be selected from D, E, N, Q, and R; X⁸⁰ can be selected from F, I, and L; X⁸¹ can be W; and X⁸² can be selected from N and Q.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (5) and (5a), X⁷¹ can be selected from F, G, I, L, P, Q, R, T, and V; X⁷² can be selected from A, D, E, I, M, L, M, R, S, T, and V; X⁷³ can be selected from D, E, F, M, N, Q, S, T, V, W, and Y; X⁷⁴ can be selected from D, E, F, G, I, L, M, P, R, S, T, and V; X⁷⁵ can be selected from F, H, L, W, and Y; X⁷⁶ can be selected from D, E, H, L, N, Q, S, and T; X⁷⁷ can be selected from E, G, Q, and T; X⁷⁸ can be selected from I, L, M, Q, and V; X⁷⁹ can be selected from D, E, N, Q, and R; X⁸⁰ can be selected from D, F, I, and L; X⁸¹ can be selected from C, F, I, L, Q, R, T, W, and Y; and X⁸² can be selected from A, F, G, H, I, L, N, P, Q, S, T, and W.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (5) and (5a), X⁷¹ can be selected from F, I, L, and V; X⁷² can be selected from D, E, I, S, T, and V; X⁷³ can be selected from D, E, N, and Q; X⁷⁴ can be selected from D, E, F, I, L, M, and V; X⁷⁵ can be selected from F, W, and Y; X⁷⁶ can be selected from D, E, N, and Q; X⁷⁷ can be G; X⁷⁸ can be selected from I, L, M, and V; X⁷⁹ can be selected from D, E, N, Q, and R; X⁸⁰ can be selected from D, F, I, and L; X⁸¹ can be selected from F, I, L, and W; and X⁸² can be selected from F, I, L, N, Q, and W.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (5) and (5a), X⁷¹ can be selected from F, I, L, and V; X⁷² can be selected from D, E, I, S, T, and V; X⁷³ can be selected from D, E, N, and Q; X⁷⁴ can be selected from D, E, F, I, L, M, and V; X⁷⁵ can be W; X⁷⁶ can be selected from D, E, N, and Q; X⁷⁷ can be G; X⁷⁸ can be V; X⁷⁹ can be selected from D, E, N, Q, and R; X⁸⁰ can be L; X⁸¹ can be W; and X⁸² can be selected from F, I, L, N, Q, and W.

An IL-2Rγc ligand can comprise an amino acid sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NO: 213 to SEQ ID NO: 233 and SEQ ID NO: 914 to SEQ ID NO: 920:

SEQ ID NO: 213 IECEFWDGMQLCWQ SEQ ID NO: 214 QICQEWSGVNLCWH SEQ ID NO: 215 ILCQDWSGIEICWS SEQ ID NO: 216 LICYTYEGVELCWQ SEQ ID NO: 217 LVCSMFNGVDLCWQ SEQ ID NO: 218 PRCEIWLGVELCRI SEQ ID NO: 219 TECQVWNGVELCYI SEQ ID NO: 220 VDCVIWEGVQLCTW SEQ ID NO: 221 VVCTDYLGVQLCWT SEQ ID NO: 222 VMCERWQGVELCWL SEQ ID NO: 223 VVCQGWSGVDICWQ SEQ ID NO: 224 DCSMWEGVELCW SEQ ID NO: 225 IVCEEWSGVRFCWN SEQ ID NO: 226 QTCWDYEGMELCLI SEQ ID NO: 227 PACQDWNGVELCIL SEQ ID NO: 228 QECTDWQGVELCLL SEQ ID NO: 229 RICNDWNGVQLCWP SEQ ID NO: 230 VICQSYDGVEFCWF SEQ ID NO: 231 VVCEMYSGVQICWA SEQ ID NO: 232 LDCMDYNGVRLCWN SEQ ID NO: 233 FTCWDYNGVDLCQI SEQ ID NO: 914 FSCFILETLELACWP SEQ ID NO: 915 GACNPHTQQEDCFG SEQ ID NO: 916 IECQVFHGLELCWI SEQ ID NO: 917 VMCELFDEVELCWF SEQ ID NO: 918 FVCELWDGIELCIP SEQ ID NO: 919 LTCVTYEGVDLCWQ SEQ ID NO: 920 VECDVYHGVEICWA

An IL-2Rγc ligand can comprise an amino acid sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NO: 211 to SEQ ID NO: 233 and SEQ ID NO: 914 to SEQ ID NO: 920, wherein the amino acid sequence can be terminated with amino acids -G-G- on the N-terminus, on the C-terminus, or on both the N- and C-termini.

An IL-2Rγc ligand can comprise an amino acid sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NO: 211 to SEQ ID NO: 233 and SEQ ID NO: 914 to SEQ ID NO: 920, wherein each amino acid independently comprises one or more of the following conservative substitutions: amino acids having a small hydrophobic side chain comprising alanine (A), glycine (G), proline (P), serine (S), or threonine (T); amino acids having a hydroxyl-containing side chain comprising serine (S), threonine (T), or tyrosine (Y); amino acids having an acidic side chain comprising aspartate (D) or glutamate (E); amino acids having a polar-neutral side chain comprising histidine (H), asparagine (N), glutamine (Q), serine (S), threonine (T), or tyrosine (Y); amino acids having a basic side chain comprising arginine (R), lysine (K), or histidine (H); amino acids having a large hydrophobic side chain comprising isoleucine (I), leucine (L), methionine (M), valine (V), phenylalanine (F), tyrosine (Y), or tryptophan (W); and amino acids having an aromatic side chain comprising phenylalanine (F), histidine (H), tryptophan (W), or tyrosine (Y).

IL-2Rγc ligands of SEQ ID NO: 211 to SEQ ID NO: 233 and SEQ ID NO: 914 to SEQ ID NO: 920, exhibit a binding affinity (IC₅₀) to the IL-2Rγc subunit of less than 100 μM.

An IL-2Rγc ligand can comprise the amino acid sequence of Formula (6) (SEQ ID NO: 234) or Formula (6a) (SEQ ID NO: 235):

-X⁹³-X⁹⁴-X⁹⁵⁻-X⁹⁶-X⁹⁷-X⁹⁸-X⁹⁹-X¹⁰⁰-X¹⁰¹-  (6)

-X⁹¹-X⁹²-X⁹³-X⁹⁴-X⁹⁵-X⁹⁶-X⁹⁷-X⁹⁸-X⁹⁹-X¹⁰⁰-X¹⁰¹-X¹⁰²-X¹⁰³-  (6a)

wherein, X⁹¹ can be selected from C, D, E, and L; X⁹² can be selected from C, L, M, R, S, V, and W; X⁹³ can be selected from C, D, F, P, and R; X⁹⁴ can be selected from A, D, L, Q, S, and W; X⁹⁵ can be selected from D, E, F, L, and V; X⁹⁶ can be selected from A, D, E, F, G, K, Q, and S; X⁹⁷ can be selected from E, L, M, and W; X⁹⁸ can be selected from G, I, L, W, and Y; X⁹⁹ can be selected from E, I, R, T, and V; X¹⁰⁰ can be W; X¹⁰¹ can be selected from C, A, I, L, P, and V; X¹⁰² can be selected from C, D, G, H; and X¹⁰³ can be selected from C, D, E, H, S, and T.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (6) and (6a), X⁹¹ can be selected from D and E.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (6) and (6a), X⁹² can be selected from L, M, R, S, V, and W.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (6) and (6a), X⁹³ can be selected from D and F.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (6) and (6a), X⁹⁴ can be S.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (6) and (6a), X⁹⁵ can be selected from D and E.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (6) and (6a), X⁹⁶ can be selected from D and E.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (6) and (6a), X⁹⁷ can be selected from L, M, and W.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (6) and (6a), X⁹⁸ can be G.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (6) and (6a), X⁹⁹ can be E.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (6) and (6a), X¹⁰⁰ can be W.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (6) and (6a), X¹⁰¹ can be selected from I, L, and V.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (6) and (6a), X¹⁰² can be selected from D and G.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (6) and (6a), X¹⁰³ can be selected from S and T.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (6) and (6a), X⁹¹ can be selected from D and E; X⁹² can be selected from L, M, R, S, V, and W; X⁹³ can be selected from D and F; X⁹⁴ can be S; X⁹⁵ can be selected from D and E; X⁹⁶ can be selected from D and E; X⁹⁷ can be selected from L, M, and W; X⁹⁸ can be G; X⁹⁹ can be E; X¹⁰⁰ can be W; X¹⁰¹ can be selected from I, L, and V; X¹⁰² can be selected from D and G; and X¹⁰³ can be selected from S and T.

An IL-2Rγc ligand can comprise an amino acid sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NO: 236 to SEQ ID NO: 245:

SEQ ID NO: 236 MCWLEWGEWVGSCL SEQ ID NO: 237 LCFSEFLGEWVDCN SEQ ID NO: 238 VCSFDEAWGEWICE SEQ ID NO: 239 DCPQVSWYEWLDCY SEQ ID NO: 240 YCLFDEQMGEWLCH SEQ ID NO: 241 CESFSEALGTWIDC SEQ ID NO: 242 CVFLEDWWIWAGDC SEQ ID NO: 243 ECDAFGWIIWPHCL SEQ ID NO: 244 FCWDSDKMLRWVCS SEQ ID NO: 245 QCRRSDFEYVWLCT

An IL-2Rγc ligand can comprise an amino acid sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NO: 234 to SEQ ID NO: 245, wherein the amino acid sequence can be terminated with amino acids -G-G- on the N-terminus, on the C-terminus, or on both the N- and C-termini.

An IL-2Rγc ligand can comprise an amino acid sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NO: 234 to SEQ ID NO: 245, wherein each amino acid independently comprises one or more of the following conservative substitutions: amino acids having a small hydrophobic side chain comprising alanine (A), glycine (G), proline (P), serine (S), or threonine (T); amino acids having a hydroxyl-containing side chain comprising serine (S), threonine (T), or tyrosine (Y); amino acids having an acidic side chain comprising aspartate (D) or glutamate (E); amino acids having a polar-neutral side chain comprising histidine (H), asparagine (N), glutamine (Q), serine (S), threonine (T), or tyrosine (Y); amino acids having a basic side chain comprising arginine (R), lysine (K), or histidine (H); amino acids having a large hydrophobic side chain comprising isoleucine (I), leucine (L), methionine (M), valine (V), phenylalanine (F), tyrosine (Y), or tryptophan (W); and amino acids having an aromatic side chain comprising phenylalanine (F), histidine (H), tryptophan (W), or tyrosine (Y).

IL-2Rγc ligands of SEQ ID NO: 234 to SEQ ID NO: 245 exhibit a binding affinity (IC₅₀) to the IL-2Rγc subunit of less than 100 μM.

An IL-2Rγc ligand can comprise the amino acid sequence of Formula (6) (SEQ ID NO: 234) or Formula (6a) (SEQ ID NO: 235):

-X⁹³-X⁹⁴-X⁹⁵-X⁹⁶-X⁹⁷-X⁹⁸-X⁹⁹-X¹⁰⁰-X¹⁰¹-  (6)

-X⁹¹-X⁹²-X⁹³-X⁹⁴-X⁹⁵-X⁹⁶-X⁹⁷-X⁹⁸-X⁹⁹-X¹⁰⁰-X¹⁰¹-X¹⁰²-X¹⁰³-  (6a)

wherein, X⁹¹ can be selected from an amino acid comprising an acidic side chain or cysteine; X⁹² can be selected from an amino acid; X⁹³ can be selected from an amino acid comprising an acidic side chain or large hydrophobic side chain; X⁹⁴ can be selected from an amino acid; X⁹⁵ can be selected from an amino acid; X⁹⁶ can be selected from an amino acid; X⁹⁷ can be selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain; X⁹⁸ can be selected from an amino acid comprising a small hydrophobic side chain or a large hydrophobic side chain; X⁹⁹ can be selected from an amino acid; X¹⁰⁰ can be selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain; X¹⁰¹ can be selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain; X¹⁰² can be selected from an amino acid comprising a small hydrophobic side chain or an acidic side chain or cysteine; and X¹⁰³ can be selected from an amino acid comprising an acidic side chain or a hydroxyl-containing side chain or cysteine.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (6) and (6a), X⁹¹ can be selected from an amino acid comprising an acidic side chain; X⁹² can be selected from an amino acid; X⁹³ can be selected from an amino acid comprising an acidic side chain or large hydrophobic side chain; X⁹⁴ can be selected from an amino acid comprising an acidic side chain or a hydroxyl-containing side chain; X⁹⁵ can be selected from an amino acid comprising an acidic side chain; X⁹⁶ can be selected from an amino acid; X⁹⁷ can be selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain; X⁹⁸ can be selected from an amino acid comprising a small hydrophobic side chain or a large hydrophobic side chain; X⁹⁹ can be selected from an amino acid comprising an acidic side chain or large hydrophobic side chain; X¹⁰⁰ can be selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain; X¹⁰¹ can be selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain; X¹⁰² can be selected from an amino acid comprising a small hydrophobic side chain or an acidic side chain; and X¹⁰³ can be selected from an amino acid comprising an acidic side chain or a hydroxyl-containing side chain.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (6) and (6a), X⁹¹ can be selected from D and E; X⁹² can be selected from an amino acid; X⁹³ can be selected from D, E, F, I, L, M, V, Y, and W; X⁹⁴ can be selected from D, E, S, and T; X⁹⁵ can be selected from D and E; X⁹⁶ can be selected from an amino acid; X⁹⁷ can be selected from F, I, L, M, V, Y, and W; X⁹⁸ can be selected from A, G, P, S, T, F, I, L, M, V, Y, and W; X⁹⁹ can be selected from D, E, F, I, L, M, V, Y, and W; X¹⁰⁰ can be selected from F, I, L, M, V, Y, and W; X¹⁰¹ can be selected from F, I, L, M, V, Y, and W; X¹⁰² can be selected from D, E, A, G, P, S, and T; and X¹⁰³ can be selected from D, E, S, and T.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (6)-(6a), X⁹¹ can be selected from D and E.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (6)-(6a), X⁹² can be selected from an amino acid.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (6) and (6a), X⁹³ can be selected from D and F.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (6) and (6a), X⁹⁴ can be S.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (6) and (6a), X⁹⁵ can be selected from D and E.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (6) and (6a), X⁹⁶ can be selected from an amino acid.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (6) and (6a), X⁹⁷ can be selected from L, M, and W.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (6) and (6a), X⁹⁸ can be G.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (6) and (6a), X⁹⁹ can be E.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (6) and (6a), X¹⁰⁰ can be W.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (6) and (6a), X¹⁰¹ can be selected from I, L, and V.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (6) and (6a), X¹⁰² can be selected from D and G.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (6) and (6a), X¹⁰³ can be selected from S and T.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (6) and (6a), X⁹¹ can be selected from D and E; X⁹² can be selected from an amino acid; X⁹³ can be selected from D and F; X⁹⁴ can be S; X⁹⁵ can be selected from D and E; X⁹⁶ can be selected from an amino acid; X⁹⁷ can be selected from L, M, and W; X⁹⁸ can be G; X⁹⁹ can be E; X¹⁰⁰ can be W; X¹⁰¹ can be selected from I, L, and V; X¹⁰² can be selected from D and G; and X¹⁰³ can be selected from S and T.

An IL-2Rγc ligand can comprise the amino acid sequence of Formula (7) (SEQ ID NO: 246) or Formula (7a) (SEQ ID NO: 247):

-X¹¹⁴-X¹¹⁵-C-X¹¹⁶-X¹¹⁷-X¹¹⁸-  (7)

-X¹¹¹-X¹¹²-X¹¹³-X¹¹⁴-X¹¹⁵-C-X¹¹⁶-X¹¹⁷-X¹⁰⁸-X¹¹⁹-X¹²⁰-X¹²¹-  (7a)

wherein, X¹¹¹ can be selected from D, G, I, and Q; X¹¹² can be selected from D, I, and L; X¹¹³ can be selected from G, L, M, Q, R, S, and Y; X¹¹⁴ can be selected from D, E, G, L, S, T, and Y; X¹¹⁵ can be selected from E, L, P, and Q; X¹¹⁶ can be selected from D, E, K, L, S, and T; X¹¹⁷ can be selected from D, F, S, and W; X¹¹⁸ can be selected from F, N, W, and Y; X¹¹⁹ can be selected from F, I, L, R, and W; X¹²⁰ can be selected from A, E, L, and S; and X¹²¹ can be selected from H, I, K, N, Q, and V.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (7) and (7a), X¹¹¹ can be selected from D and Q.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (7) and (7a), X¹¹² can be selected from I and L.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (7) and (7a), X¹¹³ can be selected from G, L, M, R, S, and Y.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (7) and (7a), X¹¹⁴ can be L.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (7) and (7a), X¹⁵ can be selected from E and Q.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (7) and (7a), X¹¹⁶ can be selected from D and E.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (7) and (7a), X¹¹⁷ can be selected from F and W.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (7) and (7a), X¹¹⁸ can be selected from F, W, and Y.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (7) and (7a), X¹¹⁹ can be selected from F, I, and L.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (7) and (7a), X¹²⁰ can be S.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (7) and (7a), X¹²¹ can be selected from N and Q.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (7) and (7a), X¹¹¹ can be selected from D and Q; X¹¹² can be selected from I and L; X¹¹³ can be selected from G, L, M, R, S, and Y; X¹¹⁴ can be L; X¹¹⁵ can be selected from E and Q; X¹¹⁶ can be selected from D and E; X¹¹⁷ can be selected from F and W; X¹¹⁸ can be selected from F, W, and Y; X¹¹⁹ can be selected from F, I, and L; X¹²⁰ can be S; and X¹²¹ can be selected from N and Q.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (7) and (7a), X¹¹¹ can be selected from D, G, I, Q, and W; X¹¹² can be selected from C, D, I, and L; X¹¹³ can be selected from G, L, M, Q, R, S, and Y; X¹¹⁴ can be selected from D, E, G, L, Q, S, T, and Y; X¹¹⁵ can be selected from E, G, L, P, and Q; X¹¹⁶ can be selected from D, E, K, L, S, and T; X¹¹⁷ can be selected from D, F, S, and W; X¹¹⁸ can be selected from F, N, W, and Y; X¹¹⁹ can be selected from F, I, L, R, and W; X¹²⁰ can be selected from A, C, E, L, and S; and X¹²¹ can be selected from H, I, K, N, Q, and V.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (7) and (7a), X¹¹¹ can be selected from D and Q; X¹¹² can be selected from I and L; X¹¹³ can be selected from G, L, M, Q, R, S, and Y; X¹¹⁴ can be selected from D and S; X¹¹⁵ can be L; X¹¹⁶ can be selected from D and E; X¹¹⁷ can be selected from F and W; X¹¹⁸ can be selected from F, W, and Y; X¹¹⁹ can be selected from F, I, L, and W; X¹²⁰ can be selected from L and S; and X¹²¹ can be selected from N and Q.

An IL-2Rγc ligand can comprise an amino acid sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NO: 248 to SEQ ID NO: 254 and SEQ ID NO: 921 to SEQ ID NO: 922:

SEQ ID NO: 248 DLSDLCTFWLSQ SEQ ID NO: 249 GLQELCSFYIAQ SEQ ID NO: 250 QIRQLCEFWLSQ SEQ ID NO: 251 QLGTLCDFFREN SEQ ID NO: 252 WCLSQEEFNFLV SEQ ID NO: 253 YSEELSWICKQL SEQ ID NO: 254 IDMYPQEWWFCN SEQ ID NO: 921 LSLGQKDWWLIL SEQ ID NO: 922 QLQGLCDFFWAH

An IL-2Rγc ligand can comprise an amino acid sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NO: 246 to SEQ ID NO: 254 and SEQ ID NO: 921 to SEQ ID NO: 922, wherein the amino acid sequence can be terminated with amino acids -G-G- on the N-terminus, on the C-terminus, or on both the N- and C-termini.

An IL-2Rγc ligand can comprise an amino acid sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NO: 246 to SEQ ID NO: 254 and SEQ ID NO: 921 to SEQ ID NO: 922, wherein each amino acid independently comprises one or more of the following conservative substitutions: amino acids having a small hydrophobic side chain comprising alanine (A), glycine (G), proline (P), serine (S), or threonine (T); amino acids having a hydroxyl-containing side chain comprising serine (S), threonine (T), or tyrosine (Y); amino acids having an acidic side chain comprising aspartate (D) or glutamate (E); amino acids having a polar-neutral side chain comprising histidine (H), asparagine (N), glutamine (Q), serine (S), threonine (T), or tyrosine (Y); amino acids having a basic side chain comprising arginine (R), lysine (K), or histidine (H); amino acids having a large hydrophobic side chain comprising isoleucine (I), leucine (L), methionine (M), valine (V), phenylalanine (F), tyrosine (Y), or tryptophan (W); and amino acids having an aromatic side chain comprising phenylalanine (F), histidine (H), tryptophan (W), or tyrosine (Y).

IL-2Rγc ligands of SEQ ID NO: 246 to SEQ ID NO: 254 and and SEQ ID NO: 921 to SEQ ID NO: 922 exhibit a binding affinity (IC₅₀) to the IL-2Rγc subunit of less than 100 μM.

An IL-2Rγc ligand can comprise the amino acid sequence of Formula (7) (SEQ ID NO: 246) or Formula (7a) (SEQ ID NO: 247):

-X¹¹⁴-X¹¹⁵-C-X¹¹⁶-X¹¹⁷-X¹¹⁸-  (7)

-X¹¹¹-X¹¹²-X¹¹³-X¹¹⁴-X¹¹⁵-C-X¹¹⁶-X¹¹⁷-X¹¹⁸-X¹¹⁹-X¹²⁰-X¹²¹-  (7a)

wherein, X¹¹¹ can be selected from an amino acid; X¹¹² can be selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain or an acidic side chain; X¹¹³ can be selected from an amino acid; X¹¹⁴ can be selected from an amino acid comprising an acidic side chain or a hydroxyl-containing side chain; X¹¹⁵ can be selected from an amino acid; X¹¹⁶ can be selected from an amino acid; X¹¹⁷ can be selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain; X¹¹⁸ can be selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain; X¹¹⁹ can be selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain; X¹²⁰ can be selected from an amino acid; and X¹²¹ can be selected from an amino acid.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (7) and (7a), X¹¹¹ can be selected from an amino acid; X¹¹² can be selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain or an acidic side chain; X¹¹³ can be selected from an amino acid; X¹¹⁴ can be selected from an amino acid comprising an acidic side chain or a hydroxyl-containing side chain; X¹¹⁵ can be selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain; X¹¹⁶ can be selected from an amino acid comprising an acidic side chain; X¹¹⁷ can be selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain; X¹¹⁸ can be selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain; X¹¹⁹ can be selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain; X¹²⁰ can be selected from an amino acid; and X¹²¹ can be selected from an amino acid comprising a polar-neutral side chain.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (7) and (7a), X¹¹¹ can be selected from an amino acid; X¹¹² can be selected from D, E, F, I, L, M, V, Y, and W; X¹¹³ can be selected from an amino acid; X¹¹⁴ can be selected from D, E, S, and T; X¹¹⁵ can be selected from F, I, L, M, V, Y, and W; X¹¹⁶ can be selected from D and E; X¹¹⁷ can be selected from F, I, L, M, V, Y, and W; X¹¹⁸ can be selected from F, I, L, M, V, Y, and W; X¹¹⁹ can be selected from F, I, L, M, V, Y, and W; X¹²⁰ can be selected from an amino acid; and X¹²¹ can be selected from H, N, Q, S, T, and Y.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (7) and (7a), X¹¹¹ can be selected from an amino acid.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (7) and (7a), X¹¹² can be selected from I and L.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (7) and (7a), X¹¹³ can be selected from an amino acid.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (7) and (7a), X¹¹⁴ can be selected from D, E, and S.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (7) and (7a), X¹¹⁵ can be L.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (7) and (7a), X¹¹⁶ can be selected from D and E.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (7) and (7a), X¹¹⁷ can be selected from F and W.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (7) and (7a), X¹¹⁸ can be selected from F, W and Y.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (7) and (7a), X¹¹⁹ can be selected from F, I, and L.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (7) and (7a), X¹²⁰ can be selected from an amino acid.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (7) and (7a), X¹²¹ can be selected from Q and N.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (7) and (7a), X¹¹¹ can be selected from an amino acid; X¹¹² can be selected from I and L; X¹¹³ can be selected from an amino acid; X¹¹⁴ can be selected from D, E, and S; X¹¹⁵ can be L; X¹¹⁶ can be selected from D and E; X¹¹⁷ can be selected from F and W; X¹¹⁸ can be selected from F, W and Y; X¹¹⁹ can be selected from F, I, and L; X¹²⁰ can be selected from an amino acid; and X¹²¹ can be selected from Q and N.

An IL-2Rγc ligand can comprise an amino acid sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NO: 255 to SEQ ID NO: 264 and SEQ ID NO: 923 to SEQ ID NO: 930:

SEQ ID NO: 255 C P L S L M G S E R I F V C SEQ ID NO: 256 C T Y F G P D A F R M L F C SEQ ID NO: 257 C Y F N S I F L G E S P F C SEQ ID NO: 258 C Y L I Y K N N Q L A L Q C SEQ ID NO: 259 C Y V V Y N Y Q E F R Y L C SEQ ID NO: 260 L Y C R D N D G T Q Y C E T SEQ ID NO: 261 Y Y C Y L N I W T M K C E D SEQ ID NO: 262 Y Y C Y L N I W P V K C E D SEQ ID NO: 263 L E C A T S E E P Y Y C Y L SEQ ID NO: 264 C D C Q H H R C R T G G L V SEQ ID NO: 923 L F N F C Q G D K T C M Q W H SEQ ID NO: 924 E C G G A W A M L L W P H C T SEQ ID NO: 925 I C T R L H D V V P I W S C P SEQ ID NO: 926 Q C Y R P S R D I P L Y L C S SEQ ID NO: 927 L F N F C Q G D K T C M Q W H SEQ ID NO: 928 V C W L T H N R Q S Y Y C D SEQ ID NO: 929 C D L W P L T A Q N F Y G C SEQ ID NO: 930 C P G E L R G P E R A W V C

An IL-2Rγc ligand can comprise an amino acid sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NO: 255 to SEQ ID NO: 264 and SEQ ID NO: 923 to SEQ ID NO: 930, wherein the amino acid sequence can be terminated with amino acids -G-G- on the N-terminus, on the C-terminus, or on both the N- and C-termini.

An IL-2Rγc ligand can comprise an amino acid sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NO: 255 to SEQ ID NO: 264 and SEQ ID NO: 923 to SEQ ID NO: 930, wherein each amino acid independently comprises one or more of the following conservative substitutions: amino acids having a small hydrophobic side chain comprising alanine (A), glycine (G), proline (P), serine (S), or threonine (T); amino acids having a hydroxyl-containing side chain comprising serine (S), threonine (T), or tyrosine (Y); amino acids having an acidic side chain comprising aspartate (D) or glutamate (E); amino acids having a polar-neutral side chain comprising histidine (H), asparagine (N), glutamine (Q), serine (S), threonine (T), or tyrosine (Y); amino acids having a basic side chain comprising arginine (R), lysine (K), or histidine (H); amino acids having a large hydrophobic side chain comprising isoleucine (I), leucine (L), methionine (M), valine (V), phenylalanine (F), tyrosine (Y), or tryptophan (W); and amino acids having an aromatic side chain comprising phenylalanine (F), histidine (H), tryptophan (W), or tyrosine (Y).

IL-2Rγc ligands of SEQ ID NO: 255 to SEQ ID NO: 264 and SEQ ID NO: 923 to SEQ ID NO: 930 exhibit a binding affinity (IC₅₀) to the IL-2Rγc subunit of less than 100 μM.

An IL-2Rγc ligand can comprise the amino acid sequence of Formula (8) (SEQ ID NO: 931):

-C-X¹³¹-X¹³²-X¹³³-X¹³⁴-X¹³⁵-X¹³⁶-X¹³⁷-X¹³⁸-X¹³⁹-X¹⁴⁰-X¹⁴¹-X¹⁴²-C-  (8)

wherein, X¹³¹ can be selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain; X¹³² can be selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain; X¹³³ can be selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain; X¹³⁴ can be selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain or an aromatic side chain; X¹³5 can be selected from an amino acid comprising a basic side chain and an acidic or polar neutral side chain; X¹³⁶ can be selected from an amino acid; X¹³⁷ can be selected from an amino acid comprising a small hydrophobic side chain; X¹³⁸ can be selected from an amino acid comprising an acidic or a polar neutral side chain; X¹³⁹ can be selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain or an aromatic side chain; X¹⁴⁰ can be selected from an amino acid comprising a small hydrophobic side chain or a hydroxyl-containing side chain; X¹⁴¹ can be selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain or an aromatic side chain; and X¹⁴² can be selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (8), X¹³¹ can be selected from F, I, L, M, V, Y, and W; X¹³² can be selected from F, I, L, M, V, Y, and W; X¹³³ can be selected from F, I, L, M, V, Y, and W; X¹³⁴ can be selected from F, H, I, L, M, V, Y, and W; X¹³⁵ can be selected from R, K, H, D, E, N, and Q; X¹³⁶ can be selected from an amino acid; X¹³⁷ can be selected from A, G, P, S, and T; X¹³⁸ can be selected from D, E, N, and Q; X¹³⁹ can be selected from F, H, I, L, M, V, Y, and W; X¹⁴⁰ can be selected from A, G, P, S, T, and Y; X¹⁴¹ can be selected from F, H, I, L, M, V, Y, and W; and X¹⁴² can be selected from F, I, L, M, V, Y, and W.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (8), X¹³¹ can be selected from F and Y; X¹³² can be I; X¹³³ can be selected from F, I, L, M, V, Y, and W; X¹³⁴ can be Y; X¹³⁵ can be R; X¹³⁶ can be selected from an amino acid; X¹³⁷ can be G; X¹³⁸ can be E; X¹³⁹ can be F; X¹⁴⁰ can be selected from S, T, and Y; X¹⁴¹ can be Y; and X¹⁴² can be selected from F, I, L, M, V, Y, and W.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (8), X¹³¹ can be selected from F and Y.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (8), X¹³² can be selected from I, V, and L.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (8), X¹³² can be I.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (8), X¹³³ can be selected from M, L, Y, and I.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (8), X¹³⁴ can be selected from F, H, and Y.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (8), X¹³⁴ can be Y.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (8), X¹³⁵ can be selected from R, K, D, and E.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (8), X¹³⁵ can be R.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (8), X¹³⁶ can be selected from an amino acid.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (8), X¹³⁷ can be G.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (8), X¹³⁸ can be selected from D and E.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (8), X¹³⁸ can be E.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (8), X¹³⁹ can be selected from F, Y, and W.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (8)), X¹³⁹ can be F.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (8), X¹⁴⁰ can be selected from S and T.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (8), X¹⁴¹ can be selected from F, I, L, M, V, Y, and W.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (8), X¹⁴¹ can be Y.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (8), X¹⁴² can be selected from I, L, M, V, and Y.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (8), X¹³¹ can be selected from F and Y; X¹³² can be I; X¹³³ can be selected from M, L, Y, and I; X¹³⁴ can be Y; X¹³⁵ can be R; X¹³⁶ can be selected from an amino acid; X¹³⁷ can be G; X¹³⁸ can be E; X¹³⁹ can be F; X¹⁴⁰ can be selected from S and T; X¹⁴¹ can be Y; and X¹⁴² can be selected from F, I, L, M, V, Y, and W.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (8), X¹³¹ can be selected A, C, D, E, F, G, L, P, and Y; X¹³² can be selected from C, I, L, N, S, and V; X¹³³ can be selected from A, I, L, M, Q, R, and Y; X¹³⁴ can be selected from F, H, K, L, T, and Y; X¹³⁵ can be selected from D, E, G, H, I, K, L, P, Q, R, S, and Y; X¹³⁶ can be selected from E, F, G, H, I, L, N, Q, R, S, and T; X¹³⁷ can be selected from C, D, E, G, K, N, P, Q, and T X¹³⁸ can be selected from D, E, F, K, P, R, and T; X¹³⁹ can be selected from A, F, L, R, T, V, W, and Y; X¹⁴⁰ can be selected from D, E, G, L, N, S, T, W, and Y; X¹⁴¹ can be selected from A, C, F, G, I, L, M, and Y; and X¹⁴² can be selected from C, E, I, L, M, V, and Y.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (8), X¹³¹ can be selected F and Y; X¹³² can be selected from I, L, and V; X¹³³ can be selected from I, M, R, and Y; X¹³⁴ can be selected from F, H, and Y; X¹³⁵ can be selected from D, E, K, and R; X¹³⁶ can be selected from E, F, G, H, I, L, N, Q, R, S, and T; X¹³⁷ can be G; X¹³⁸ can be selected from D and E; X¹³⁹ can be selected from F, W, and Y; X¹⁴⁰ can be selected from S and T; X¹⁴¹ can be selected from F, I, L, M, and Y; and X¹⁴² can be selected from I, L, M, V and Y.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (8), X¹³¹ can be F; X¹³² can be I; X¹³³ can be selected from I, M, R, and Y; X¹³⁴ can be Y; X¹³⁵ can be selected from D, E, K, and R; X¹³⁶ can be selected from E, F, G, H, I, L, N, Q, R, S, and T; X¹³⁷ can be G; X¹³⁸ can be E; X¹³⁹ can be F; X¹⁴⁰ can be selected from S and T; X¹⁴¹ can be Y; and X¹⁴² can be selected from I, L, M, V and Y.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (8), X¹³¹ can be F, X¹³² can be I, X¹³⁴ can be Y, X¹²⁵ can be R, X¹³⁷ can be G, X¹³⁸ can be E, X¹³⁹ can be F, and X¹⁴¹ can be Y.

An IL-2Rγc ligand can comprise an amino acid sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NO: 265 to SEQ ID NO: 267 and SEQ ID NO: 932 to SEQ ID NO: 940:

SEQ ID NO: 265 C G I A Y R S G E F T M I C SEQ ID NO: 266 C P S M L Q G P E R T W V C SEQ ID NO: 267 W C I Y Y P F T D V E A C T SEQ ID NO: 932 C A N L H D T Q E W W Y Y C SEQ ID NO: 933 C E L L T G I P E Y N F L C SEQ ID NO: 934 C F I R F Y Q D K Y D Y V C SEQ ID NO: 935 C F I R Y L R G E F S F V C SEQ ID NO: 936 C F L R F I H G E L D Y Y C SEQ ID NO: 937 C F V M Y K N N E F S L I C SEQ ID NO: 938 C G I A Y R S G E F T M I C SEQ ID NO: 939 C L I Y K E Q K F A L I E C SEQ ID NO: 940 C Y I I Y R L G T F S Y M C

An IL-2Rγc ligand can comprise an amino acid sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NO: 265 to SEQ ID NO: 267 and SEQ ID NO: 931 to SEQ ID NO: 940, wherein the amino acid sequence can be terminated with amino acids -G-G- on the N-terminus, on the C-terminus, or on both the N- and C-termini.

An IL-2Rγc ligand can comprise an amino acid sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NO: 265 to SEQ ID NO: 267 and SEQ ID NO: 931 to SEQ ID NO: 940, wherein each amino acid independently comprises one or more of the following conservative substitutions: amino acids having a small hydrophobic side chain comprising alanine (A), glycine (G), proline (P), serine (S), or threonine (T); amino acids having a hydroxyl-containing side chain comprising serine (S), threonine (T), or tyrosine (Y); amino acids having an acidic side chain comprising aspartate (D) or glutamate (E); amino acids having a polar-neutral side chain comprising histidine (H), asparagine (N), glutamine (Q), serine (S), threonine (T), or tyrosine (Y); amino acids having a basic side chain comprising arginine (R), lysine (K), or histidine (H); amino acids having a large hydrophobic side chain comprising isoleucine (I), leucine (L), methionine (M), valine (V), phenylalanine (F), tyrosine (Y), or tryptophan (W); and amino acids having an aromatic side chain comprising phenylalanine (F), histidine (H), tryptophan (W), or tyrosine (Y).

IL-2Rγc ligands of SEQ ID NO: 265 to SEQ ID NO: 267 and SEQ ID NO: 931 to SEQ ID NO: 940 exhibit a binding affinity (IC₅₀) to the IL-2Rγc subunit of less than 100 μM.

An IL-2Rγc ligand can comprise the amino acid sequence of Formula (9) (SEQ ID NO: 941) or the amino acid sequence of Formula 9a) (SEQ ID NO: 942):

-X¹⁵⁵-X¹⁵⁶-X¹⁵⁷-X¹⁵⁸-X¹⁵⁹-  (9)

X¹⁵¹-X¹⁵²-X¹⁵³-X¹⁵⁴-C-X¹⁵⁵-X¹⁵⁶-X¹⁵⁷-X¹⁵⁸-X¹⁵⁹-C-X¹⁶⁰-X¹⁶¹-X¹⁶²-X¹⁶³-  (9a)

wherein, X¹⁵¹ can be selected from an amino acid comprising a small hydrophobic side chain or a hydroxyl-containing side chain; X¹⁵² can be selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain; X¹⁵³ can be selected from an amino acid comprising an acidic or polar neutral side chain; X¹⁵⁴ can be selected from an amino acid comprising a basic side chain; X¹⁵⁵ can be selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain; X¹⁵⁶ can be selected from an amino acid comprising a small hydrophobic side chain or a hydroxyl-containing side chain; X¹⁵⁷ can be selected from an amino acid comprising a small hydrophobic side chain; X¹⁵⁸ can be selected from an amino acid comprising a small hydrophobic side chain or a hydroxyl-containing side chain; X¹⁵⁹ can be selected from an amino acid comprising a small hydrophobic side chain or a hydroxyl-containing side chain; X¹⁶⁰ can be selected from an amino acid comprising a small hydrophobic side chain or a hydroxyl-containing side chain; X¹⁶¹ can be selected from an amino acid; X¹⁶² can be selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain or a basic side chain; and X¹⁶³ can be selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (9) and Formula (9a), X¹⁵¹ can be selected from A, G, P, S, and T; X¹⁵² can be selected from F, I, L, M, V, Y, and W; X¹⁵³ can be selected from D, E, N, and Q; X¹⁵⁴ can be selected from H, K, and R; X¹⁵⁵ can be selected from F, I, L, M, V, Y, and W; X¹⁵⁶ can be selected from A, G, P, S, and T; X¹⁵⁷ can be selected from A, G, P, S, and T; X¹⁵⁸ can be selected from A, G, P, S, and T; X¹⁵⁹ can be selected from A, G, P, S, and T; X¹⁶⁰ can be selected from A, G, P, S, and T; X¹⁶¹ can be selected from an amino acid; X¹⁶² can be selected from F, I, L, M, V, Y, W, R, K, and H; and X¹⁶³ can be selected from F, I, L, M, V, Y, and W.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (9) and Formula (9a). X¹⁵¹ can be selected from K, M, N, and K; X¹⁵² can be selected from M, L, and Y; X¹⁵³ can be selected from N, Y, and L; X¹⁵⁴ can be K; X¹⁵⁵ can be selected from A, W, R, Y, and N; X¹⁵⁶ can be selected from T, N, and S; X¹⁵⁷ can be selected from P and A; X¹⁵⁸ can be selected from S, R, F, and L; X¹⁵⁹ can be selected from Q, S, E, and T; X¹⁶⁰ can be selected from S, Q, and A; X¹⁶¹ can be selected from V, S, G, L, and N; X¹⁶² can be selected from I, K, R, and V; and X¹⁶³ can be selected from F and L.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (9) and Formula (9a), X¹⁵¹ can be selected from S and T.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (9) and Formula (9a), X¹⁵² can be selected from L and M.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (9) and Formula (9a), X¹⁵² can be L.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (9) and Formula (9a), X¹⁵³ can be N.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (9) and Formula (9a), X¹⁵⁴ can be K.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (9) and Formula (9a), X¹⁵⁵ can be selected from W and Y.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (9) and Formula (9a), X¹⁵⁶ can be selected from S and T.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (9) and Formula (9a), X¹⁵⁶ can be S.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (9) and Formula (9a), X¹⁵⁷ can be P.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (9) and Formula (9a), X¹⁵⁸ can be S.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (9) and Formula (9a), X¹⁵⁹ can be selected from S and T.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (9) and Formula (9a), X¹⁵⁹ can be S.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (9) and Formula (9a), X¹⁶⁰ can be S.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (9) and Formula (9a), X¹⁶¹ can be selected from an amino acid.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (9) and Formula (9a), X¹⁶² can be selected from I, V, R, and K.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (9) and Formula (9a), X¹⁶² can be selected from I and V.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (9) and Formula (9a), X¹⁶² can be selected from R and K.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (9) and Formula (9a), X¹⁶³ can be selected from F and L.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (9) and Formula (9a), X¹⁶³ can be L.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (9) and Formula (9a), X¹⁵¹ can be selected from S and T; X¹⁵² can be L; X¹⁵³ can be N; X¹⁵⁴ can be K; X¹⁵⁵ can be selected from W and Y; X¹⁵⁶ can be S; X¹⁵⁷ can be P; X¹⁵⁸ can be S; X¹⁵⁹ can be S; X¹⁶⁰ can be S T; X¹⁶¹ can be selected from an amino acid; X¹⁶² can be I; and X¹⁶³ can be F.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (9) and Formula (9a), X¹⁵² can be L, X¹⁵³ can be N, X¹⁵⁴ can be K, X¹⁵⁶ can be S, X¹⁵⁷ can be P, X¹⁵⁸ can be S, X¹⁵⁹ can be S, X¹⁶⁰ can be S, X¹⁶² can be I, and X¹⁶³ can be F.

An IL-2Rγc ligand can comprise an amino acid sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NO: 943 to SEQ ID NO: 948:

SEQ ID NO: 943 K M N K C A T P S Q C S V I F SEQ ID NO: 944 N L N K C W N P R S C S S K F SEQ ID NO: 945 T Y N K C R S P F E C S G I F SEQ ID NO: 946 Y L N K C Y S P S S C Q L R L SEQ ID NO: 947 S L Y K C N S P L S C S N I F SEQ ID NO: 948 S L L K C Y N A S T C A S V F

An IL-2Rγc ligand can comprise an amino acid sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NO: 941 to SEQ ID NO: 948, wherein the amino acid sequence can be terminated with amino acids -G-G- on the N-terminus, on the C-terminus, or on both the N- and C-termini.

An IL-2Rγc ligand can comprise an amino acid sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NO: 941 to SEQ ID NO: 948, wherein each amino acid independently comprises one or more of the following conservative substitutions: amino acids having a small hydrophobic side chain comprising alanine (A), glycine (G), proline (P), serine (S), or threonine (T); amino acids having a hydroxyl-containing side chain comprising serine (S), threonine (T), or tyrosine (Y); amino acids having an acidic side chain comprising aspartate (D) or glutamate (E); amino acids having a polar-neutral side chain comprising histidine (H), asparagine (N), glutamine (Q), serine (S), threonine (T), or tyrosine (Y); amino acids having a basic side chain comprising arginine (R), lysine (K), or histidine (H); amino acids having a large hydrophobic side chain comprising isoleucine (I), leucine (L), methionine (M), valine (V), phenylalanine (F), tyrosine (Y), or tryptophan (W); and amino acids having an aromatic side chain comprising phenylalanine (F), histidine (H), tryptophan (W), or tyrosine (Y).

IL-2Rγc ligands of SEQ ID NO: 941 to SEQ ID NO: 948 exhibit a binding affinity (IC₅₀) to the IL-2Rγc subunit of less than 100 μM.

An IL-2Rγc ligand can comprise the amino acid sequence of Formula (12) (SEQ ID NO: 949):

X¹⁷¹-X¹⁷²-X¹⁷³-X¹⁷⁴-X¹⁷⁵-C-X¹⁷⁶-X¹⁷⁷-X¹⁷⁶-X¹⁷⁷-X¹⁷⁸-X¹⁷⁹-X¹⁸⁰-X¹⁸¹-X¹⁸²-X¹⁸³-C-X¹⁸⁴-X¹⁸⁵-X¹⁸⁶-X¹⁸⁷-X¹⁸⁸-  (12)

wherein, X¹⁷¹ can be selected from an amino acid comprising a basic side chain; X¹⁷² can be selected from an amino acid comprising a hydroxyl-containing side chain; X¹⁷³ can be selected from an amino acid comprising an acidic side chain or a large hydrophobic side chain; X¹⁷⁴ can be selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain; X¹⁷⁵ can be selected from an amino acid comprising an acidic side chain or a large hydrophobic side chain; X¹⁷⁶ can be selected from an amino acid comprising an acidic side chain or a polar/neutral side chain; X¹⁷⁷ can be selected from an amino acid comprising an acidic side chain; X¹⁷⁸ can be selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain or an aromatic side chain; X¹⁷⁹ can be selected from an amino acid comprising an acidic side chain or a polar/neutral side chain; X¹⁸⁰ can be G; X¹⁸¹ can be V; X¹⁸² can be E; X¹⁸³ can be L; X¹⁸⁴ can be W; X¹⁸⁵ can be selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain; X¹⁸⁶ can be E; X¹⁸⁷ can be selected from an amino acid; and X¹⁸⁸ can be selected from an amino acid comprising an acidic side chain.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (12), X¹⁷¹ can be selected from H, K, and R; X¹⁷² can be selected from S, T, and Y; X¹⁷³ can be selected from D, E, F, I, L, M, V, W, and Y; X¹⁷⁴ can be selected from F, I, L, M, V, W, and Y; X¹⁷⁵ can be selected from D, E, F, I, L, M, V, W, and Y; X¹⁷⁶ can be selected from D, E, H, N, Q, S, T, and Y; X¹⁷⁷ can be selected from D and E; X¹⁷⁸ can be selected from F, H, I, L, M, V, W, and Y; X¹⁷⁹ can be selected from D, E, H, N, Q, S, T, and Y; X¹⁸⁰ can be G; X¹⁸¹ can be V; X¹⁸² can be E; X¹⁸³ can be L; X¹⁸⁴ can be W; X¹⁸⁵ can be selected from F, I, L, M, V, W, and Y; X¹⁸⁶ can be E; X¹⁸⁷ can be selected from an amino acid; and X¹⁸⁸ can be selected from D and E.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (12), X¹⁷¹ can be selected from D, E, G, H, K, M, N, P, Q, R, S, and T; X¹⁷² can be selected from A, D, E, G, I, K, L, P, Q, R, S, T, V, W, and Y; X¹⁷³ can be selected from A, D, E, F, G, I, Q, S, T, V, W, and Y; X¹⁷⁴ can be selected from A, I, E, I, L, M, N, Q, R, S, T, and V; X¹⁷⁵ can be selected from A, E, I, L, M, N, Q, R, S, T, and V; X¹⁷⁶ can be selected from D, E, H, L, Q, R, and V; X¹⁷⁷ can be selected from D, E, N, T, and V; X¹⁷⁸ can be selected from F, S, W, and Y; X¹⁷⁹ can be selected from A, D, E, G, H, K, N, Q, R, and Y; X¹⁸⁰ can be selected from G and R; X¹⁸¹ can be V; X¹⁸² can be selected from D, E, and Y; X¹⁸³ can be selected from F, I, and L; X¹⁸⁴ can be W; X¹⁸⁵ can be selected from C, H, I, L, P, Q, T, V, and Y; X¹⁸⁶ can be selected from A, D, E, G, M, R, S, T, and V; X¹⁸⁷ can be selected from A, D, E, F, G, I, M, N, P, Q, R, S, T, V, W, and Y; and X¹⁸⁸ can be selected from A, C, D, E, F, G, I, K, L, N, P, Q, R, S, and V.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (12), X¹⁷¹ can be selected from H, K, and R; X¹⁷² can be selected from S, T, and Y; X¹⁷³ can be selected from D, E, F, I, and V; X¹⁷⁴ can be selected from I and V; X¹⁷⁵ can be selected from E, I, L, M, and V; X¹⁷⁶ can be selected from D, E, and Q; X¹⁷⁷ can be selected from D and E; X¹⁷⁸ can be selected from F and W; X¹⁷⁹ can be selected from D, E, N, and Q; X¹⁸⁰ can be G; X¹⁸¹ can be V; X¹⁸² can be selected from D and E; X¹⁸³ can be L; X¹⁸⁴ can be W; X¹⁸⁵ can be selected from I, L, Q, and V; X¹⁸⁶ can be selected from D and E; X¹⁸⁷ can be selected from A, D, E, F, G, I, M, N, P, Q, R, S, T, V, W, and Y; and X¹⁸⁸ can be selected from D, E, N, and Q.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (12), X¹⁷¹ can be selected from K and R; X¹⁷² can be selected from S, T, and Y; X¹⁷³ can be selected from D, E, F, I, and V; X¹⁷⁴ can be V; X¹⁷⁵ can be selected from E, L, M, and V; X¹⁷⁶ can be Q; X¹⁷⁷ can be selected from D and E; X¹⁷⁸ can be W; X¹⁷⁹ can be selected from D, E, N, and Q; X¹⁸⁰ can be G; X¹⁸¹ can be V; X¹⁸² can be E; X¹⁸³ can be L; X¹⁸⁴ can be W; X¹⁸⁵ can be selected from I, L, Q, and V; X¹⁸⁶ can be selected from D and E; X¹⁸⁷ can be selected from A, D, E, F, G, I, M, N, P, Q, R, S, T, V, W, and Y; and X¹⁸⁸ can be selected from D, E, N, and Q.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (12), X¹⁷¹ can be selected from H, K, and R.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (12), X¹⁷² can be selected from S, T, and Y.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (12), X¹⁷³ can be selected from D, E, F, I, L, M, V, W, and Y.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (12), X¹⁷³ can be selected from D and E.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (12), X¹⁷³ can be selected from F, I, L, M, V, W, and Y.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (12), X¹⁷⁴ can be selected from F, I, L, M, V, W, and Y.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (12), X¹⁷⁴ can be V.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (12), X¹⁷⁵ can be selected from D, E, F, I, L, M, V, W, and Y.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (12), X¹⁷⁵ can be selected from D and E.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (12), X¹⁷⁵ can be selected from F, I, L, M, V, W, and Y.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (12), X¹⁷⁶ can be selected from D, E, H, N, Q, S, T, and Y.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (12), X¹⁷⁶ can be selected from E and Q.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (12), X¹⁷⁷ can be selected from D and E.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (12), X¹⁷⁸ can be selected from F, H, I, L, M, V, W, and Y.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (12), X¹⁷⁸ can be selected from F, H, W, and Y.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (12), X¹⁷⁸ can be W.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (12), X¹⁷⁹ can be selected from D, E, H, N, Q, S, T, and Y.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (12), X¹⁷⁹ can be selected from D, E, and Q.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (12), X¹⁸⁰ can be G.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (12), X¹⁸¹ can be V.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (12), X¹⁸² can be E.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (12), X¹⁸³ can be L.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (12), X¹⁸⁴ can be W.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (12), X¹⁸⁵ can be selected from F, I, L, M, V, W, and Y.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (12), X¹⁸⁵ can be L.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (12), X¹⁸⁶ can be E.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (12), X¹⁸⁷ can be selected from an amino acid.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (12), X¹⁸⁸ can be selected from D and E.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (12), X¹⁷¹ can be selected from H, K, and R; X¹⁷² can be selected from S, T, and Y; X¹⁷³ can be selected from D, E, F, I, L, M, V, W, and Y; X¹⁷⁴ can be selected from F, I, L, M, V, W, and Y; X¹⁷⁵ can be selected from D, E, F, I, L, M, V, W, and Y; X¹⁷⁶ can be selected from D, E, H, N, Q, S, T, and Y; X¹⁷⁷ can be selected from D and E; X¹⁷⁸ can be selected from F, H, I, L, M, V, W, and Y; X¹⁷⁹ can be selected from D, E, H, N, Q, S, T, and Y; X¹⁸⁰ can be G; X¹⁸¹ can be V; X¹⁸² can be E; X¹⁸³ can be L; X¹⁸⁴ can be selected from W; X¹⁸⁵ can be selected from F, I, L, M, V, W, and Y; X¹⁸⁶ can be E; X¹⁸⁷ can be selected from an amino acid; and X¹⁸⁸ can be selected from D and E.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (12), X¹⁷¹ can be selected from H, K, and R; X¹⁷² can be selected from S, T, and Y; X¹⁷³ can be selected from D and E; X¹⁷⁴ can be V; X¹⁷⁵ can be selected from D and E; X¹⁷⁶ can be selected from E and Q; X¹⁷⁷ can be selected from D and E; X¹⁷⁸ can be selected from F, H, W, and Y; X¹⁷⁹ can be selected from D, E, and Q; X¹⁸⁰ can be G; X¹⁸¹ can be V; X¹⁸² can be E; X¹⁸³ can be L; X¹⁸⁴ can be W; X¹⁸⁵ can be selected from F, I, L, M, V, W, and Y; X¹⁸⁶ can be E; X¹⁸⁷ can be selected from an amino acid; and X¹⁸⁸ can be selected from D and E.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (12), X¹⁷¹ can be selected from H, K, and R; X¹⁷² can be selected from S, T, and Y; X¹⁷³ can be selected from F, I, L, M, V, W, and Y; X¹⁷⁴ can be V; X¹⁷⁵ can be selected from F, I, L, M, V, W, and Y; X¹⁷⁶ can be selected from E and Q; X¹⁷⁷ can be selected from D and E; X¹⁷⁸ can be selected from F, H, W, and Y; X¹⁷⁹ can be selected from D, E, and Q; X¹⁸⁰ can be G; X¹⁸¹ can be V; X¹⁸² can be E; X¹⁸³ can be L; X¹⁸⁴ can be W; X¹⁸⁵ can be selected from F, I, L, M, V, W, and Y; X¹⁸⁶ can be E; X¹⁸⁷ can be selected from an amino acid; and X¹⁸⁸ can be selected from D and E.

In IL-2Rγc ligands of Formula (12), X¹⁷¹ can be selected from H, K, and R; X¹⁷² can be selected from S, T, and Y; X¹⁷³ can be selected from D, E, F, I, L, M, V, W, and Y; X¹⁷⁴ can be V; X¹⁷⁵ can be selected from D, E, F, I, L, M, V, W, and Y; X¹⁷⁶ can be selected from D, E, H, N, Q, S, T, and Y; X¹⁷⁶ can be selected from E and Q; X¹⁷⁷ can be selected from D and E; X¹⁷⁸ can be W; X¹⁷⁹ can be selected from D, E, and Q; X¹⁸⁰ can be G; X¹⁸¹ can be V; X¹⁸² can be E; X¹⁸³ can be L; X¹⁸⁴ can be W; X¹⁸⁵ can be selected from F, I, L, M, V, W, and Y; X¹⁸⁶ can be E; X¹⁸⁷ can be selected from an amino acid; and X¹⁸⁸ can be selected from D and E.

An IL-2Rγc ligand can comprise an amino acid sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NO: 950 to SEQ ID NO: 1027:

SEQ ID NO: 950 I E C D T S Y G V Y I C W Q SEQ ID NO: 951 I E C E E W R G V E L C W Q SEQ ID NO: 952 P E G R E V V V C R D W Y G V E L C W Q SEQ ID NO: 953 I W G R T V V E C Q D W E G V E L C W Q SEQ ID NO: 954 L A L R K E V V C Q E Y Y G V E L C W I SEQ ID NO: 955 H E A R E V V V C Q D W Y G V E L C W Q SEQ ID NO: 956 M V N R E V V V C E D W Y G V E L C W Q SEQ ID NO: 957 T A N Q T V V E C Q V W G G V E L C W Q SEQ ID NO: 958 V E C Q E W G G V E L C W C SEQ ID NO: 959 D V E C V D W G G V E L C W H SEQ ID NO: 960 I V C E E W R G V E L C W L SEQ ID NO: 961 D F E R S Y V V C Q D W D G V E L C W I SEQ ID NO: 962 A H S R Q E V V C E E W Y G V E L C W I SEQ ID NO: 963 S A P E R W V E C E D W Q G V E L C W V SEQ ID NO: 964 Y S R E L Y V Q C E D W E G V E L C W I SEQ ID NO: 965 V V C Q D W E G V E L C W Q SEQ ID NO: 966 D V V C Q N W E G V D L C W H SEQ ID NO: 967 S A G R Q E V V C Q D W N G V E L C W I SEQ ID NO: 968 G Q G R E V V V C H D W Y G V E L C W Q SEQ ID NO: 969 D W R R S V V E C Q D W Y G V E L C W Q SEQ ID NO: 970 D V V C Q N W D G V D L C W H SEQ ID NO: 971 T L G R T V V E C Q D W G G V E L C W Q SEQ ID NO: 972 R L L N S V V E C L D W E G V E L C W Q SEQ ID NO: 973 I V C E D W R G V E L C W I SEQ ID NO: 974 V V C Q E W E G V E L C W C SEQ ID NO: 975 G D R P K E V V C E D W K G V E L C W I SEQ ID NO: 976 E R P R S F I E C Q E W E G V E L C W L SEQ ID NO: 977 E G S T T T I E C E E W A G V E L C W L SEQ ID NO: 978 A N Q N T V V E C Q D W H G V E L C W Q SEQ ID NO: 979 R S D D E V V V C Q E W E G V E L C W Q SEQ ID NO: 980 I E C E E W A G V E L C W L SEQ ID NO: 981 T W N M S E L E C Q D W N G V E I C W H SEQ ID NO: 982 G N D D S Y I V C E E W K G V E L C W I SEQ ID NO: 983 F A H H G V V E C Q E W Y G V E L C W Q SEQ ID NO: 984 L N R S V W I E C E E Y E G V E L C W L SEQ ID NO: 985 W S K K A E V V C E E W G G V E F C W I SEQ ID NO: 986 R S N Q T V V E C Q D W E G V E L C W Q SEQ ID NO: 987 V V C Q E W E G V E L C W Y A G E C M Q SEQ ID NO: 988 I L C Q E F E G V E L C W L E E S L A E SEQ ID NO: 989 K S Q V E C Q D W E G V E L C W V V S E SEQ ID NO: 990 K I T V E C Q D W D G V E L C W P T W I SEQ ID NO: 991 R P Q I E C Q E W Q G V E L C W T R E E SEQ ID NO: 992 V S C Q E W D G V E L C W V D G D L A A SEQ ID NO: 993 I M C Q E W D G V E L C W L E R D K A N SEQ ID NO: 994 G L E I A C E D W Y G V E L C W L R R A SEQ ID NO: 995 G Y G V L C Q E W Q G V E L C W P V Q R E A G V SEQ ID NO: 996 P Y G V V C Q D W A G V E L C W V E N R SEQ ID NO: 997 K L T V E C Q D W D G V E L C W V G V E SEQ ID NO: 998 I N C Q T W N G V E L C W V D E G L Y Q SEQ ID NO: 999 V V C Q E W E G V E L C W V E P P L L P SEQ ID NO: 1000 R V Q V E C E D W N G V E L C W P V R V SEQ ID NO: 1001 D R Q V V C E E W D G V E L C W I E E S SEQ ID NO: 1002 K T T V A C Q D W G G V E L C W V E R V SEQ ID NO: 1003 R P E V V C Q E W E G V E L C W I S P L SEQ ID NO: 1004 R L G V E C Q E W E G V D L C W I S A F SEQ ID NO: 1005 K P V V V C E E W Q G V E L C W L E I Q SEQ ID NO: 1006 V V C E V F Q G V E L C W C E N E E F T SEQ ID NO: 1007 T D E V S C Q E W E G V E L C W I E R Q SEQ ID NO: 1008 P V E V R C Q E W E G V E L C W V V G I SEQ ID NO: 1009 G P E V V C E E F N R V E L C W V E Y N SEQ ID NO: 1010 K Y I V E C Q E W G G V E L C W P E M V SEQ ID NO: 1011 V T C Q E Y E G V E L C W T V G C A Y S SEQ ID NO: 1012 V V C Q E W E G V E L C W Q T G P G A H A SEQ ID NO: 1013 I V C E E Y N G V E L C W V E T S V K P SEQ ID NO: 1014 E Q Q V V C Q E W N G V E L C W I E A G SEQ ID NO: 1015 Q L G V E C Q N W R G V E L C W V S E I SEQ ID NO: 1016 T A E V V C Q E W D G V E L C W I E V L SEQ ID NO: 1017 S P S I V C E E W A G V E L C W V D Y S SEQ ID NO: 1018 A V C Q D W Y G V E L C W C M Q D I L D SEQ ID NO: 1019 V E C E E W G G V E L C W L A D E V M W SEQ ID NO: 1020 H S T V I C Q D W D G V E L C W I E N D SEQ ID NO: 1021 K K I V V C Q D W G G V E L C W T E D D SEQ ID NO: 1022 S V E V V C E E W H G V E L C W P V F I SEQ ID NO: 1023 R W A V S C Q D W Q G I E L C W P E W D SEQ ID NO: 1024 R T G V E C Q D W H G V E L C W P V W E SEQ ID NO: 1025 G Y G V V C E D F R G V E L C W L E R K SEQ ID NO: 1026 R T E V E C E D W E G V E L C W L SEQ ID NO: 1027 I L C E E W Q G V E L C W L E G G G S

An IL-2Rγc ligand can comprise an amino acid sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NO: 949 to SEQ ID NO: 1027, wherein the amino acid sequence can be terminated with amino acids -G-G-on the N-terminus, on the C-terminus, or on both the N- and C-termini.

An IL-2Rγc ligand can comprise an amino acid sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NO: 949 to SEQ ID NO: 1027, wherein each amino acid independently comprises one or more of the following conservative substitutions: amino acids having a small hydrophobic side chain comprising alanine (A), glycine (G), proline (P), serine (S), or threonine (T); amino acids having a hydroxyl-containing side chain comprising serine (S), threonine (T), or tyrosine (Y); amino acids having an acidic side chain comprising aspartate (D) or glutamate (E); amino acids having a polar-neutral side chain comprising histidine (H), asparagine (N), glutamine (Q), serine (S), threonine (T), or tyrosine (Y); amino acids having a basic side chain comprising arginine (R), lysine (K), or histidine (H); amino acids having a large hydrophobic side chain comprising isoleucine (I), leucine (L), methionine (M), valine (V), phenylalanine (F), tyrosine (Y), or tryptophan (W); and amino acids having an aromatic side chain comprising phenylalanine (F), histidine (H), tryptophan (W), or tyrosine (Y).

IL-2Rγc ligands of SEQ ID NO: 949 to SEQ ID NO: 1027 exhibit a binding affinity (IC₅₀) to the IL-2Rγc subunit of less than 100 μM.

An IL-2Rγc ligand can comprise, for example, from 5 to 50 amino acids, from 5 to 40 amino acids, from 5 to 30 amino acids, from 5 to 30 amino acids, from 6 to 25 amino acids, or from 7 to 20 amino acids.

An IL-2Rγc ligand can exhibit a binding affinity (IC₅₀) to the human IL-2Rγc subunit, to a mammalian IL-2Rγc subunit, or to both the human IL-2Rγc subunit and a mammalian IL-2Rγc subunit from 1 pM to 100 μM, from 10 pM to 10 μM, from 100 pM to 1 μM, from, 0.001 μM to 1 μM, or from 0.01 μM to 1 μM.

An IL-2Rγc ligand provided by the present disclosure can exhibit, for example, a binding affinity (IC₅₀) to the human IL-2Rγc subunit from 0.1 M to 50 M.

An IL-2Rγc ligand can exhibit a binding affinity (IC₅₀) to the human IL-2Rγc subunit, to a mammalian IL-2Rγc subunit, or to both the human IL-2Rγc subunit and a mammalian IL-2Rγc subunit of less than 100 μM, less than 10 μM, less than 1 μM, less than 0.1 μM, or less than 0.01 μM.

An IL-2Rγc ligand can exhibit a binding affinity (IC₅₀) to each of the human IL-2Rγc subunit and to the human IL-2Rγc subunit of less than 100 μM, less than 10 μM, less than 1 μM, less than 0.1 μM, or less than 0.01 μM.

An IL-2Rγc ligand can exhibit a binding affinity (IC₅₀) to each of the human IL-2Rγc subunit and to the human IL-2Rγc subunit from 1 pM to 100 μM, from 10 pM to 10 μM, from 100 pM to 1 μM, from, 0.001 μM to 1 μM, or from 0.01 μM to 1 μM.

An IL-2Rγc ligand provided by the present disclosure can exhibit a binding affinity (IC₅₀) to the human IL-2Rα (CD25) subunit of greater than 100 M, greater than 1 mM, greater than 10 mM, or greater than 100 mM.

An IL-2Rγc ligand can exhibit a binding affinity (IC₅₀) to the human IL-2Rγc subunit that is at least 10 times greater, at least 50 times greater, at least 100 time greater, at least 500 times greater, or at least 1,000 times greater than the binding affinity (IC₅₀) of the IL-2Rγc ligand to the human IL-2Rα subunit.

Amino acid sequences having SEQ ID NO: 268 to SEQ ID NO: 376 are excluded from the scope of the amino acid sequences according to the present invention. In a genus or sub-genus of amino acid sequences that otherwise encompasses any one of SEQ ID NO: 268 to SEQ ID NO: 376, the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 268 to SEQ ID NO: 376 are not included within the scope of the genus or sub-genus.

SEQ ID NO: 268 I S A G R W G D V G D L I P SEQ ID NO: 269 G V Q S R W G D V G D L I P W SEQ ID NO: 270 F P V P R W G D W G D L I E L SEQ ID NO: 271 R W G D V G D L I G SEQ ID NO: 272 R W G D V G D L I W SEQ ID NO: 273 R W G D V G D L I G SEQ ID NO: 274 R W G D V G D L I V SEQ ID NO: 275 R W G D V G D L V S SEQ ID NO: 276 R W G D V G D L V M SEQ ID NO: 277 R W G D V G D M V E SEQ ID NO: 278 R Y G E V G D L L P SEQ ID NO: 279 R W G D W G D L L P SEQ ID NO: 280 R W G D W G D L I P SEQ ID NO: 281 R W G D W G D L V A SEQ ID NO: 282 R W G D W G D L V E SEQ ID NO: 283 R W G D W G D L V W SEQ ID NO: 284 R W G D W G D L V G SEQ ID NO: 285 R W G D V G D L V P SEQ ID NO: 286 R W G D W G D M V V SEQ ID NO: 287 W S G P G I L G E Y M SEQ ID NO: 288 W D G P G L G E F F SEQ ID NO: 289 W S G P G I L G E F M SEQ ID NO: 290 W Y G P G I L G E Y M SEQ ID NO: 291 W E G P G L G E Y M SEQ ID NO: 292 W E G P G I L G E Y SEQ ID NO: 293 I D C G V A T V G E L C SEQ ID NO: 294 I S C S E A G L G E L C SEQ ID NO: 295 I D C S Q A M L G E L C SEQ ID NO: 296 I D C S E A W L G E L C SEQ ID NO: 297 I D C S E A A L G T L C SEQ ID NO: 298 L D C S I A A L G E L C SEQ ID NO: 299 L D C S E A I L G Q L C SEQ ID NO: 300 L D C G E A I L G E L C SEQ ID NO: 301 L D C R D A V L G E L C SEQ ID NO: 302 M D C S E R A L G E L C SEQ ID NO: 303 M D C S Q A G L G E L C SEQ ID NO: 304 M D C R E A A L G E L C SEQ ID NO: 305 M D C W E A A L G E L C SEQ ID NO: 306 M D C S E A L L G E L C SEQ ID NO: 307 M D C Y D A R L G D L C SEQ ID NO: 308 M D S S Q A A L G E L C SEQ ID NO: 309 V D C S E A V L G Q L C SEQ ID NO: 310 L D C S R A S L G E L C SEQ ID NO: 311 M D C S Q A G L G E L C SEQ ID NO: 312 I D C S E A G L G E L C SEQ ID NO: 313 I D C S E A A L G E L C SEQ ID NO: 314 I N C S E A V I G Q L C SEQ ID NO: 315 I D C S N A V V G Q L C SEQ ID NO: 316 I D C S A A G L G E L C SEQ ID NO: 317 L D C S N A G W G D L C SEQ ID NO: 318 L D C S E A V L G E L C SEQ ID NO: 319 L D C H L A V L G E L C SEQ ID NO: 320 L D C S V A V L G E L C SEQ ID NO: 321 L D C S E A W L G H L C SEQ ID NO: 322 M D C S Q A A L G D L C SEQ ID NO: 323 M D C S W A W L G D L C SEQ ID NO: 324 M D C S D A V L G D L C SEQ ID NO: 325 M D C H E A A L G H L C SEQ ID NO: 326 M D C S Q A V L G E L C SEQ ID NO: 327 M D C S I R A L G E L C SEQ ID NO: 328 T E C S E A G L W E L C SEQ ID NO: 329 T E C S E A G L W E L C SEQ ID NO: 330 M D C R W A A L G E L C SEQ ID NO: 331 M D C S K A A L G E L C SEQ ID NO: 332 M D C S E A V L G E L C SEQ ID NO: 333 M D C S I R A L G E L C SEQ ID NO: 334 V D C S E A V L G Q L C SEQ ID NO: 335 M D C S E R A L G E L C SEQ ID NO: 336 I D C G V A T V G E L C SEQ ID NO: 337 I D C S E A A L G E L C SEQ ID NO: 338 I N C S E A V I G D L C SEQ ID NO: 339 I D C S Q A M L G E L C SEQ ID NO: 340 I D C S E A V L G E L C SEQ ID NO: 341 I D C S A A G L G E L C SEQ ID NO: 342 I D C S E A A L G T L C SEQ ID NO: 343 L D C S N A G V G D L C SEQ ID NO: 344 L D C S I A A L G E L C SEQ ID NO: 345 L D C S E A I L G Q L C SEQ ID NO: 346 L D C H L A V L G E L C SEQ ID NO: 347 L D C S V A V L G E L C SEQ ID NO: 348 L D C R D A V L G E L C  SEQ ID NO: 349 M D C S E R A L G E L C SEQ ID NO: 350 M D C S Q A A L G D L C SEQ ID NO: 351 M D C S V A V L G D L C SEQ ID NO: 352 M D C R E A A L G E L C SEQ ID NO: 353 M D C W E A A L G E L C SEQ ID NO: 354 M D C H E A A L G H L C SEQ ID NO: 355 M D C S Q A V L G E L C SEQ ID NO: 356 M D C Y D A R L G D L C SEQ ID NO: 357 M D S S Q A A L G E L C SEQ ID NO: 358 T E C S E A G L W E L C SEQ ID NO: 359 M D C S E A V L G E L C SEQ ID NO: 360 I S C S E A G L G E L C SEQ ID NO: 361 M D C S Q A A L G D L C SEQ ID NO: 362 M D C S Q A G L G E L C SEQ ID NO: 363 I S C S E A G L G E L C SEQ ID NO: 364 I D C S N A V V G Q L C SEQ ID NO: 365 L D C S E A V L G E L C SEQ ID NO: 366 L D C G E A I L G E L C SEQ ID NO: 367 L D C S E A V L G H L C SEQ ID NO: 368 M D C S Q A G L C E L C SEQ ID NO: 369 M D C S D A V L G D L C SEQ ID NO: 370 M D C S E A L L G E L C SEQ ID NO: 371 H C L D M G C T F P V W SEQ ID NO: 372 A R S D Y G L G A I W P SEQ ID NO: 373 R A C R V M P C L P D L SEQ ID NO: 374 S G C G R E L G W C SEQ ID NO: 375 T Q E V Y Y S L L SEQ ID NO: 376 G T Q E A C F G L L

Solid tumors exhibit metabolic differences from normal tissues. The greater reliance of solid tumors on glycolytic metabolism, produces a more acidic tumor microenvironment. For example, the solid tumor microenvironment can have a pH that is from 1 pH to 2 pH less than that of most normal tissues. This pH differential can be exploited to enhance the activity of therapeutic agents in solid tumors relative to activity in normal peripheral tissue.

Using suitable pH-selective screening methods, peptides can be identified that have a greater binding affinity to IL-2 at lower pH and a weaker binding affinity at a neutral pH. IL-2 agonists and antagonists can be constructed based on the identified pH-selective peptides. These pH-selective agonists and antagonists can exhibit an enhanced therapeutic index reflecting increased cytoxicity targeting solid tumors and with reduced toxicity to normal tissue.

Acidic-biased affinity selection has been used to identify receptor ligands having increased affinity at pH<6.5 commensurate with a solid tumor microenvironment and having decreased affinity at neutral pH>7.0 commensurate with that of normal tissue. These peptide ligands can serve as components to construct pH-targeted and pH-selective antagonists and agonists.

An IL-2Rβ ligand provided by the present disclosure can comprise a pH-selective IL-2Rβ ligand.

A pH-selective IL-2Rβ ligand can comprise the amino acid sequence of Formula (1) (SEQ ID NO: 1), the amino acid sequence of Formula (1a) (SEQ ID NO: 2), or the amino acid sequence of Formula (1b) (SEQ ID NO: 3):

-X³-X⁴-X⁵-X⁶-X⁷-X⁸-X⁹-X¹⁰-  (1)

-X²-C-X³-X⁴-X⁵-X⁶-X⁷-X⁸-X⁹-X¹⁰-C-X¹¹-  (1a)

-X¹-X²-C-X³-X⁴-X⁵-X⁶-X⁷-X⁸-X⁹-X¹⁰-C-X¹¹-X¹²-  (1b)

wherein, X¹ can be selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain; X² can be selected from an amino acid; X³ can be selected from an amino acid; X⁴ can be selected from an amino acid; X⁵ can be selected from an amino acid; X⁶ can be selected from an amino acid; X⁷ can be selected from an amino acid; X⁸ can be selected from an amino acid comprising a polar-neutral or an acidic side chain; X⁹ can be selected from an amino acid comprising a polar-neutral or an acidic side chain; X¹⁰ can be selected from an amino acid; X¹¹ can be selected from an amino acid; and X¹² can be selected from an amino acid.

In pH-selective IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (1)-(1b), X¹ can be selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain; X² can be selected from an amino acid comprising an acidic side chain; X³ can be selected from an amino acid; X⁴ can be selected from an amino acid; X⁵ can be selected from an amino acid comprising small hydrophobic side chain; X⁶ can be selected from an amino acid comprising a polar-neutral or an acidic side chain; X⁷ can be selected from an amino acid comprising a polar-neutral or a large hydrophobic side chain; X⁸ can be selected from an amino acid comprising a small hydrophobic side chain; X⁹ can be selected from an amino acid comprising a polar-neutral or an acidic side chain; X¹⁰ can be selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain; X¹ can be selected from an amino acid comprising an acidic side chain; and X¹² can be selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain.

In pH-selective IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (1)-(1b), X¹ can be selected from I, L, M, V, F, W, and Y; X² can be selected from D and E; X³ can be selected from an amino acid; X⁴ can be selected from an amino acid; X⁵ can be selected from A, G, P, S, and T; X⁶ can be selected from H, N, Q, S, T, Y, D, and E; X⁷ can be selected from H, N, Q, S, T, Y, I, L, M, V, F, W, and Y; X⁸ can be selected from A, G, P, S, and T; X⁹ can be selected from H, N, Q, S, T, Y, D, and E; X¹⁰ can be selected from I, L, M, V, F, W, and Y; X¹¹ can be selected from D and E; and X¹² can be selected from I, L, M, V, F, W, and Y.

In pH-selective IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (1)-(1b), X¹ can be selected from I, L, M, V, F, W, and Y; X² can be selected from D and E; X³ can be selected from an amino acid; X⁴ can be selected from an amino acid; X⁵ can be A; X⁶ can be selected from H, N, Q, S, T, Y, D, and E; X⁷ can be selected from H, N, Q, S, T, Y, I, L, M, V, F, W, and Y; X⁸ can be G; X⁹ can be selected from H, N, Q, S, T, Y, D, and E; X¹⁰ can be selected from I, L, M, V, F, W, and Y; X¹¹ can be selected from D and E; and X¹² can be selected from I, L, M, V, F, W, and Y.

In pH-selective IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (1)-(1b), X¹ can be selected from L, I, F and V.

In pH-selective IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (1)-(1b), X² can be selected from D and E.

In pH-selective IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (1)-(1b), X⁶ can be selected from Q, E, and D;

In pH-selective IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (1)-(1b), X⁷ can be selected from V, L, and I.

In pH-selective IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (1)-(1b), X⁹ can be selected from E, D, and Q.

In pH-selective IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (1)-(1b), X¹⁰ can be selected from L, V, I, and Y.

In pH-selective IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (1)-(1b), X¹¹ can be selected from D and E.

In pH-selective IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (1)-(1b), X¹² can be selected from L, I, and F.

In pH-selective IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (1)-(1b), X¹ can be selected from L, I, F, and V; X² can be selected from D and E; X⁶ can be selected from Q, E, and D; X⁷ can be selected from V, L, and I; X⁹ can be selected from E, D, and Q; X¹⁰ can be selected from L, V, I, and Y; X¹¹ can be selected from D and E; and X¹² can be selected from L, I, and F.

In pH-selective IL-2Rβ ligands of Formula (1)-(1b), X¹ can be selected from F, I, M, and Y; X² can be selected from E, D, and R; X³ can be selected from and amino acid; X⁴ can be selected from an amino acid; X⁵ can be A; X⁶ can be selected from A, P, and Q; X⁷ can be selected from I and V; X⁸ can be G; X⁹ can be selected from E and Q; X¹⁰ can be selected from I, L, and V; X¹¹ can be selected from E, D, and Q; and X¹² can be selected from I and L.

A pH-selective IL-2Rβ ligand can comprise an amino acid sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NO: 400 to SEQ ID NO: 577:

SEQ ID NO: 400 D H K T W S A D C R I A Q V G E L C Q L SEQ ID NO: 401 R R I A Q C S K A Q V G E L C E L SEQ ID NO: 402 G V K D G W E D C G I A Q V G E L C V L SEQ ID NO: 403 E D C W M A Q V G Q L C D L  SEQ ID NO: 404 R T L E H V E P C R I A G L G E L C D L SEQ ID NO: 405 E Y C Q M A Q L G D L C D L SEQ ID NO: 406 H G T F A C S L A Q V G D L C E L F G N SEQ ID NO: 407 F D C R F A Q L G G L C D L SEQ ID NO: 408 A K F F D C S F A P V G Y L C D L I V I SEQ ID NO: 409 F E C R I A K V G E L C D L SEQ ID NO: 410 F E C R T A P V G E L C D L W P W E L D SEQ ID NO: 411 F E C W I A Q V G E L C D L SEQ ID NO: 412 F E C W R A Q V G E L C D L SEQ ID NO: 413 G D C R F A H L G D L C D L S G T S G A SEQ ID NO: 414 F V V N E L G D C R F A Q L G E L C D L SEQ ID NO: 415 G D C R I A E V G E L C D L SEQ ID NO: 416 H D C W F A K L G E L C D L R Q M S F V SEQ ID NO: 417 H D C Y S A H V G E L C D L N E P D G K SEQ ID NO: 418 H E C R F A Q V G E L C D L SEQ ID NO: 419 H Q C R F A H V G E L C D L F V F E S Y SEQ ID NO: 420 I D C R F A R L G Y L C D L Q T N E H M SEQ ID NO: 421 K A C S I A Q V G D L C E I Y G F D D A SEQ ID NO: 422 R Q S R M W K A C S L A H L G E L C D L SEQ ID NO: 423 K D C R L A Y V G E L C D L N R S D T I SEQ ID NO: 424 A T F K D C R S S D V G E L C D M T N M SEQ ID NO: 425 K D C R T A L I G D L C D L T L H L G G SEQ ID NO: 426 K D C S I A Q V G E L C E F S R S G R T SEQ ID NO: 427 Q D G A K L K E C R V A Q V G E L C E F SEQ ID NO: 428 Q V L K N C R L A H I G E L C Y L S E R SEQ ID NO: 429 R T M K Q C S I A Q V G E L C D L A V T SEQ ID NO: 430 K S C A R A Q V G E L C Y I E G A E D A SEQ ID NO: 431 M N Q K Y C K L A Q V G E L C D L S M D SEQ ID NO: 432 L A C R A A Q V G Q L C D L SEQ ID NO: 433 L A C R M A Q V G E L C D L SEQ ID NO: 434 L A C W M A H V G Q L C E L E A H K V V SEQ ID NO: 435 L D C R F A L L G Q L C D L F F G Q R P SEQ ID NO: 436 L D C R I A P L G E L C D M F I S A F N SEQ ID NO: 437 L D C R M A Q V G D L C D L  SEQ ID NO: 438 S D V L D C R V A Q V G S L C E L Y E SEQ ID NO: 439 L D C S K A D V G E L C D P W W S R L K  SEQ ID NO: 440 A W N P L V L D C S T S Q V G D L C E L SEQ ID NO: 441 F S G P D W L E C R F A Q L G Q M C D L SEQ ID NO: 442 L E C R L A H L G E L C D L SEQ ID NO: 443 L E C R L A R L G D L C Y L SEQ ID NO: 444 L I M L E C R M A K L G E Y C Y F D A E SEQ ID NO: 445 L E C R M A L V G D L C D L SEQ ID NO: 446 L E C R S A Q M G D L C D L SEQ ID NO: 447 L K C R M A R L G D L C D L D I G R N M SEQ ID NO: 448 L L C R M A H L G E L C D L SEQ ID NO: 449 L L C R N A Q V G Q I C D L M P F M L S SEQ ID NO: 450 L L C S M A H V G E L C Y L L Q G T Q E SEQ ID NO: 451 K E F L N C R I A Q V G E L C E M H Y E SEQ ID NO: 452 A K S K G E L N C R Y A H V G E L C E L SEQ ID NO: 453 L Q C R L A Q L G E L C V F SEQ ID NO: 454 L R C R M A Q V G D L C D L D R A W D W SEQ ID NO: 455 L S C R M A L V G Q L C E L SEQ ID NO: 456 L S C S I A Q V G E L C D L SEQ ID NO: 457 L S C W V A H L G D L C D L E R D V K E SEQ ID NO: 458 N D C R F A H L G E L C D L D L E R A R SEQ ID NO: 459 A S G N D C R M A Q V G Q L C D L E W M SEQ ID NO: 460 S W V N N C R M A Q V G E L C D L P N W SEQ ID NO: 461 T Y A K L V N Y C W T A Q L G E L C Y L SEQ ID NO: 462 P D C S V A V L G E L C D L  SEQ ID NO: 463 G L N P M I P G C Q M A Q V G E L C E L SEQ ID NO: 464 P Q C R T A L L G E L C E L SEQ ID NO: 465 P Q C R T A Q V G E L C D L SEQ ID NO: 466 K A G Q A C R I A H V G E L C D L N E T SEQ ID NO: 467 Q A C R M A Q V G E L C D F Y G T P E S SEQ ID NO: 468 L E F M W I Q D C G M A E V G E L C E L SEQ ID NO: 469 Q D C K F A Q L W D L C D L SEQ ID NO: 470 D E M Q D C Q I A Q V G E L C D L G L E SEQ ID NO: 471 E Y F S H D Q D C Q T A Q L G E L C K M SEQ ID NO: 472 Q D C R F A Q L G D L C D L SEQ ID NO: 473 Q D C R F A H L G E L C D L T E G Q W W SEQ ID NO: 474 Q D C R F A H V G D I C D L SEQ ID NO: 475 G I P Q D C R I A L V G E L C D L D I A SEQ ID NO: 476 Q D C R K A N V G E L C Y L D W D S P T SEQ ID NO: 477 Q D C R L A H L G D L C D L W S P R Q N SEQ ID NO: 478 R V F Q D C R L A L V G E L C E L V G P SEQ ID NO: 479 S R S I R V Q D C R L A R V G D L C E L SEQ ID NO: 480 Q D C R M A H L G E L C T L  SEQ ID NO: 481 Q D C R M A Q V G H L C D L  SEQ ID NO: 482 Q D C R M A Q V G E L C E L R G G D S S SEQ ID NO: 483 S Y L Q D C R M A Q V G Q L C D L N D S SEQ ID NO: 484 N Q F Q D C R R A L V G Q L C D M Y S K SEQ ID NO: 485 A V K R F R Q D C R T A P V G T L C D L SEQ ID NO: 486 Q D C R T A P V G D L C D I M G E D V L SEQ ID NO: 487 W T W Q D C S L A Q V G D L C D I G K K SEQ ID NO: 488 Q D C W M A Q L G E L C D L F S D H K V SEQ ID NO: 489 P G V Q D C X I A H X G E L C E F V W N SEQ ID NO: 490 S W G E L L Q E C R F A H L G E L C S L SEQ ID NO: 491 W G R Q E C R F A N V G D L C D V S N Y SEQ ID NO: 492 A V N Q E C R F A R L G E L C V L K N I SEQ ID NO: 493 N Q V Q E C R I A Q L G D L C E M Y Q S SEQ ID NO: 494 V L E V L R Q E C R M A Q V G E L C D L SEQ ID NO: 495 S V W Q E C S M A Q V G D L C E L H I G SEQ ID NO: 496 K I R R D S Q G C E I A Q V G E L C E L SEQ ID NO: 497 Q G C W M A Q L G E L C D L S V Q E Y L SEQ ID NO: 498 Q I C Q T A L V G E L C D L I A D V V T SEQ ID NO: 499 W P M S Q F Q K C A T A Q V G E L C E L SEQ ID NO: 500 F I A Q K C R L A K V G E L C D L G Y S SEQ ID NO: 501 N L R Q N C R D A P V G E L C D L E W I SEQ ID NO: 502 Q N C R F A Q L G Q L C D L SEQ ID NO: 503 Q N C S T A K V G E L C D L L M E G T E SEQ ID NO: 504 Q P C R M A H L F E L C D L SEQ ID NO: 505 Q P C R N A H L G Q L C D L Q T W T N S SEQ ID NO: 506 G Y E P I M R A C R N A Q V G D L C D L SEQ ID NO: 507 V T G W T Y R D C R I A N V G D L C E L SEQ ID NO: 508 Y Q K G Y S R E C S T A Q L G E L C D L SEQ ID NO: 509 G A K G R L R E C Y M A Q V G E L C D L SEQ ID NO: 510 R G C E T A Q V G E L C D E D M W H D R SEQ ID NO: 511 S D C R I A R V G E L C D L L S D E G K SEQ ID NO: 512 S D C R L A Q V G Q L C D R R R F R G V SEQ ID NO: 513 L Y V V R N S D C R M A N V G E L C D L SEQ ID NO: 514 E K S S D C R N A Q V G E L C D L SEQ ID NO: 515 S D C S V A N V G D L C N L SEQ ID NO: 516 N R L S F S S E C R L A Q V G E L C D L SEQ ID NO: 517 S G C R F A H L G E L C D L SEQ ID NO: 518 T D C R M A Q V G E L C Y L SEQ ID NO: 519 T N C R L A H V G D L C D L SEQ ID NO: 520 W Q R G Q G T Q C R F A L V G E L C D L SEQ ID NO: 521 L K K Y R H V A C R M A V V G E L C D L SEQ ID NO: 522 P M G M D P V A C R T A Q V G Q L C D L SEQ ID NO: 523 V D C R Q A Q V G D L C E L S D E E I S SEQ ID NO: 524 V D C W I A Q L G E L C E L E D G R R Q SEQ ID NO: 525 M W I G H A V E C R F A H V G D L C D L SEQ ID NO: 526 V L C R I A Q V G Q L C E L  SEQ ID NO: 527 V M C R T A Q V G E L C D I SEQ ID NO: 528 V N C R Q A Q V G D L C D F E G I M S D SEQ ID NO: 529 V N C S I A K L G E L C Y V SEQ ID NO: 530 W E C R W A Q V G D L C D L SEQ ID NO: 531 W Q C R W A Q V G E L C D L S S E N D N SEQ ID NO: 532 W Y C W M A Q I G E L C D L SEQ ID NO: 533 Y Q C S I A R L G E L C D L  SEQ ID NO: 534 Y A C R F A H V G D L C D L SEQ ID NO: 535 E Q T R S G Y A C R T A Q V G E L C D L SEQ ID NO: 536 Y D C Q K A Q L G E L C D L R Y S V R D SEQ ID NO: 537 Y D C E M A Q V G E L C D L  SEQ ID NO: 538 D S Q Y K Y Y D C G R A Q L G E L C E L SEQ ID NO: 539 Y D C R F A H L G D L C D L SEQ ID NO: 540 Y D C R F A H L G D L C D L SEQ ID NO: 541 Y D C R F A H L G D L C D L SEQ ID NO: 542 Y D C R F A Q V G Q L C D I SEQ ID NO: 543 Y D C R I A Q V G Q L C D L SEQ ID NO: 544 Y D C R I A Q V G E L C D L SEQ ID NO: 545 Y D C R I A Q V G D L C D L I S N S N R SEQ ID NO: 546 M N D Y D C R I A R M G E L C D L L L D SEQ ID NO: 547 Y D C R L A R L G D L C D L R V L G V E SEQ ID NO: 548 Y D C R M A K V G D L C D L W S V W G R SEQ ID NO: 549 I S Q H R N Y D C R M A Q L G E L C D L SEQ ID NO: 550 Y D C R S A P V G E L C D L V P K D W A SEQ ID NO: 551 T W A Y D C R T A E V G E L C D L P V Q SEQ ID NO: 552 T I I Y D C R T A Q L G E L C E I N Y D  SEQ ID NO: 553 Y D C R V A H V G E L C D L P F V G R A SEQ ID NO: 554 L S V Y D C S K A R L G E L C D L V L E SEQ ID NO: 555 D G Y D Y W Y D C T M A Y V G E L C D F SEQ ID NO: 556 T G K Y D C W K A M V G E L C D L R V M SEQ ID NO: 557 M K Y Y E C R F A P L G E L C E L G V I SEQ ID NO: 558 Y E C R I A Q V G E L C D L SEQ ID NO: 559 N H W Y E C R I A Q V G E V C D L SEQ ID NO: 560 Y E C R L A H V G D L C D L SEQ ID NO: 561 Y E C R M A N V G E L C D I SEQ ID NO: 562 Y E C R N A Q V G D L C D L G S Y V G N SEQ ID NO: 563 V E E Y F C R I A H L G E L C D L G L K SEQ ID NO: 564 T S S Y F C R M A E L F H L C D L E E S  SEQ ID NO: 565 K G G Y G C R F A R L G E L C D L D S T SEQ ID NO: 566 Y L C Q V A G V G E L C D L E E S G R N SEQ ID NO: 567 F E E Y N C R F A R L G E L C D M G S Q SEQ ID NO: 568 G R F Y P C N M A Q V G E L C E L M E Y SEQ ID NO: 569 Y P C R M A D V G E L C D L SEQ ID NO: 570 L L S Y P C R M A Q V G E L C D I A M K SEQ ID NO: 571 Y Q C R F A L V G Q L C D L SEQ ID NO: 572 Y Q C R L A H L G E L C D L SEQ ID NO: 573 Y Q C R M A Q V G E L C D L SEQ ID NO: 574 G I D E D W Y S C W I A E V G E L C D L SEQ ID NO: 575 Y W C R M A P V G E L C D L P G T V L SEQ ID NO: 576 Y W C S V A K V G E L C D L SEQ ID NO: 577 H G L Y Y C R T A H L G E L C D L Q S I

pH-selective IL-2Rβ ligands that exhibit a greater than 15% decrease in binding to the IL-2Rβ receptor at pH 7.5 compared to pH 6.0 include SEQ ID NOS: 400, 402-405, 407, 409, 410, 411, 413, 415, 416, 418, 419, 420, 421, 423, 425-432, 436, 438-440, 442-446, 448, 450, 452, 453-456, 459-461, 463-468, 470, 471, 473-477, 479, 481-486, 489, 491, 493-496, 498-507, 510-519, 521-524, 526-531, 534-537, 543, 545-548, 550, 551, 558-564, 566, 568-573, and 575, where the pH-selective binding is determined as described in Examples 9-12.

pH-selective IL-2Rβ ligands that exhibit a greater than 50% decrease in binding to the IL-2Rβ receptor at pH 7.5 compared to pH 6.0 include SEQ ID NOS: 400, 404-405, 407, 409, 410, 413, 415, 420, 426, 431, 432, 438-440, 442, 444-446, 450, 452, 453, 455, 459, 464-467, 473-475, 479, 480, 482-484, 486, 489, 493, 496, 498, 502, 504, 510-514, 516-519, 521-523, 527-530, 537, 543, 545-547, 550, 558-564, 571-573, and 575, where the pH-selective binding is determined as described in Examples 9-12.

A pH-selective pH-selective IL-2Rβ ligand can exhibit a greater than 99% decrease in binding to the IL-2Rβ receptor at pH 7.5 compared to pH 6.0, a greater than 90%, a greater than 80%, a greater than 70%, a greater than 60%, a greater than 50%, a greater than 40%, a greater than 30%, a greater than 20%, or a greater than 10% decrease in binding to the IL-2Rβ receptor at pH 7.5 compared to pH 6.0, where the pH-selective binding is determined as described in Examples 9-12.

A pH-selective pH-selective IL-2Rβ ligand can comprise from 5 to 30 amino acids.

A pH-selective pH-selective IL-2Rβ ligand can exhibit a binding affinity to the human IL-2Rβ subunit at pH 6.0 from 1 pM to 100 μM.

A pH-selective pH-selective IL-2Rβ ligand can exhibit a binding affinity to the human IL-2Rβ subunit at pH 6.0 from 0.1 M to 50 M.

A pH-selective pH-selective IL-2Rβ ligand can exhibit a binding affinity to the human IL-2Rβ subunit at pH 6.0 of less than 100 μM.

A pH-selective pH-selective IL-2Rβ ligand can exhibit a binding affinity to a mammalian IL-2Rβ subunit at pH 6.0 of less than 100 μM.

A pH-selective pH-selective IL-2Rβ ligand can exhibit a binding affinity to each of the human IL-2Rβ subunit and to the human IL-2Rγc subunit of less than 100 μM.

A pH-selective pH-selective IL-2Rβ ligand can exhibit a binding affinity to the human IL-2Rα (CD25) subunit of greater than 100 μM.

A pH-selective pH-selective IL-2Rβ ligand can exhibit a binding affinity to the human IL-2Rβ subunit that is at least 10 times greater than the binding affinity of the IL-2Rβ ligand to the human IL-2Rα subunit.

Using suitable pH-selective screening methods, peptides can be identified that have a greater binding affinity to IL-2 at lower pH and a weaker binding affinity at a neutral pH. IL-2 agonists and antagonists can be constructed based on the identified pH-selective peptides. These pH-selective agonists and antagonists can exhibit an enhanced therapeutic index reflecting increased cytotoxicity targeting solid tumors and with reduced toxicity to normal tissue.

Acidic-biased affinity selection has been used to identify receptor ligands having increased affinity at pH<6.5 commensurate with a solid tumor microenvironment and having decreased affinity at neutral pH>7.0 commensurate with that of normal tissue. These peptide ligands can serve as components to construct pH-targeted and pH-selective antagonists and agonists.

Certain IL-2Rβ ligands provided by the present disclosure exhibit a binding affinity to the IL-2Rβ subunit of less than 10 μM, and a binding affinity (IC₅₀) to the IL-2Rγc subunit of greater than 100 μM.

Certain families of IL-2Rβ ligands bind to the IL-2Rβ subunit competitively with certain other families of IL-2Rβ ligands and non-competitively with other families of IL-2Rβ ligands and also non-competitively with IL-2, and withnd no detectable binding to the the IL-2Rγc subunit.

A specific binding site of the IL-2Rβ subunit can be defined as a binding site in which certain IL-2Rβ ligands of the group of IL-2Rβ ligands having amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOS: 1-163, 164-182, 578-808, and 1028-1043, competitively bind to the binding site with each of the other IL-2Rβ ligands within the group of IL-2Rβ ligands; an IL-2Rβ ligand having amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1044 does not compete for binding to the binding site with the group of IL-2Rβ ligands; and IL-2 does not compete for binding to the binding site with the group of IL-2Rβ ligands.

Certain IL-2Rβ ligands of the group of IL-2Rβ ligands (SEQ ID NOS: 1-163, 164-182, 578-808, and 1028-1043) have a binding affinity (IC₅₀) to the IL-2Rβ subunit of less than 100 μM and a binding affinity (IC₅₀) to the IL-2Rγc no detectable binding.

An IL-2Rγc ligand having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 224 does not compete for binding to the binding site with the group of IL-2Rβ ligands.

The group of IL-2Rβ ligands (SEQ ID NOS: 1-163, 164-182, 578-808, and 1028-1043) can comprise the group of IL-2Rβ ligands having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOS: 58, 83, 142, 169, 170, 1033, and 663.

This IL-2R binding site for IL-2Rβ ligands can be characterized using competitive binding assays as described, for example, in Example 20.

Certain IL-2Rγc ligands provided by the present disclosure exhibit a binding affinity to the IL-2Rγc subunit of less than 100 μM, and a binding affinity (IC₅₀) to the IL-2Rβ subunit of greater than 100 μM.

Certain families of IL-2Rγc ligands bind to the IL-2Rγc subunit competitively with certain other families of IL-2Rγc ligands and non-competitively with other families of IL-2Rγc ligands.

A specific binding site of the IL-2Rγc subunit can be defined as a binding site in which the group of IL-2Rγc ligands having amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOS: 194-210, 904-913, 211-233, 914-920, 234-245, 246-254, 921-922, 265-267, and 932-940, competitively bind to the binding site with each of the other IL-2Rγc ligands within the group of IL-2Rγc ligands; an IL-2Rγc ligand having amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 948 does not compete for binding to the binding site with the group of IL-2Rγc ligands.

Certain IL-2Rγc ligands of the group of IL-2Rγc ligands (SEQ ID NOS: 194-210, 904-913, 211-233, 914-920, 234-245, 246-254, 921-922, 265-267, and 932-940) have a binding affinity (IC₅₀) to the IL-2Rγc subunit of less than 100 M and a binding affinity (IC₅₀) to the IL-2Rβ subunit of greater than 100 μM.

An IL-2Rβ ligand having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 58 does not compete for binding to the binding site with the group of IL-2Rγc ligands.

The group of IL-2Rγc ligands can comprise the group of IL-2Rγc ligands having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOS: 198, 202, 224, 236, 248, and 266.

This IL-2R binding site for these IL-2Rγc ligands can be characterized using competitive binding assays as described, for example, in Example 20.

Compounds provided by the present disclosure comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOS: 1-163, 164-182, 578-80 or 1028-1043 can bind to the specific binding site of the IL-2Rβ subunit; and Compounds provided by the present disclosure comprising an IL-2Rγc ligand having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 194-210, 904-913, 211-233, 914-920, 234-245, 246-254, 921-922, 265-267, or 932-940, can bind to the specific binding site of the IL-2Rγc subunit.

Methods of treating a disease in a patient provided by the present disclosure can comprise administering to a patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOS: 1-163, 164-182, 578-80 or 1028-1043 and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOS: 194-210, 904-913, 211-233, 914-920, 234-245, 246-254, 921-922, 265-267, or 932-940.

Methods of treating a disease in a patient provided by the present disclosure can comprise administering to a patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound that binds to the specific binding site of the IL-2Rβ and/or the specific binding site of the IL-2Rγc subunit.

Methods provided by the present disclosure include methods of modulating the activity of IL-2R by providing a ligand or compound that interacts with the specific binding site of the IL-2Rβ and/or the specific binding site of the IL-2Rγc subunit.

Methods of diagnosing a disease in a patient provided by the present disclosure comprise administering to a patient an effective amount of a ligand or a compound that binds to the specific binding site of the IL-2Rβ and/or the specific binding site of the IL-2Rγc subunit.

Peptides provided by the present disclosure can be synthesized by methods known in the art, for example, by using standard solid phase techniques. The standard methods include exclusive solid phase synthesis, partial solid phase synthesis methods, fragment condensation, classical solution synthesis, and even by recombinant DNA technology. On solid phase, the synthesis can commence from the C-terminal end of the peptide using an α-amino protected resin. A suitable starting material can be prepared, for example, by attaching the required α-amino acid to a chloromethylated resin, a hydroxymethyl resin, or a benzhydrylamine resin. Peptides provided by the present disclosure can be prepared by coupling an α-amino-protected amino acid to the chloromethylated resin with the aid of, for example, a cesium bicarbonate catalyst. After the initial coupling, the α-amino protecting group can be removed by a choice of reagents including trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) or hydrochloric acid (HCl) solutions in organic solvents at room temperature.

The α-amino protecting groups are those known to be useful in the art of stepwise synthesis of peptides. Included are acyl type protecting groups such as formyl, trifluoroacetyl, and acetyl, aromatic urethane type protecting groups such as benzyloxycarboyl (Cbz) and substituted Cbz, aliphatic urethane protecting groups such as tert-butyloxycarbonyl (Boc), isopropyloxycarbonyl, and cyclohexyloxycarbonyl and alkyl type protecting groups such as benzyl and triphenylmethyl. Boc and Fmoc are preferred protecting groups. The side chain protecting group remains intact during coupling and is not split off during the deprotection of the amino-terminus protecting group or during coupling. The side chain protecting group must be removable upon the completion of the synthesis of the final peptide and under reaction conditions that will not alter the target peptide.

Suitable side chain protecting groups for Tyr include tetrahydropyranyl, tert-butyl, trityl, benzyl, Cbz, Z—Br—Cbz, and 2,5-dichlorobenzyl. Suitable side chain protecting groups for Asp include benzyl, 2,6-dichlorobenzyl, methyl, ethyl, and cyclohexyl. Suitable side chain protecting groups for Thr and Ser include acetyl, benzoyl, trityl, tetrahydropyranyl, benzyl, 2,6-dichlorobenzyl, and Cbz. The side chain protecting group for Thr and Ser is benzyl. Suitable side chain protecting groups for Arg include nitro, tosyl (Tos), Cbz, adamantyloxycarbonyl mesitoylsulfonyl (Mts), or Boc. Suitable side chain protecting groups for Lys include Cbz, 2-chlorobenzyloxycarbonyl (2-ClCbz), 2-bromobenzyloxycarbonyl (2-BrCbz), Tos, or Boc.

After removal of the α-amino protecting group, the remaining protected amino acids can be coupled stepwise in a desired order. An excess of each protected amino acid is generally used with an appropriate carboxyl group activator such as dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) in solution, for example, in methylene chloride (CH₂ Cl₂), dimethyl formamide (DMF) mixtures.

After the desired amino acid sequence has been completed, the desired peptide can be decoupled from the resin support by treatment with a reagent such as trifluoroacetic acid or hydrogen fluoride (HF), which not only cleaves the peptide from the resin, but also cleaves all remaining side chain protecting groups. When the chloromethylated resin is used, hydrogen fluoride treatment results in the formation of the free peptide acids. When the benzhydrylamine resin is used, hydrogen fluoride treatment results directly in the free peptide amide. Alternatively, when the chloromethylated resin is employed, the side chain protected peptide can be decoupled by treatment of the peptide resin with ammonia to give the desired side chain protected amide or with an alkylamine to give a side chain protected alkylamide or dialkylamide. Side chain protection is then removed in the usual fashion by treatment with hydrogen fluoride to give the free amides, alkylamides, or dialkylamides. These solid phase peptide synthesis procedures are well known in the art and can be used to not only determine the minimum size of a peptide with such activity, one can also make all of the peptides that form the group of peptides that differ from the preferred motif (or the minimum size of that motif) in one, two, or more residues. Individual peptides can then be screened for ability to bind to the IL-2Rβ subunit and/or to the IL-2Rγc subunit. Peptide synthesis methods can also be used to synthesize truncation analogs and deletion analogs and combination of truncation and deletion analogs of all of the peptide compounds provided by the present disclosure.

These procedures can also be used to synthesize peptides in which amino acids other than the 20 naturally occurring, genetically encoded, amino acids are substituted at one, two, or more positions of any of the compounds of the invention. For example, naphthylalanine can be substituted for tryptophan, facilitating synthesis. Other synthetic amino acids that can be substituted into the peptides of the present invention include L-hydroxypropyl, L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanyl, d amino acids such as L-d-hydroxylysyl and D-d-methylalanyl, L-a-methylalanyl, b amino acids, and isoquinolyl. D-amino acids and non-naturally occurring synthetic amino acids can also be incorporated into peptides provided by the present disclosure.

A naturally occurring side chains of the 20 genetically encoded amino acids (or D amino acids) can be replaced with other side chains, for instance with groups such as alkyl, lower alkyl, cyclic 4-, 5-, 6-, to 7-membered alkyl, amide, amide lower alkyl, amide di(lower alkyl), lower alkoxy, hydroxy, carboxy and the lower ester derivatives thereof, and with 4-, 5-, 6-, to 7-membered heterocyclic. For example, proline analogs in which the ring size of the proline residue is changed from 5 members to 4, 6, or 7 members can be employed. Cyclic groups can be saturated or unsaturated, and if unsaturated, can be aromatic or non-aromatic.

Cyclic groups can be saturated or unsaturated, and if unsaturated, can be aromatic or non-aromatic. Heterocyclic groups can contain, for example, one or more nitrogen, oxygen, and/or sulfur heteroatoms. Examples of such groups include the furazanyl, furyl, imidazolidinyl, imidazolyl, imidazolinyl, isothiazolyl, isoxazolyl, morphoIinyl (e.g., morphoIino), oxazolyl, piperazinyl (e.g., 1-piperazinyl), piperidyl (e.g., 1-piperidyl, and piperidino), pyranyl, pyrazinyl, pyrazolidinyl, pyrazolinyl, pyrazolyl, pyridazinyl, pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrrolidinyl (e.g., 1-pyrrolidinyl), pyrrolinyl, pyrrolyl, thiadiazolyl, thiazolyl, thienyl, thiomorphoIinyl (e.g., thiomorphoIino), and triazolyl. These heterocyclic groups can be substituted or unsubstituted. Where a group is substituted, the substituent can be alkyl, alkoxy, halogen, oxygen, or substituted or unsubstituted phenyl.

A peptide provided by the present disclosure can be modified, for example, by phosphorylation, and by other methods known in the art. Thus, the peptides of the disclosure can also serve as a basis to prepare peptide mimetics with similar biological activity.

A variety of techniques are available for constructing peptide mimetics with the same or similar desired biological activity as a corresponding peptide but with more favorable activity than the peptide with respect to solubility, stability, and susceptibility to hydrolysis and proteolysis. The following describes methods for preparing peptide mimetics modified at the N-terminal amino group, the C-terminal carboxyl group, and/or changing one or more of the amido linkages in the peptide to a non-amido linkage. Two or more such modifications can be coupled in one peptide mimetic structure (e.g., modification at the C-terminal carboxyl group and inclusion of a —CH₂-carbamate linkage between two amino acids in the peptide).

Peptides can be synthesized as the free or can be prepared as the corresponding amide or ester. The amino and/or carboxy terminus of the peptide can also be modified. Amino terminus modifications include methylating (i.e., —NHCH₃ or —NH(CH₃)₂), acetylating, adding a carbobenzoyl group, or blocking the amino terminus with any blocking group containing a carboxylate functionality defined by RCOO—, where R can be selected from the group consisting of naphthyl, acridinyl, steroidyl, and similar groups. Carboxy terminus modifications include replacing the free acid with a carboxamide group or forming a cyclic lactam at the carboxy terminus to introduce structural constraints. Amino terminus modifications also include, for example, alkylating, acetylating, adding a carbobenzoyl group, and forming a succinimide group.

In preparing peptide mimetics in which the C-terminal carboxyl group is replaced by an ester such as —C(O)OR, the resins used to prepare the peptide acids are employed, and the side chain protected peptide is cleaved with base and the appropriate alcohol, such as methanol. Side chain protecting groups can then be removed in the usual fashion by treatment with hydrogen fluoride to obtain the desired ester.

In preparing peptide mimetics in which the C-terminal carboxyl group is replaced by the amide —C(O)NR³R⁴, a benzhydrylamine resin is used as the solid support for peptide synthesis. Upon completion of the synthesis, hydrogen fluoride treatment to release the peptide from the support results directly in the free peptide amide (i.e., the C-terminus is —C(O)NH₂). Alternatively, use of the chloromethylated resin during peptide synthesis coupled with reaction with ammonia to cleave the side chain protected peptide from the support yields the free peptide amide and reaction with an alkylamine or a dialkylamine yields a side chain protected alkylamide or dialkylamide (i.e., the C-terminus is —C(O)NRR¹ where R and R¹ are as defined above). Side chain protection can then be removed in the usual fashion by treatment with hydrogen fluoride to give the free amides, alkylamides, or dialkylamides.

The C-terminal carboxyl group or a C-terminal ester can be induced to cyclize by internal displacement of the —OH or the ester (—OR) of the carboxyl group or ester respectively with the N-terminal amino group to form a cyclic peptide. For example, after synthesis and cleavage to give the peptide acid, the free acid is converted to an activated ester by an appropriate carboxyl group activator such as dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) in solution, for example, in methylene chloride (CH₂Cl₂), dimethyl formamide (DMF) mixtures. The cyclic peptide can then be formed by internal displacement of the activated ester with the N-terminal amine.

Peptides can be cyclized or can incorporate a desamino or descarboxy residue at the termini of the peptide, so that there is no terminal amino or carboxyl group, to decrease susceptibility to proteases or to restrict the conformation of the peptide. C-terminal functional groups of the peptides include, for example, amide, amide lower alkyl, amide di(lower alkyl), lower alkoxy, hydroxy, and carboxy, and the lower ester derivatives thereof, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

Peptide compounds provided by the present disclosure can also serve as structural models for non-peptidic compounds with similar biological activity. Those of skill in the art recognize that a variety of techniques are available for constructing compounds with the same or similar desired biological activity as a particular peptide compound but with more favorable activity than the peptide compound with respect to, for example, solubility, stability, and susceptibility to hydrolysis and proteolysis. These techniques include replacing the peptide backbone with a backbone composed of phosphonates, amidates, carbamates, sulfonamides, secondary amines, and N-methylamino acids.

Peptide mimetics with one or more of the peptidyl linkages —C(O)NH— can be replaced by linkages as a —CH₂-carbamate linkage, a phosphonate linkage, a —CH₂-sulfonamide linkage, a urea linkage, a secondary amine (—CH₂NH—) linkage, or an alkylated peptidyl linkage —C(O)NR⁶— where R⁶ is C₁₋₆ alkyl can be prepared during conventional peptide synthesis by substituting a suitably protected amino acid analogue for the amino acid reagent at the appropriate point during synthesis.

Suitable reagents include, for example, amino acid analogs in which the carboxyl group of the amino acid has been replaced with a moiety suitable for forming one of the above linkages. For example, if a —C(O)NR— in the peptide can be replaced with a —CH₂-carbamate linkage (—CH₂OC(O)NR—), then the carboxyl (—COOH) group of a suitably protected amino acid is first reduced to the —CH₂OH group which is then converted by conventional methods to a —OC(O)Cl functionality or a para-nitrocarbonate —OC(O)O-C₆H₄-p-NO₂ functionality. Reaction of either of such functional groups with the free amine or an alkylated amine on the N-terminus of the partially fabricated peptide found on the solid support leads to the formation of a —CH₂OC(O)NR— linkage. Similarly, an amido linkage in a peptide can be replaced with a phosphonate linkage.

Replacing an amido linkage in the peptide with a —CH₂-sulfonamide linkage can be achieved by reducing the carboxyl (—COOH) group of a suitably protected amino acid to the-CH₂OH group and the hydroxyl group is then converted to a suitable leaving group such as a tosyl group by conventional methods. Reaction of the tosylated derivative with, for example, thioacetic acid followed by hydrolysis and oxidative chlorination will provide for the-CH₂—S(O)₂Cl functional group which replaces the carboxyl group of the otherwise suitably protected amino acid. Use of this suitably protected amino acid analogs in peptide synthesis provides for inclusion of an-CH₂S(O)₂NR— linkage, which replaces the amido linkage in the peptide thereby providing a peptide mimetic. Replacing an amido linkage in the peptide with a urea linkage can be achieved using similar methods.

Secondary amine linkages in which a —CH₂NH—linkage replaces the amido linkage in the peptide can be prepared by employing, for example, a suitably protected dipeptide analogue in which the carbonyl bond of the amido linkage has been reduced to a CH₂ group by conventional methods. For example, in the case of diglycine, reduction of the amide to the amine will yield after deprotection H₂NCH₂CH₂NHCH₂COOH which is then used in N-protected form in the next coupling reaction. The preparation of such analogs by reduction of the carbonyl group of the amido linkage in the dipeptide is known in the art.

Suitably protected amino acid analogs can be employed in a conventional peptide synthesis in the same manner as would the corresponding amino acid. For example, typically about 3 equivalents of the protected amino acid analog can be employed in this reaction. An inert organic diluent such as methylene chloride or DMF is employed and, when an acid is generated as a reaction by-product, the reaction solvent will typically contain an excess amount of a tertiary amine to scavenge the acid generated during the reaction. One particularly preferred tertiary amine is diisopropylethylamine which is typically employed in about 10-fold excess. The reaction results in incorporation into the peptide mimetic of an amino acid analogue having a non-peptidyl linkage. Such substitution can be repeated as desired such that from zero to all of the amido bonds in the peptide have been replaced by non-amido bonds.

Peptides provided by the present disclosure can be cyclized or a desamino or descarboxy residue can be incorporated at the termini of the peptide, so that there is no terminal amino or carboxyl group, to decrease susceptibility to proteases or to restrict the conformation of the peptide. C-terminal functional groups of the compounds of the present invention include amide, amide lower alkyl, amide di(lower alkyl), lower alkoxy, hydroxy, and carboxy, and the lower ester derivatives thereof, and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

Peptides provided by the present disclosure can exist in a cyclized form with an intramolecular disulfide bond between the thiol groups of the cysteines. Alternatively, an intermolecular disulfide bond between the thiol groups of the cysteines can be produced to yield a dimeric (or higher oligomeric) compound. One or more of the cysteine residues may also be substituted with a homocysteine. One of the sulfurs can be replaced by a CH₂ group or other isostere for sulfur. These analogs can be made via an intramolecular or intermolecular displacement. One of skill in the art will readily appreciate that this displacement can also occur using other homologs of the α-amino-g-butyric acid derivative shown above and homocysteine.

Alternatively, the amino-terminus of the peptide can be capped with an α-substituted acetic acid, wherein the α-substituent is a leaving group, such as an α-haloacetic acid, for example, α-chloroacetic acid, α-bromoacetic acid, or α-iodoacetic acid. Peptides provided by the present disclosure can be cyclized or dimerized via displacement of the leaving group by the sulfur of the cysteine or homocysteine residue.

An IL-2R agonist and a compound comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand can be, for example, a synthetic peptide, a conjugate of a peptide to another peptide or protein, a recombinant fusion protein, or a single chain peptide.

An IL-2R agonist compound can comprise an IL-2Rβ ligand provided by the present disclosure, an IL-2Rγc ligand provided by the present disclosure, or both an IL-2Rβ ligand provided by the present disclosure and an IL-2Rγc ligand provided by the present disclosure.

An IL-2R agonist compound can comprise an IL-2Rβ ligand provided by the present disclosure such as an IL-2Rβ ligand of SEQ ID NOS: 1-193, 578-903, or 1028-1050, an IL-2Rγc ligand provided by the present disclosure such as an IL-2Rγc ligand of SEQ ID. NO: 194-267 or 904-1027, or both an IL-2Rβ ligand provided by the present disclosure and an IL-2Rγc ligand provided by the present disclosure.

A peptide provided by the present disclosure can comprise an IL-2Rβ ligand or an IL-2Rγc ligand and additional amino acids.

The additional amino acids can be bonded to the C-terminus of the IL-2Rβ ligand or the IL-2Rγc ligand, to the N-terminus of the IL-2Rβ ligand or the IL-2Rγc ligand, or to both the C-terminus and the N-terminus of the IL-2Rβ ligand or the IL-2Rγc ligand.

A peptide comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand can comprise, for example, from 10 to 50 amino acids, from 10 to 40 amino acids, from 10 to 30 amino acids, or from 15 to 25 amino acids.

A peptide comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand can comprise, for example, from 5 to 300 amino acids, from 10 to 200 amino acids, or from 10 to 100 amino acids.

A peptide comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and an IL-2Rγc ligand can have at least substantially the same binding affinity (IC₅₀) for the respective human IL-2 subunit as that of the respective IL-2R ligand alone.

A compound comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand can be a conjugate.

A conjugate can comprise one or more IL-2Rβ ligands, one or more IL-2Rγc ligands, or a combination thereof.

A conjugate can be a homodimer comprising two IL-2Rβ ligands or two IL-2Rγc ligands.

A conjugate can be a heterodimer comprising at least one IL-2Rβ ligand and at least one IL-2Rγc ligand.

A conjugate can be a heterodimer comprising at least one IL-2Rβ ligand and at least one IL-2Rγc ligand covalently coupled to a protein.

A conjugate can comprise a linker, wherein the linker is configured to attach an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand to one or more other IL-2Rβ ligands and/or IL-2Rγc ligands. The linker can be attached to an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand and any additional moiety by a covalent bond, or by non-covalent bonding such as by ionic bonding.

Each IL-2Rβ ligand and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand can independently be attached to a linker through the C-terminus, the N-terminus, or both the C-terminus and N-terminus.

For example, in a homodimer, the C-terminus of a first IL-2Rβ ligand and the C-terminus of a second IL-2Rβ ligand can be attached to the linker; the N-terminus of a first IL-2Rβ ligand and the N-terminus of a second IL-2Rβ ligand can be attached to the linker; or the C-terminus of a first IL-2Rβ ligand and the N-terminus of a second IL-2Rβ ligand can be attached to the linker.

For example, in a homodimer, the C-terminus of a first IL-2Rγc ligand and the C-terminus of a second IL-2Rγc ligand can be attached to the linker; the N-terminus of a first IL-2Rγc ligand and the N-terminus of a second IL-2Rγc ligand can be attached to the linker; or the C-terminus of a first IL-2Rγc ligand and the N-terminus of a second IL-2Rγc ligand can be attached to the linker.

For example, in a heterodimer, the C-terminus of an IL-2Rβ ligand and the C-terminus of an IL-2Rγc ligand can be attached to the linker; the N-terminus of an IL-2Rβ ligand and the N-terminus of an IL-2Rγc ligand can be attached to the linker; the C-terminus of an IL-2Rβ ligand and the N-terminus of an IL-2Rγc ligand can be attached to the linker, or the N-terminus of an IL-2Rβ ligand and the C-terminus of an IL-2Rγc ligand can be attached to the linker.

A heterodimeric compound comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and an IL-2Rγc ligand can be configured to activate the IL-2 receptor.

A heterodimeric compound comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and an IL-2Rγc ligand can be configured to activate the IL-2 receptor without activating cells expressing the IL-2Rα ligand.

For example, when incubated with a heterodimeric compound comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and an IL-2Rγc ligand, primary human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) expressing the IL-2Rβγc subunits phosphorylate transcription 5 (STAT5); and primary human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) expressing the IL-2Rα (CD25) subunit, do not phosphorylate transcription 5 (STAT5).

A heterodimer can comprise an IL-2Rβ ligand, an IL-2Rγc ligand, and a linker, wherein the linker is configured such that the heterodimer is an agonist for the IL-2 receptor.

A linker can comprise a length that facilitates binding of an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand to the IL-2 receptor. For example, a linker can have a length, for example, from 20 Å to 100 Å, from 30 Å to 80 Å, or from 40 Å to 60 Å.

A linker can comprise a chemical structure that facilitates binding of an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand to the IL-2 receptor. For example, a linker can comprise a peptide, or a hydrocarbon.

A peptide linker can comprise, for example, from 5 to 100 amino acids, from 5 to 80 amino acids, from 5 to 60 amino acids, from 5 to 40 amino acids, from 5 to 20 amino acids, or from 5 to 10 amino acids. A peptide linker can comprise, for example, from 2 to 100 amino acids, from 2 to 80 amino acids, from 2 to 60 amino acids, from 2 to 40 amino acids, from 2 to 20 amino acids, from 5 to 10 amino acids, or from 2 to 5 amino acids.

A hydrocarbon linker can be a polyethylene oxide. A polyethylene oxide can have the structure of the formula —(O—(CH₂)₂—)_(n)—(CH₂)₂—, where n is an integer from 1 to 30.

A hydrocarbon linker can be derived from a polyethylene oxide having the structure of the formula H₂N—(O—(CH₂)₂—)_(n)—(CH₂)₂—COOH, where n is an integer from 1 to 30.

Peptide dimer compounds can comprise two monomer subunits, wherein the peptide dimer compounds comprise IL-2Rβ ligands and/or IL-2Rγc ligands. Monomer subunits present in a peptide dimer compound can be linked at either their C- or N-terminus or via internal amino acid residues such as by a linker moiety. Both monomer subunits can be linked via their respective N-termini, both monomer subunits can be linked via their respective C-termini, or both monomer subunits can be linked via internal amino acid residues. One monomer subunit can be linked via any of its N-terminus, C-terminus, or by an internal amino acid to another monomer subunit via any of its N-terminus, C-terminus or an internal amino acid, and linkages may occur via the same or different amino acid residues on two monomer subunits of a peptide dimer compound. Monomer subunits of peptide dimer compounds can be linked via both their N-terminus and their C-terminus. The two N-termini of the monomer subunits can be linked; the two C-termini of the monomer subunits can be linked; the N-terminus of the first monomer subunit can be linked to the C-terminus of the second monomer subunit of a peptide dimer compound, and the C-terminus of the first monomer subunit can be linked to the N-terminus of the second monomer subunit of the peptide dimer compound.

A linker can comprise a peptide or a non-peptide. A linker moiety can include any suitable structure, length, and/or size. A linker moiety can include, for example, DIG, PEG13, PEG25, PEG1K, PEG2K, PEG3.4K, PEG4K, PEG5K, IDA, IDA-Palm, IDA-Boc, IDA-Ac, IDA-isovaleric acid, ADA triazine, triazine-Boc, isophthalic acid, 1,3-phenylenediacetic acid, Glu, Asp, D-Glu, D-Asp, 1,4-phenylenediacetic acid, biphenyl diacetic acid, cyclopropylacetic acid, succinic acid, glutaric acid, dodecanedioic acid, suitable aliphatic diacids, suitable aromatic diacids, heteroaromatics, and polyethylene glycols having a molecular weight, for example, from 400 Da to 40,000 Da. When a linker is IDA, ADA or any linker with free amine it can be acylated with acylating organic compound such as 2-me-trifluorobutyl, trifluoropentyl, acetyl, octonyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, palmityl, lauryl, oleoyl, lauryl, trifluoromethyl butyric, cyclopentane carboxylic, cyclopropylacetic, 4-fluorobenzoic, 4-fluorophenyl acetic, 3-phenylpropionic, tetrahedro-2H-pyran-4-carboxylic, succinic acid, and glutaric acid, straight chain aliphatic acids with 10 to 20 carbon units, cholic acid and other bile acids. A small PEG (PEG4-PEG13), Glu, IsoGlu or Asp can be used as spacer before acylations.

A linker can connect two monomer subunits by connecting two sulfur containing C- or N-terminal amino acids. The two sulfur-containing amino acids can be connected by a linker comprising a di-halide, an aliphatic chain, or a PEG. A linker can connect two monomeric subunits by connecting sulfur containing C-terminal amino acids at the C-terminus of each monomer subunit. A linker can connect two monomeric subunits by connecting sulfur containing N-terminal amino acids at the N-terminus of each monomer subunit. A linker can connect two monomeric subunits by connecting a sulfur-containing C-terminal amino acid of one monomer subunit to a sulfur-containing N-terminal amino acid of the other monomer subunit. The two sulfur-containing amino acids can be connected by a linker comprising homobifunctional maleimide crosslinkers, di-halide, 1,2-bis(bromomomethyl)benzene, 1,2-bis(chloromomethyl)benzene, 1,3-bis(bromomomethyl)benzene, 1,3-bis(chloromomethyl)benzene, 1,4-bis(bromomomethyl)benzene, 1,4-bis(chloromomethyl)benzene, 3,3′-bis-bromomethyl-biphenyl, or 2,2′-bis-bromomethyl-biphenyl. Examples of haloacetyl crosslinkers contain an iodoacetyl or a bromoacetyl group. These homo bifunctional linkers may contain spacers comprising PEG or an aliphatic chain. A linker can be a bifunctional linker (e.g., di-acid, di-amine, dihalide, N-hydroxy succinamine (NHS)-activated diesters, bis-maleimides, which may be capable of linking two monomer subunits through amine, ester, thioether, di-thio, or ether bonds.

Examples of suitable linkers include DIG, PEG4, PEG4-biotin, PEG13, PEG25, PEG1K, PEG2K, PEG3.4K, PEG4K, PEG5K, IDA, ADA, Boc-IDA, glutaric acid, isophthalic acid, 1,3-phenylenediacetic acid, 1,4-phenylenediacetic acid, 1,2-phenylenediacetic acid, triazine, Boc-triazine, IDA-biotin, PEG4-Biotin, AADA, aliphatics, aromatics, heteroaromatics, and polyethylene glycol-based linkers having a molecular weight from 400 Da to 40,000 Da. Examples of suitable bifunctional linkers include di-acid, di-amine, dihalide, N-hydroxy succinamine (NHS)-activated diesters, bis-maleimides, which may be capable of linking two monomer subunits through amine, ester, thioether, di-thio, or ether bonds.

Peptide monomers and compounds can form cyclized structures through a disulfide bond, lactam bond, olefin bond, triazole bond, selenoether bond or a diselenide bond. A cyclized structure of each peptide ligand can, in some circumstances, increase potency and selectivity of the ligands and compounds comprising the ligands.

For example, a heterodimer can comprise an IL-2Rβ ligand provided by the present disclosure such as an IL-2Rβ ligand of SEQ ID NOS: 1-193, 578-903, or 1028-1050, an IL-2Rγc ligand provided by the present disclosure such as an IL-2Rγc ligand of SEQ ID NOS: 194-267 and 904-1027 and a linker such as a polyethylene glycol-based linker having a length from 10 Å to 60 Å.

The individual IL-2Rβ and IL-2Rγc ligands can be linked in various ways to produce heterodimers, that can be evaluated for IL-2R agonist activity, antagonist activity or other relevant activity. Agonist activity can depend on heterodimers binding simultaneously to both IL-2Rβ and IL-2Rγc subunits to induce proximity and orientation compatible with signaling. Several compound characteristics can influence the activity of heterodimers such as, for example, the linker structure, the linker length, the peptide ligand orientation, and the ECD binding site-specificity of the monomeric peptides.

Because signaling of the IL-2 receptor may be compatible with a range of induced subunit orientations a linker can facilitate binding outside the IL-2R binding site(s). The dimensions of the quaternary complex of IL-2 with the IL-2Ra, IL-2Rβ and IL-2Rγc subunits suggest that linkers with a length up to about 50 Å may be useful to connect IL-2Rβ and IL-2Rγc ligands to induce productive subunit alignment and agonist activity.

For example, a heterodimer comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and an IL-2Rγc ligand can be attached through a PEG linker. At the terminus of the PEG-linker distal to the peptide, an alkyne functionality can be attached. The other peptide monomer can be functionalized with a terminal azide. The monomers can be coupled utilizing click chemistry, for example, using a 1,3 dipolar Huisgen cycloaddition reaction between the azide and alkyne to form a triazole linkage, under conditions compatible with maintenance of disulfide bridges that are present in certain peptide ligands. Alkyne and azide groups can be incorporated into each monomer using commercially-available amino acid building blocks. The spacing between the two peptide ligands can be selected using PEG-linkers of various lengths. Using commercially available Fmoc-PEG amino acids, total linker lengths from 10 Å, or less to 50 Å, or more can be synthesized, providing for a wide range heterodimer linker length diversity.

Induced receptor subunit orientation and the potential for proper intra-cellular alignment and signaling can be, in part, a function of the orientations in which the peptide ligands link to form the heterodimer. To determine suitable induced subunit orientations, peptide ligands can be linked in any of four (4) possible orientations such that the C-termini of both subunit binding ligands are coupled through a linker, the N-termini of both subunit binding ligands are coupled through a linker, or the N-terminus of one binding subunit can be bound through the C-terminus of the other binding subunit (2 scenarios possible) through a suitable linker. Heterodimers can also be linked through amino acid side chains. Heterodimers can also be linked through amino acid side chains. Heterodimer linkage orientation can be engineered, for example, by synthesizing ligand monomers with the click functionality, i.e., azide or alkyne, and PEG-linker on either the N- or on the C-terminus.

Peptides provided by the present disclosure can include at least one IL-2Rβ ligand and/or at least one IL-2Rγc ligand. A peptide can include, for example, less than 50 amino acids, which can include the amino acids constituting at least one IL-2Rβ ligand and/or at least one IL-2Rγc ligand.

A peptide comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand can comprise, for example, from 5 to 100 amino acids, from 5 to 80 amino acids, from 5 to 50 amino acids, from 10 to 40 amino acids, from 10 to 30 amino acids, or from 15 to 25 amino acids.

In addition to an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand, a peptide can include additional amino acids, for example, for establishing the conformation of an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand and/or for coupling the IL-2Rβ ligand and/or the IL-2Rγc ligand to other compounds. The additional amino acids can be bonded to the N-terminus and/or to the C-terminus of the IL-2Rβ ligand and/or the IL-2Rγc ligand.

Conjugates provided by the present disclosure include at least one IL-2Rβ ligand and/or at least one IL-2Rγc ligand.

A conjugate can comprise a polypeptide.

A polypeptide can be a single chain peptide having two more IL-2Rβ ligands and/or two ro more IL-2Rγc ligands. The IL-2Rβ ligands and/or the IL-2Rγc ligands can be bonded through amino acid linkers.

An amino acid linker can comprise, for example, more than one amino acid, greater than 5 amino acids, greater than 10 amino acids, greater than 50 amino acids, or greater than 100 amino acids. A peptide linker can comprise, for example, from 1 to 100 amino acids from 3 amino acids to 75 amino acids, from 5 amino acids to 50 amino acids, or from 10 amino acids to 25 amino acids.

For example, in a homodimer, the C-terminus of a first IL-2Rβ ligand and/or IL-2Rγc ligand and the C-terminus of a second IL-2Rβ ligand and/or IL-2Rγc ligand can be attached to the linker; the N-terminus of a first IL-2Rβ ligand and/or IL-2Rγc ligand and the N-terminus of a second IL-2Rβ ligand and/or IL-2Rγc ligand can be attached to the linker; or the C-terminus of a first IL-2Rβ ligand and/or IL-2Rγc ligand and the N-terminus of a second IL-2Rβ ligand and/or IL-2Rγc ligand can be attached to the linker.

A polypeptide comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or IL-2Rγc ligand provided by the present disclosure can comprise, for example, from 5 amino acids to 4,000 amino acids, from 5 amino acids to 3,000 amino acids, from 5 amino acids to 2,500 amino acids, or from 5 amino acids to 2,000 amino acids.

A polypeptide can be a synthetic peptide or a recombinant polypeptide.

A single chain peptide can be a heteromer having at least one IL-2Rβ ligand and/or IL-2Rγc ligand in combination with one or more IL-2Rα ligands, one or more IL-2Rβ ligands, and/or one or more IL-2Rγc ligands. For example, a single chain peptide can comprise an IL-2Rα ligand, an IL-2Rβ ligand, and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand with amino acid linkers coupling adjacent ligands. A single chain peptide can further include additional amino acids at the N-terminus and/or C-terminus of the polypeptide.

An IL-2Rα ligand, an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or IL-2Rγc ligand can be arranged in any order.

Each of the adjacent ligands can independently be coupled through the N-terminus of each ligand, through the C-terminus of each ligand, through the N-terminus and C-terminus of the adjacent ligands, or through the side chains of the ligands and/or linkers.

For example, in a heteromer, the C-terminus of an IL-2Rα ligand can be attached to the linker and the N-terminus of an IL-2Rβ ligand or the N-terminus of an IL-2Rγc ligand can be attached to the linker; the C-terminus of an IL-2Rβ ligand or the N-terminus of an IL-2Rγc ligand can be attached to the linker, or the N-terminus of an IL-2Rα ligand can be attached to the linker.

The individual IL-2Rβ ligands and/or IL-2Rγc ligands can be linked in various ways to produce homodimers or homomers, heteromers, that can be evaluated for IL-2R agonist and/or IL-2R antagonist activity. For example, homodimers of IL-2Rα ligands or heteromers of an IL-2Rα ligand with an IL-2Rβ ligands and/or IL-2Rγc can function as an IL-2R antagonist. Agonist activity can depend on heteromers binding simultaneously to both IL-2Rβ and IL-2Rγc subunits to induce proximity and orientation compatible with signaling or inhibition. Several compound characteristics can influence the activity of homodimers or heteromers such as, for example, the linker structure, the linker length, the peptide ligand orientation, the ECD binding site-specificity of the monomeric peptides, and the affinities of each ligand for the respective receptor subunits. IL-2R agonist and IL-2R antagonist activity can depend, for example, on increasing the affinity of the IL-2Rα ligand to the IL-2Rα subunit, the IL-2Rβ ligand to the IL-2Rβ subunit, and/or the IL-2Rγc ligand to the IL-2Rγc subunit. Induced receptor subunit orientation and the potential for proper intra-cellular alignment and signaling can be, in part, a function of the orientations in which the peptide ligands link to form the heteromer. To determine suitable induced subunit orientations, adjacent IL-2R ligands can be linked in any of four (4) possible orientations such that the C-termini of both subunit binding ligands are coupled through a linker, the N-termini of both subunit binding ligands are coupled through a linker, or the N-terminus of one binding subunit can be bound through the C-terminus of the other binding subunit through a suitable linker. Homomers and heteromers can also be linked through amino acid side chains. Heteromer linkage orientation can be engineered, for example, by synthesizing ligand monomers with the click functionality, i.e., azide or alkyne, and PEG-linker on either the N-terminus or on the C-terminus.

A polypeptide can be a synthetically modified polypeptide comprising one or more IL-2Rβ ligands and/or one or more IL-2Rγc ligands. The modifications can influence, for example, the activity of the polypeptide or the pharmacokinetics of the polypeptide. Examples include polypeptides incorporating polyethylene glycol moieties or albumin binding moieties.

Compounds comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand, an IL-2Rγc ligand, or both an IL-2Rβ ligand and an IL-2Rγc ligand include fusion proteins.

An IL-2Rβ ligand and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand can be fused to another protein that imparts a desired functionality to the construct. For example, the protein can impart a desired pharmacokinetic profile or can be designed to target specific antigens.

Examples of suitable fusion partners include Fc fusion proteins, IgG fusion proteins, human serum albumin (HSA) fusion proteins, other human proteins and mutants and/or variants thereof; and hydrophilic, biodegradable protein polymers. A fusion protein partner can be a naturally occurring protein, a modified-naturally occurring protein, or a synthetic protein.

For example, an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand provided by the present disclosure can be fused to a protein that increases the circulating half-life of the compound. Fusion of therapeutic proteins with the IgG or IgG Fc domain accomplishes this by increasing the hydrodynamic radius of the protein, thus reducing renal clearance, and through Neonatal Fc Receptor (FcRn)-mediated recycling of the fusion protein, thus prolonging the circulating half-life. Other fusion proteins can be designed to modify properties such as the pharmacokinetics, biodistribution, pharmacodynamics, pharmacology, cytotoxicity, and/or targeting.

A fusion protein provided by the present disclosure can comprise a peptide, or multiple tandem peptides provided by the present disclosure linked to one or more fusion protein partners. A fusion protein partner can be linked to the N-terminus and/or the C-terminus of tandem peptides. One or more fusion protein partners can be linked to the N-terminus and/or the C-terminus of tandem peptides. An IL-2Rβ ligand and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand can be linked to one or more fusion protein partners, where each of the fusion protein partners can be the same or some of the fusion protein partners can be different than other of the fusion protein partners linked to a peptide.

The amino acid sequence at the junction between an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or IL-2Rγc ligand and a fusion partner protein can be either a direct fusion of the two protein sequences or a fusion with an intervening linker peptide. Linker peptides can be included as spacers between the two protein moieties. Linker peptides can promote proper protein folding and stability of the component protein moieties, improve protein expression, and enhance bioactivity of the component protein moieties. Peptide linkers used in fusion proteins can be designed to be unstructured flexible peptides. Peptide linkers can be, for example, rich in glycine and serine, such as repeats of a sequence such as, for example, GS, GGS, GGGS, GGGGS, (GGGGs)3, (Gly)8, (Gly)6, (EAAAK)1-3, A(EAAAK)4ALEA(EAAAK)4A, PAPAP, AEAAAKEAAAKA, (Ala-Pro)a (10-34 aa), disulfide, VSQTSKLTR AETVFPDV, PLG LWA, and GFLG, RVQDVIERFWDFIDQLSGSGSGK, and VDADGPLARLKKAIFSPGSGSGK, (PA)_(n) where n is an integer 1 to 20 such as (PA)10, and (GS)_(n) where n is an integer from 1 to 20 such as (GS)10. A flexible linker peptide with a fully extended β-strand conformation can have an end-to-end length of approximately 3.5 Å per residue. Thus, a linker peptide of 5, 10, 15, or 10 residues will have a maximum fully extended length of 17.5 Å, 35 Å, 52.5 Å, 70 Å, 140 Å, or more than 140 Å, respectively.

A linker peptide can facilitate obtaining an appropriate conformation and orientation of individual fusion protein moieties to facilitate the engagement of the IL-2Rβ ligand and/or IL-2Rγc ligand with the IL-2Rβ subunit and/or IL-2Rγc subunit, facilitate binding of the IL-2Rβ ligand and/or IL-2Rγc ligand to the IL-2 receptor, enable fusion protein recycling, and prolong the circulating half-life of the active moiety. Because the factors influencing these interactions are difficult to predict, the requirement for and the proper length of a linker peptide must be empirically tested and determined.

There are multiple options for the design and construction of a fusion protein comprising an IL-2Rβ and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand and which can be selected to obtain a molecule having the desired biological activity and pharmaceutical characteristics. Design options include, for example, the nature of the IL-2 selective agonist, the choice of the partner protein moiety, the configuration of fusion partners in the fusion protein, and the amino acid sequence at the junction between the IL-2R ligand and the fusion partner protein.

In general, preparation of the fusion proteins provided by the present disclosure can be accomplished by recognized recombinant DNA techniques involving, for example, polymerase chain amplification reactions (PCR), preparation of plasmid DNA, cleavage of DNA with restriction enzymes, preparation of oligonucleotides, ligation of DNA, isolation of mRNA, introduction of the DNA into a suitable cell, transformation or transfection of a host, and culturing of the host. Additionally, fusion proteins can be isolated and purified using chaotropic agents and well known electrophoretic, centrifugation, and chromatographic methods.

Genes encoding fusion proteins provided by the present disclosure can involve restriction enzyme digestion and ligation as the basic steps employed to yield DNA encoding the desired fusions. The ends of the DNA fragment may require modification prior to ligation, and this may be accomplished by filling in overhangs, deleting terminal portions of the fragment(s) with nucleases (e.g., ExoIII), site directed mutagenesis, or by adding new base pairs by PCR. Polylinkers and adaptors may be employed to facilitate joining of selected fragments. The expression construct can be assembled in stages employing rounds of restriction, ligation, and transformation of E. coli. Numerous cloning vectors suitable for construction of the expression construct are known in the art. The selection of a cloning vector can be influenced by the gene transfer system selected for introduction of the expression construct into the host cell. At the end of each stage, the resulting construct may be analyzed by restriction, DNA sequence, hybridization and PCR analyses.

Site-directed mutagenesis can be used to introduce specific mutations into the genes encoding the fusion proteins provided by the present disclosure by methods known in the art. Any suitable site-directed mutagenesis procedure can be used in the present invention. There are many commercial kits available that can be used to prepare the variants of this invention.

Various promoters (transcriptional initiation regulatory region) may be used according to the invention. The selection of the appropriate promoter can depend on the proposed expression host. Promoters from heterologous sources may be used as long as they are functional in the chosen host.

Various signal sequences may be used to facilitate expression of the proteins described herein. Signal sequence are selected or designed for efficient secretion and processing in the expression host may also be used. A signal sequence which is homologous to the human IL-2 coding sequence may be used for mammalian cells. Other suitable signal sequence/host cell pairs include the B. subtilis sacB signal sequence for secretion in B. subtilis, and the Saccharontyces cerevisiae α-mating factor or P. pastoris acid phosphatase phoI signal sequences for P. pastoris secretion. The signal sequence may be joined directly through the sequence encoding the signal peptidase cleavage site to the protein coding sequence, or through a short nucleotide bridge.

Elements for enhancing transcription and translation have been identified for eukaryotic protein expression systems. For example, positioning the cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) promoter 1000 bp on either side of a heterologous promoter may elevate transcriptional levels by 10- to 400-fold in plant cells. The expression construct should also include the appropriate translational initiation sequences. Modification of the expression construct to include a Kozak consensus sequence for proper translational initiation may increase the level of translation by 10-fold.

The expression cassettes are joined to appropriate vectors compatible with the host that is being employed. The vector must be able to accommodate the DNA sequence coding for the fusion proteins to be expressed. Suitable host cells include eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells, such as those cells that can be easily transformed and exhibit rapid growth in culture medium. Examples of suitable host cells include prokaryotes such as E. coli, Bacillus subtillus, etc. and eukaryotes such as animal cells and yeast strains, e.g., S. cerevisiae. Suitable mammalian cells include HEK, J558, NSO, SP2-O or CHO. Other suitable hosts include, e.g., insect cells such as Sf9. Conventional culturing conditions can be employed. Stable transformed or transfected cell lines can then be selected. In vitro transcription-translation systems can also be employed as an expression system.

Nucleic acids encoding a desired fusion protein can be introduced into a host cell by standard techniques for transfecting cells. The term “transfecting” or “transfection” is intended to encompass all conventional techniques for introducing nucleic acid into host cells, including calcium phosphate co-precipitation, DEAE-dextran-mediated transfection, lipofection, electroporation, microinjection, viral transduction and/or integration.

Alternatively, one can use synthetic gene construction for all or part of the construction of the fusion proteins described herein. This can entail in vitro synthesis of a designed polynucleotide molecule to encode a polypeptide molecule of interest. Gene synthesis can be performed utilizing a number of techniques, such as the multiplex microchip-based technology and similar technologies wherein oligonucleotides are synthesized and assembled upon photo-programmable microfluidic chips.

Fusion proteins provided by the present disclosure can be isolated from harvested host cells or from the culture medium. Standard protein purification techniques are used to isolate the proteins of interest from the medium or from the harvested cells. For example, the purification techniques can be used to express and purify a desired fusion protein on a large-scale (i.e., in at least milligram quantities) from a variety of approaches including roller bottles, spinner flasks, tissue culture plates, bioreactor, or a fermenter.

Compounds provided by the present disclosure comprise at least one IL-2Rβ ligand and/or at least one IL-2Rγc ligand. Compounds can comprise, for example, from 1 to 10 IL-2Rβ ligands and/or IL-2Rγc ligands, from 1 to 6 IL-2Rβ ligands and/or IL-2Rγc ligands, or from 1 to 3 IL-2Rβ ligands and/or IL-2Rγc ligands. Examples of compounds comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or IL-2Rγc ligand include peptides and conjugates. Examples of conjugates include one or more IL-2Rβ ligands, and/or one or more IL-2Rγc ligands bound to a polypeptide, a macromolecule such as a polyethylene glycol, a fusion protein, or a biological molecule such as an antibody.

Functionally, compounds comprising at least one IL-2Rβ ligand and/or at least one IL-2Rγc ligand can be IL-2Rβγc agonists, IL-2Rapyc agonists, IL-2Rβγc antagonists, IL-2Rapyc antagonists, diagnostic reagents, imaging reagents, targeting compounds, cytotoxic compounds, and compounds exhibiting dual pharmacology.

Compounds comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand provided by the present disclosure can have a molecular weight, for example, from 1,000 to 400,000 Da, from 1,000 to 200,000 Da, from 1,000 to 100,000 Da, from 1,000 Da to 20,000 Da, from 1,500 Da to 15,000 Da, from 2,000 Da to 10,000 Da, or from 5,000 Da to 10,000 Da.

Compounds comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand provided by the present disclosure can be attached to one or more moieties that impart a property to the compound that enhances therapeutic efficacy. Examples of properties include potency, aqueous solubility, polarity, lipophilicity, pharmacokinetics, targeting, bioavailability, pH-dependent binding, bioactivity, pharmacodynamics, cellular activity, metabolism, efficacy, reversible incapacitation (caging), selectivity, or a combination of any of the foregoing.

Compounds comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand can comprise one or more moieties that are cleavable in vivo. The moiety can be cleavable in a target specific environment such as, for example, by a target specific or target enriched enzyme, or pH. The moiety can be cleavable upon exposure to electromagnetic energy such as visible light or infrared radiation and/or by exposure to thermal energy.

Compounds comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand can include a polymer, a peptide, or an antibody.

Compounds comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or IL-2Rγc an ligand can include a tumor-targeting moiety such as, for example, a tumor-specific antibody, a tumor-specific antibody fragment, a tumor-specific protein, a tumor-specific peptide, a non-peptidyl tumor cell ligand, or a combination of any of the foregoing.

Compounds comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand can include an immune cell-targeting moiety such as, for example, an immune cell-specific antibody, an immune cell-specific antibody fragment, an immune cell-specific protein, an immune cell-specific peptide, a non-peptidyl immune cell-ligand, or a combination of any of the foregoing.

Compounds comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand can comprise a caged molecule or molecules. A caged molecule can in effect encapsulate the compound and can serve to prevent bioactivity in certain tissues, for example, to protect peripheral tissues from the toxicity of IL-2Rapyc activation.

Compounds comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand can comprise a moiety, wherein the moiety comprises a small molecule, a peptide, a polymer, or an antibody. The small molecule can be a non-peptidyl molecule. The moiety can exhibit a pharmacological effect. The pharmacological effect can manifest when the moiety is bound to the IL-2Rβ ligand and/or the IL-2Rγc ligand and/or after the moiety is cleaved from the compound comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or the IL-2Rγc ligand.

Compounds comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand can comprise a moiety configured to sustain a circulating reservoir of the compound comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand.

Compounds comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand can comprise a moiety configured to target the IL-2R-directed immuno-stimulation of the effector immune cells in a tumor.

Compounds comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand can comprise a moiety configured to target specific immune cells such as Treg cells.

The moiety can comprise a compound that is toxic to a cell targeted by the compound comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand. The toxic moiety can be cleavable or otherwise activated such as by exposure to electromagnetic radiation. The toxic moiety can be activated, for example, by exposure to electromagnetic radiation such as visible radiation or ultraviolet radiation. Compounds comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand provided by the present disclosure can activate the IL-2 receptor. Compounds comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or IL-2Rγc ligand provided by the present disclosure can inhibit the IL-2 receptor. Certain compounds comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand provided by the present disclosure can bind to the IL-2Rβ subunit and/or to the IL-2Rγc subunit and prevent other compounds from binding to the IL-2Rβ subunit and/or the IL-2Rγc subunit. Compounds comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand can reduce the potency of or interfere with the binding of IL-2R agonists to cells that highly express the IL-2Rβ subunit and/or the IL-2Rγc subunit. Compounds comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand can reduce the sensitivity of cells to IL-2.

Compounds comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or IL-2Rγc ligand provided by the present disclosure can include compounds that act as IL-2Rβγc agonists or IL-2Rapyc agonists.

An IL-2Rβγc agonist or an IL-2Rayc agonist provided by the present disclosure can comprise synthetic peptides or recombinant peptides linked in tandem to create a single chain peptide comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand, an IL-2Rγc ligand and, in the case of an IL-2Rαβγc agonist, an IL-2Rα ligand. The ligands can be in any order and can be separated by amino acid linkers. The synthetic peptides can comprise natural amino acids or peptides with natural amino acids and suitable substitutions with unnatural amino acids. IL-2Rβγc agonists and IL-2Rapyc agonists provided by the present disclosure can be a recombinant fusion protein comprising an IL-2Rγc ligand and an IL-2Rβ ligand, and in the case of an IL-2Rαβγc agonist, an IL-2Rα ligand, and a fusion partner such as an Fc protein, an IgG protein, human serum albumin or other natural or designed protein, or a hydrophilic, biodegradable protein polymer. An IL-2Rβγc agonist or an IL-2Rapyc agonist can comprise one or more IL-2Rβ ligands and/or one or more IL-2Rγc ligands and, in the case of an IL-2Rαβγc agonist, one or more IL-2Rα ligands. An IL-2Rβγc agonist or an IL-2Rαβγc agonist can comprise an IL-2Rβ ligand and an IL-2Rγc ligand and, in the case of an IL-2Rαβγc agonist, an IL-2Rα ligand, and can further include one or more moieties selected to modify the pharmacokinetics of the IL-2R agonist such as PEG or an albumin binding moiety.

An IL-2Rβγc agonist can bind to IL-2Rβ subunit and IL-2Rγc subunit and can activate the IL-2 receptor. The binding affinity (IC₅₀) of the IL-2Rβγc agonist to the IL-2Rβ subunit and IL-2Rγc subunit can independently be, for example, less than 100 μM, less than 10 μM, less than 1 μM, less than 100 nM, less than 10 nM, or less than 1 nM. An IL-2Rβγc agonist can bind to IL-2Rβ and IL-2Rγc either competitively or non-competitively with IL-2.

An IL-2Rapyc agonist can bind to IL-2Ra, IL-2Rβ, and IL-2Rγc and activate the IL-2 receptor. The binding affinity (IC₅₀) of the IL-2Rapyc agonist to IL-2Ra, IL-2Rβ, and IL-2Rγc can be, for example, less than 100 μM, less than 10 μM, less than 1 μM, less than 100 nM, less than 10 nM, or less than 1 nM. An IL-2Rapyc agonist can bind to IL-2Ra, IL-2Rβ, and IL-2Rγc either competitively or non-competitively with IL-2.

An IL-2Rβγc agonist or an IL-2Rayc agonist comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and an IL-2Rγc ligand and, in the case of an IL-2Rαβγc agonist, an IL-2Rα ligand, can be configured to more potently activate cells expressing the IL-2Rβ subunit and the IL-2Rγc subunit, thereby facilitating the ability to differentially activate IL-2R expressed on the surface of different cell types by controlling dose of the agonist. For example, when incubated with a heteromeric compound comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and IL-2Rγc ligand, primary human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) expressing the IL-2Rαβγc subunit phosphorylate transcription 5 (STAT5). A heteromer can comprise an IL-2Rβ ligand, an IL-2Rγc ligand, and a linker, where the linker is configured such that the heteromer is an agonist for the IL-2 receptor. A linker can comprise a length that facilitates binding of an IL-2Rβ ligand and an IL-2Rγc ligand to the IL-2 receptor. For example, a linker can have a length from 10 Å to 400 Å, from 10 Å to 300 Å, from 10 Å to 200 Å, 20 Å to 100 Å, from 30 Å to 80 Å, or from 40 Å to 60 Å. A linker can comprise a chemical structure that facilitates simultaneous binding of an IL-2Rβ ligand and an IL-2Rγc ligand to the respective IL-2 receptor subunits. For example, a linker can comprise a peptide or a hydrocarbon.

An IL-2Rβγc agonist or an IL-2Rapyc agonist can partially activate the IL-2 receptor. Partial activation refers to a level of activation, that is, for example, less than 75% of maximum activation, less than 50%, less than 25%, less than 10%, or less than 1% of the maximum activation. Maximum activation (E_(max)) is the amplitude of cellular signal (activation) achievable at high agonist concentration such as a high concentration of IL-2. Partial IL-2R agonists can be effective in modulating the levels of response of IL-2R to activation of the IL-2Rβ and IL-2Rγc subunits among different cell types expressing IL-2R. For example, different cell types are known to vary in expression levels of each of the IL-2R subunits, IL-2Ra, IL-2Rβ, and IL-2Rγc, and to exhibit different sensitivities to IL-2R agonists.

An IL-2R agonist comprising one or more IL-2Rα ligands, one or more IL-2Rβ ligands, and one or more IL-2Rγc ligands can exhibit increased binding and potency on cells expressing the IL-2Rα subunit (such as Tregs).

An IL-2Rαβγc agonist can comprise an IL-2Rα ligand and modified IL-2Rβ ligands and/or IL-2Rγc ligands. Modified IL-2Rβ and IL-2Rγc ligands can be selected or designed to bind and activate IL-2R, but with low or modest affinity and potency to IL-2R. Such IL-2Rapyc agonists can have greater differential sensitivity for IL-2R activation between cells that highly express IL-2Rα and cells having a low level of IL-2Rα expression; for example, between Tregs that have a high expression of IL-2Rα and Teff cells that have a low expression level of IL-2Ra.

An IL-2Rβγc agonist or an IL-2Rayc agonist can comprise one or more IL-2Rβ ligands and/or one or more IL-2Rγc ligands and in the case of an IL-2Rαβγc agonist, one or more IL-2Rα ligands. The presence of multiple IL-2Rα ligands, IL-2Rβ ligands and/or IL-2Rγc ligands can preferentially increase the potency of the IL-2R agonists on cells that highly express IL-2Ra, IL-2Rβ and/or IL-2Rγc compared to cells having low expression levels of IL-2Ra, IL-2Rβ, and/or IL-2Rγc.

An IL-2R agonist can comprise a moiety having an additional pharmacological activity other than that mediated by activation of the IL-2 receptor. The pharmacological activity can be an activity that has a therapeutic efficacy that is synergistic with that of the IL-2R agonist or the pharmacological activity can be an activity that has a therapeutic efficacy that is not synergistic with that of the IL-2R agonist. For example, a moiety or molecule having a useful pharmacological activity can comprise a checkpoint inhibitor.

Compounds provided by the present disclosure include IL-2Rβ antagonists and IL-2Rγc antagonists. An IL-2R antagonist is a compound comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand or an IL-2Rγc ligand that inhibits binding of IL-2 and mutants and modified forms thereof, to the IL-2Rβ subunit or to the IL-2Rγc subunit and/or diminishes IL-2 activation of the IL-2 receptor.

IL-2Rβ antagonists and IL-2Rγc antagonists can attenuate the sensitivity of cells expressing the IL-2Rβ subunit and/or the IL-2Rγc subunit to activation by IL-2 or mutants and modified forms thereof.

IL-2Rβ antagonists and IL-2Rγc antagonists can include compounds having more than one IL-2Rβ ligand or more than one IL-2Rγc ligand and can bind competitively or non-competitively with IL-2 to the IL-2 receptor.

IL-2Rβ antagonists and IL-2Rγc antagonists can comprise one or more IL-2Rβ ligands or one or more IL-2Rγc ligands and a moiety having a useful pharmacological activity. The moiety can exhibit a pharmacological activity that is synergistic with IL-2R inhibition or is not synergistic with inhibition of IL-2R.

IL-2Rβ antagonists and IL-2Rγc antagonists can further include recombinant fusion proteins.

Compounds provided by the present disclosure include IL-2R antagonists.

An IL-2R antagonist can comprise an IL-2Rα ligand and an IL-2Rβ ligand; an IL-2Rα ligand and an IL-2Rγc ligand; or an IL-2Rβ ligand and an IL-2Rγc ligand.

IL-2R antagonists include compounds that bind to either the IL-2Rβ or IL-2Rγc subunit and inhibit activation of the IL-2 receptor.

IL-2R antagonists include compounds that bind to the IL-2Rβ and the IL-2Rγc subunits and inhibit activation of the IL-2 receptor, where the IL-2Rβ and IL-2Rγc ligands are configured to not activate the IL-2 receptor. Such compounds are high affinity antagonists for IL-2R activation and the presence of both IL-2Rβ and IL-2Rγc ligands enhances the potency of the IL-2R antagonists.

IL-2R antagonists include compounds comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand, and an IL-2Rγc ligand, which are configured to exhibit partial activation of the IL-2 receptor. These compounds are examples of partial IL-2R antagonists. Such compounds are useful for modulating the level of response of cells to IL-2R agonists among cells having different expression levels of IL-2R subunits. Use of the partial IL-2R agonists/antagonists can modulate the response of cells to IL-2R agonists among cells having different expression levels of the IL-2Rβ, and/or IL-2Rγc subunits.

An IL-2R antagonist can comprise one or more IL-2Rβ and/or IL-2Rγc ligands. An IL-2R antagonist can be a peptide or a polypeptide, which can be synthetic or recombinant. The IL-2R ligands can be coupled in any order, in any orientation, and can be coupled with linkers. The linkers can comprise natural and/or unnatural amino acids and/or non-peptidyl structures.

An IL-2R antagonist can be chemically modified to include, for example, moieties that affect the pharmacokinetics of the IL-2R antagonist such as PEG and albumin-binding moieties.

IL-2R antagonists can further include recombinant fusion proteins.

Compounds comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or IL-2Rγc ligand include diagnostic reagents. As a diagnostic agent, a compound comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or IL-2Rγc ligand can be used to detect and/or to measure cells expressing the IL-2Rβ subunit and/or IL-2Rγc subunit. The compounds can be used to determine the level of IL-2Rβ and/or IL-2Rγc expression of a cell, or population of cells, or of a tissue. The compounds can be used to assess the binding affinity of the IL-2Rβ subunit and/or IL-2Rγc subunit to a cell or population of cells. The compounds may be used to determine the particular type of cell, for example, based on IL-2Rβ and/or IL-2Rγc expression levels.

The compounds can be useful for in vitro and in vivo diagnostics.

A diagnostic compound comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or IL-2Rγc ligand can comprise a detectable marker. The detectable marker can be cleavable or non-cleavable.

A detectable marker can comprise, for example, a radiolabel, a fluorescent label, an enzymatic label.

A diagnostic compound comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or IL-2Rγc ligand can be used to measure cells expressing the IL-2Rβ subunit and/or IL-2Rγc subunit and/or the level of expression of cells expressing the IL-2Rβ subunit and/or IL-2Rγc subunit in a biological sample such as a sample of blood of a patient. Measurements can be made, for example, using flow cytometry. The number of cells expressing the IL-2Rβ subunit and/or IL-2Rγc subunit and/or the expression level of the IL-2Rβ subunit and/or IL-2Rγc subunit, when correlated with a disease in a patient or a pharmacologically significant parameter of the disease in a patient can be used to inform treatment of the disease. For example, if a level of expression of the IL-2Rβ subunit and/or IL-2Rγc subunit is above or below a therapeutically meaningful threshold for a particular disease, a compound comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or IL-2Rγc ligand provided by the present disclosure can be administered to the patient to treat the disease.

Compounds comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or IL-2Rγc ligand can be attached to a solid support. Based on the ability of the compounds to bind to the IL-2Rβ subunit and/or IL-2Rγc subunit, the compounds can be used as reagents for detecting IL-2Rβ subunits and/or IL-2Rγc subunits, for example, on living cells, fixed cells, in biological fluids, in tissue homogenates, in purified, and natural in biological materials. In addition, based on their ability to bind the IL-2Rβ subunit and/or IL-2Rγc subunit, the peptides of the present invention can be used, for example, in in situ staining, FACS (fluorescence-activated cell sorting), Western Blotting, and ELISA. In addition, compounds provided by the present disclosure can be used in receptor purification, or to purify cells expressing the IL-2Rβ subunit and/or IL-2Rγc subunit on the cell surface.

Compounds comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or IL-2Rγc ligand provided by the present disclosure can also be used as reagents for various medical research and diagnostic uses. Such uses include, for example, use as a calibration standard for quantitating the activities of candidate IL-2R agonists or IL-2R antagonists in functional assays; use to maintain the proliferation and growth of IL-2-dependent cell lines; (3) use in structural analysis of the IL-2 receptor through co-crystallization; use to investigate the mechanism of IL-2 signal transduction/receptor activation; and other research and diagnostic applications wherein the IL-2 receptor is implicated.

Assessing single patient response to therapy and qualifying a patient for optimal therapy are among the greatest challenges of modern healthcare and relate to trends in personalized medicine. A compound comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or IL-2Rγc ligand can have target selectivity for diseases in which cells associated with the etiology of the disease express the IL-2Rβ subunit and/or IL-2Rγc subunit. For example, a compound comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or IL-2Rγc ligand radiolabeled for positron emission tomography (PET) or single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) can be used to predict the targeting of the treatment based on a single-study, case-by-case patient analysis thus excluding subjects that are expected not to benefit from treatment with a therapeutic compound affecting the activity of the IL-2Rβ subunit and/or IL-2Rγc subunit. PET/SPECT scans using radiolabeled a compound comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or IL-2Rγc ligand, once correlated to the concentration of a compound comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or IL-2Rγc ligand can provide a three-dimensional distribution map, which can then be used for macroscopic dose calculations.

Compounds comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or IL-2Rγc ligand can comprise one or more imaging agents. The IL-2Rβ ligand and/or IL-2Rγc ligand can direct and localize the compound to cells, populations of cells, and tissue expressing the IL-2Rβ subunit and/or IL-2Rγc subunit. The imaging compounds can comprise one or more imaging agents such as radiolabels, fluorescent labels, enzymatic labels, or PET imaging agents.

The imaging agents can be used to determine the number of cells expressing the IL-2Rβ subunit and/or IL-2Rγc subunit, the expression level of cells expressing the IL-2Rβ subunit and/or IL-2Rγc subunit, or properties of the IL-2Rβ subunit and/or IL-2Rγc subunit such as the affinity of the IL-2Rβ subunit and/or IL-2Rγc subunit to a particular IL-2Rβ ligand and/or IL-2Rγc ligand and/or compound comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand. The imaging agents can be used, for example, to evaluate cancer cells expressing the IL-2Rβ subunit and/or the IL-2Rγc subunit, or to evaluate Treg and/or Teff cells.

The label can be detected to determine a biodistribution of the compound in a patient or to assess the potential for therapeutic efficacy. For example, tumors expressing high levels of the IL-2R receptor and/or the IL-2Rβ subunit and/or IL-2Rγc subunit may be attractive targets for therapeutic compounds comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or IL-2Rγc ligand provided by the present disclosure.

The imaging agents can be used to evaluate cells expressing the IL-2Rβ subunit and/or the IL-2Rγc subunit before therapy, during therapy, and/or following therapy.

Imaging agents comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand can further comprise a moiety capable of binding to a cell surface and in particular to a protein expressed on the cell surface. The protein can be indicative of a certain cell type and is referred to as a cell surface marker. Imaging agents comprising both an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand and a cell surface marker can be used to assess cells, a population of cells, and/or a tissue expressing both the IL-2Rβ subunit and/or IL-2Rγc subunit and the cell surface marker. Assessment can include determining the number of cells expressing both the IL-2Rβ subunit and/or the IL-2Rγc subunit and the cell surface marker, the expression levels of the IL-2Rβ subunit and/or the IL-2Rγc subunit and the cell surface marker, and/or the affinity of the imaging agent to the IL-2Rβ subunit and/or the IL-2Rγc subunit and/or the cell surface marker.

The imaging agents can be used to evaluate cells expressing the IL-2Rβ subunit and/or the IL-2Rγc subunit and the cell surface marker before therapy, during therapy, and/or following therapy.

As a practical example, T-cell infiltration of tumor lesions is a known prognostic factor in several tumor types and is used as a treatment mechanism in some of these tumor types. For example, in metastatic melanoma, treatment with immune checkpoint inhibitors induces clinical benefit in about 30-50% of the patients. Tumor-infiltrating T-cells express the IL-2 receptor on their surface. Therefore, these T-cells can be visualized by molecular imaging with a compound comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand and a radiolabel such as a PET tracer.

As another example, IL-2 is synthesized and secreted by activated T lymphocytes, especially CD8+ CTL and CD4+Th1 lymphocytes. T lymphocyte activation is observed in many types of inflammatory diseases, such as inflammatory degenerative diseases, graft rejection, tumor inflammation, organ-specific autoimmune diseases, and adipose inflammatory insulin resistance. IL-2 binds with high affinity to the cell membrane IL-2 receptor, which is mainly expressed on the cell surface of activated T lymphocytes. PET imaging of activated T lymphocytes by radiolabeled IL-2Rβ ligand and/or IL-2Rγc ligand therefore provides an in vivo, dynamic approach in studying the immune-cell infiltration in these inflammatory diseases.

Compounds provided by the present disclosure can be labeled. Labeled compounds can be useful in diagnostics.

Compounds comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand and selective IL-2Rβγc agonists provided by the present disclosure can be labeled with a detectable marker. The label can be used to determine a biodistribution of the compound in a patient or to assess the potential for therapeutic efficacy. For example, tumors expressing high levels of the IL-2R receptor may be attractive targets for selective IL-2Rβγc agonists and compounds comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand provided by the present disclosure.

Thus, compounds provided by the present disclosure include labeled compounds. A labeled compound can be a detectable marker, for example, a radiolabeled amino acid or an attachment of biotinyl moieties to a polypeptide, wherein said attached biotinyl moieties can be detected by marked avidin (e.g., streptavidin containing a fluorescent marker or enzymatic activity that can be detected by optical or colorimetric methods). Various methods of labeling polypeptides and glycoproteins are known in the art and may be used. Examples of labels for polypeptides include, for example, a radioisotope such as, ³H, ¹⁴C, ³⁵S, ¹²⁵I, and ¹³¹I, a fluorescent labels such as FITC, rhodamine, and lanthanide phosphors, an enzymatic label such as horseradish peroxidase, j3-galactosidase, luciferase, and alkaline phosphatase, biotinyl groups, predetermined polypeptide epitopes recognized by a secondary reporter such as leucine zipper pair sequences, binding sites for secondary antibodies, metal ligands, and epitope tags. A label can be attached by spacer arms of various lengths to reduce potential steric hindrance.

Compounds comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand can comprise a cell-specific targeting moiety or molecule.

A cell-specific targeting moiety can comprise a moiety that has an affinity for a component on the surface of a cell such as a receptor, a protein, or an epitope. A moiety can comprise, for example, a ligand or an antibody having an affinity to a cell surface component.

The targeting moiety can direct and concentrate compounds comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand at the cells, population of cells, or tissue targeted by the targeting moiety.

The targeting moiety can enhance the potency of IL-2R agonism or IL-2R antagonism for the cells or population of cells being targeted.

The targeting moiety can provide a differential response to IL-2R agonism or to IL-2R antagonism between the cells being targeted and the cells not being targeted by the targeting moiety.

The targeting moiety can provide a differential response to IL-2R agonism or IL-2R antagonism between cells having a high expression level of the targeted component and cells having a lower expression level of the targeted component.

Compounds comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand can further comprise a bioactive moiety or a bioactive molecule. A compound comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand can be used to deliver the bioactive moiety or bioactive molecule to cells, to a population of cells, or to a tissue expressing the IL-2Rβ subunit and/or the IL-2Rγc subunit.

The bioactive moiety or molecule can be non-cleavable and capable of exerting a biological activity when bound to the compound comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand.

The bioactive moiety or molecule can be cleavable. The moiety can be cleavable by any suitable mechanism such as by pH, enzymatic, thermal, and/or electromagnetic mechanisms. Electromagnetic mechanisms include, for example, exposing the compounds to infrared, visible, or ultraviolet radiation, where the bioactive moiety is attached to the compounds comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand through a photolabile moiety capable of being cleaved by the radiation.

The bioactive molecule can be non-cleavable but otherwise activatable, such as for example, activatable by exposure to electromagnetic radiation.

IL-2Rβ ligands and/or IL-2Rγc ligands can be selected to have enhanced binding to the IL-2Rβ subunit and/or to the IL-2Rγc subunit at a certain pH. For example, a pH-selective IL-2Rβ ligand and/or IL-2Rγc ligand can have a greater affinity to the IL-2Rβ subunit and/or IL-2Rγc subunit, respectively, at low pH commensurate with that of a solid tumor microenvironment. Compounds comprising low-pH selective IL-2Rβ ligands and/or IL-2Rγc ligands can be used to preferentially activate cells in low pH environments expressing the IL-2Rβ subunit and/or the IL-2Rγc subunit compared to cells in normal pH environments associated with healthy tissue.

Thus, compounds comprising selective IL-2Rβ ligands and/or IL-2Rγc ligands such as pH-selective IL-2Rβ ligands and/or pH-selective IL-2Rγc ligands can be used with other pH-selective bioactive moieties and molecules.

A bioactive moiety or bioactive molecule can itself be selective for a particular cell population. For example, a bioactive moiety or bioactive molecule can exhibit a greater or lesser affinity, potency, and/or activity at the cell being targeted by a selective IL-2Rβ ligand and/or IL-2Rγc ligand. For example, the bioactive moiety or molecule can exhibit greater bioactivity in a low pH tumor microenvironment when targeted by a pH-selective an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or IL-2Rγc ligand. In this example, the bioactive moiety is directed to cells located in the low-pH tumor microenvironment that express the IL-2Rβ subunit and/or IL-2Rγc subunit by the pH-selective IL-2Rβ ligand and/or IL-2Rγc ligand. Thus, the activity of the pH-selective bioactive moiety is enhanced in the low-pH tumor microenvironment.

Compounds comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or IL-2Rγc ligand can further comprise a cytotoxic moiety or cytotoxic molecule. Such compounds can be used to deliver a cytotoxic moiety or compound to a cell expressing the IL-2Rβ subunit and/or IL-2Rγc subunit such as T-cells. The cytotoxic moiety or molecule can exert cytotoxicity when bound to the compound or can be cleavable and the moiety or molecule can be cytotoxic when released from the compound; or the cytotoxic moiety can be activated by electromagnetic radiation.

The cytotoxic moiety or molecule can be used to deplete cells expressing the IL-2Rβ subunit and/or the IL-2Rγc subunit being targeted.

IL-2Rβ ligand- and/or IL-2Rγc ligand-containing cytotoxic compounds can have more than one IL-2Rβ ligand and/or more than one IL-2Rγc ligand and thereby can exhibit a higher affinity and/or selectivity to cells, populations of cells, and tissue that highly express the IL-2Rβ subunit and/or the IL-2Rγc subunit compared to cells having a lower expression level of the IL-2Rβ subunit and/or the IL-2Rγc subunit.

IL-2Rβ ligand- and/or IL-2Rγc ligand-containing cytotoxic compounds can further include a cell surface targeting component. Such cytotoxic compounds can exhibit enhanced efficacy to cells, populations of cells, and tissue expressing the IL-2Rβ subunit and/or IL-2Rγc subunit and the surface target component.

Examples of suitable cytotoxic molecules include anti-microtubule agents, alkylating agents, and DNA minor groove binding agents.

Compounds comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or IL-2Rγc ligand can further comprise a moiety having a useful pharmacological activity unrelated to IL-2 activity.

The pharmacological moiety can function synergistically with IL-2R agonist activity or synergistically with IL-2R antagonist activity or the pharmacology moiety may not exhibit synergism with activity of the IL-2Rβ subunit and/or the IL-2Rγc subunit.

Examples of suitable pharmacological moieties include antibodies and antibody fragments that are inhibitors of checkpoint molecules, pro-apototic and anti-apoptotic molecules, cytotoxic molecules, agonists of chemokine, antagonists of chemokine, cytokine, growth factor and other cell surface receptors, and ligands and inhibitors of cell surface adhesion molecules such as integrins.

Peptides provided by the present disclosure can be synthesized by methods known in the art, for example, by using standard solid phase techniques.

A peptide comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or IL-2Rγc ligand provided by the present disclosure can be modified, for example, by phosphorylation, and by other methods known in the art. Thus, the peptides provided by the disclosure can also serve as a basis to prepare peptide mimetics with similar biological activity.

A variety of techniques are available for constructing peptide mimetics with the same or similar desired biological activity as a corresponding peptide but with more favorable activity than the peptide with respect to solubility, stability, and susceptibility to hydrolysis and proteolysis.

Selective IL-2Rβγc agonists and compounds comprising IL-2Rβ ligands and/or IL-2Rγc ligands provided by the present disclosure may be incorporated into pharmaceutical compositions to be administered to a patient by any appropriate route of administration including intradermal, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, intravenous, subcutaneous, intranasal, epidural, oral, peroral, sublingual, intracerebral, intravaginal, transdermal, rectal, inhalation, or topical. In certain embodiments, pharmaceutical compositions provided by the present disclosure are injectable formulations. Pharmaceutical compositions provided by the present disclosure can be injectable intravenous formulations. Pharmaceutical compositions provided by the present disclosure can be oral formulations. Oral formulations may be oral dosage forms. A pharmaceutical composition may be formulated for intravenous administration or for subcutaneous administration.

Pharmaceutical compositions provided by the present disclosure may comprise a therapeutically-effective amount of a selective IL-2Rβγc agonist, a compound comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of any of the foregoing together with a suitable amount of one or more pharmaceutically acceptable vehicles so as to provide a composition for proper administration to a patient. Suitable pharmaceutical vehicles and methods of preparing pharmaceutical compositions are described in the art.

A selective IL-2Rβγc agonist or a compound comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand may be administered by intravenous injection. Suitable forms for injection include sterile aqueous solutions or dispersions of a selective IL-2Rβγc agonist or compound comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or IL-2Rγc ligand. A selective IL-2Rβγc agonist or a compound comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or IL-2Rγc ligand may be formulated in a physiological buffer solution. Prior to administration, a selective IL-2Rβγc agonist, a compound comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or IL-2Rγc ligand, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of any of the foregoing may be sterilized by any art recognized the technique, including addition of antibacterial or antifungal agents, for example, paraben, chlorobutanol, phenol, sorbic acid, thimersol, and the like. A selective IL-2Rβγc agonist, a compound comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or IL-2Rγc ligand, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of any of the foregoing may be sterilized by filtration before administration to a subject thereby minimizing or eliminating the need for additional sterilization agents. An injectable dosage of a selective IL-2Rβγc agonist or a compound comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or IL-2Rγc ligand may include from about 0.01 mL to about 10 mL, from about 0.1 mL to about 10 mL, from about 0.1 mL to about 5 mL, and in certain embodiments, from about 1 mL to about 5 mL.

Pharmaceutical compositions may comprise a therapeutically effective amount of one or more selective IL-2Rβγc agonists or compounds comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or IL-2Rγc ligand, preferably in purified form, together with a suitable amount of a pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle, so as to provide a form for proper administration to a patient. When administered to a patient, the compounds and pharmaceutically acceptable vehicles are preferably sterile. Water is a preferred vehicle when the compound is administered intravenously. Saline solutions and aqueous dextrose and glycerol solutions may also be employed as liquid vehicles, particularly for injectable solutions. Suitable pharmaceutical vehicles also include excipients such as starch, glucose, lactose, sucrose, gelatin, malt, rice, flour, chalk, silica gel, sodium stearate, glycerol monostearate, talc, sodium chloride, dried skim milk, glycerol, propylene, glycol, water, ethanol and the like. Pharmaceutical compositions may also contain minor amounts of wetting or emulsifying agents, or pH buffering agents. In addition, auxiliary, stabilizing, thickening, lubricating and coloring agents may be used.

Pharmaceutical compositions comprising a compound may be manufactured by means of conventional mixing, dissolving, granulating, levitating, emulsifying, encapsulating, entrapping or lyophilizing processes. Pharmaceutical compositions may be formulated in a conventional manner using one or more physiologically acceptable carriers, diluents; excipients or auxiliaries, which facilitate processing of compounds into preparations which can be used pharmaceutically. Proper formulation is dependent upon the route of administration chosen. Pharmaceutical compositions provided by the present disclosure may take the form of solutions, suspensions, emulsion, or any other form suitable for use. Examples of suitable pharmaceutical vehicles are described in the art.

For parenteral administration, selective IL-2Rβγc agonists and compounds comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand may be incorporated into a solution or suspension. Parenteral administration refers to the administration by injection, for instance by intravenous, intracapsular, intrathecal, intrapleural, intratumoral, subcutaneously, or intraperitoneal injection or intravesically. A selective IL-2Rβγc agonist or compound comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand can be administered intravenously.

A solution or suspension may also comprise at least one of the following adjuvants: sterile diluents such as water for injection, saline, fixed oils, polyethylene glycols, glycerol, propylene glycol or other synthetic solvents, antioxidants such as ascorbic acid or sodium bisulfite, buffers such as acetates, citrates or phosphates, and agents for adjustment of the tonicity such as sodium chloride or dextrose. A parenteral preparation may be enclosed into ampoules, disposable syringes or multiple dosage vessels made of glass or plastic.

Assessing single patient response to therapy and qualifying a patient for optimal therapy are among the greatest challenges of modern healthcare and relate to trends in personalized medicine. The selective IL-2Rβγc agonist or compound comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or IL-2Rγc ligand can have target selectivity for certain cancers. Selective IL-2Rβγc agonists and compounds comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand, radiolabeled for positron emission tomography (PET) or Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) may be used to predict the targeting of the treatment based on a single-study, case-by-case patient analysis thus excluding subjects that are expected not to benefit from treatment. PET/SPECT scans using radiolabeled selective IL-2Rβγc agonists or compounds comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or IL-2Rγc ligand, once correlated to the concentration selective IL-2Rβγc agonist or compound comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or IL-2Rγc ligand can provide a three-dimensional distribution map, which can then be used for macroscopic dose calculations.

Accordingly, it is within the capability of those of skill in the art to assay and use the selective IL-2Rβγc agonist, a compound comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand, and/or pharmaceutical compositions thereof for therapy.

A selective IL-2Rβγc agonist, a compound comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or IL-2Rγc ligand, and/or pharmaceutical composition thereof can generally be used in an amount effective to achieve the intended purpose. For use to treat a disease such as cancer, a selective IL-2Rβγc agonist, a compound comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand, and/or pharmaceutical compositions thereof, may be administered or applied in a therapeutically effective amount.

The amount of a selective IL-2Rβγc agonist, a compound comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or IL-2Rγc ligand, and/or pharmaceutical composition of any of the foregoing that will be effective in the treatment of a particular disorder or condition disclosed herein will depend in part on the nature of the disorder or condition, and can be determined by standard clinical techniques known in the art. In addition, in vitro or in vivo assays may optionally be employed to help identify optimal dosage ranges. The amount of selective IL-2Rβγc agonist, a compound comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand, and/or pharmaceutical composition of any of the foregoing administered will depend on, among other factors, the subject being treated, the weight of the subject, the severity of the affliction, the manner of administration and the judgment of the prescribing physician.

A selective IL-2Rβγc agonist or a compound comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand may be assayed in vitro and in vivo, for the desired therapeutic activity, prior to use in humans. For example, in vitro assays may be used to determine whether administration of a specific compound or a combination of compounds is preferred. The compounds may also be demonstrated to be effective and safe using animal model systems.

In certain embodiments, a therapeutically effective dose of a selective IL-2Rβγc agonist, a compound comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand, and/or pharmaceutical composition of any of the foregoing will provide therapeutic benefit without causing substantial toxicity. Toxicity of a selective IL-2Rβγc agonist, a compound comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand, and/or pharmaceutical compositions of any of the foregoing may be determined using standard pharmaceutical procedures and may be readily ascertained by the skilled artisan. The dose ratio between toxic and therapeutic effect is the therapeutic index. In certain embodiments, a selective IL-2Rβγc agonist, a compound comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand, and/or pharmaceutical composition of any of the foregoing exhibits a particularly high therapeutic index in treating disease and disorders. A dose of a selective IL-2Rβγc agonist a compound comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand, and/or pharmaceutical composition of any of the foregoing will be within a range of circulating concentrations that include an effective dose with minimal toxicity.

A compound comprising an IL-2Rβ and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand provided by the present disclosure or a pharmaceutical composition thereof may be included in a kit that may be used to administer the compound to a patient for therapeutic purposes. A kit may include a pharmaceutical composition comprising a selective IL-2Rβγc agonist or a compound comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand provided by the present disclosure suitable for administration to a patient and instructions for administering the pharmaceutical composition to the patient. The kit can be a kit for treating cancer. A kit for use in treating cancer in a patient can comprise a selective IL-2Rβγc agonist or a compound comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand provided by the present disclosure, a pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle for administering the compound, and instructions for administering the compound to a patient.

The pharmaceutical compositions can be included in a container, pack, or dispenser together with instructions for administration.

Instructions supplied with a kit may be printed and/or supplied, for example, as an electronic-readable medium, a video cassette, an audiotape, a flash memory device, or may be published on an internet web site or distributed to a patient and/or health care provider as an electronic communication.

Selective IL-2Rβγc agonists and compounds comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand provided by the present disclosure may be used for treating cancer in a patient. The cancer can be, for example, a solid tumor or a metastasis.

Selective IL-2Rβγc agonists and compounds comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand provided by the present disclosure or a pharmaceutical composition thereof may be administered to treat a cancer known to be treated by activation or inhibition of the IL-2 receptor. Selective IL-2Rβγc agonists and compounds comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or IL-2Rγc ligand provided by the present disclosure or a pharmaceutical composition thereof may be administered to treat a cancer known to be treated by activation or inhibition of the IL-2Rβγc subunits and where simultaneous activation of the IL-2Rα subunit compromises therapeutic efficacy and/or minimizes unwanted side effects.

Selective IL-2Rβγc agonists and compounds comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand provided by the present disclosure or a pharmaceutical composition thereof can be used to treat, for example, one or more of the following cancers: acute lymphoblastic leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia, adrenocortical carcinoma, appendix cancer, astrocytoma, atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor, basal cell carcinoma (nonmelanoma), B-cell lymphoma, bladder cancer, bone cancer, brain and spinal cord tumors, brain stem cancer, brain tumor, breast cancer, bronchial tumors, Burkitt lymphoma, carcinoid tumor, carcinoma of head and neck, central nervous system embryonal tumors, cerebellar astrocytoma, cerebral astrocytoma/malignant glioma, cervical cancer, chordoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, chronic myelogenous leukemia, colorectal cancer, craniopharyngioma, cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, desmoplastic small round cell tumor, ductal carcinoma, dye cancer, endocrine pancreas tumors (islet cell tumors), endometrial cancer, ependymoblastoma, esophageal cancer, esthesioneuroblastoma, Ewing family of tumors, extracranial germ cell tumor, extrahepatic bile duct cancer, gallbladder cancer, gastric cancer, gastrointestinal carcinoid tumor, gastrointestinal stromal tumor, gestational trophoblastic tumor, glioblastoma, glioma, hairy cell leukemia, head and neck cancer, heart cancer, hematopoetic tumors of the lymphoid lineage, hepatocellular cancer, Hodgkin lymphoma, hypopharyngeal cancer, hypothalamic and visual pathway glioma, IDs-related lymphoma, intraocular melanoma, islet cell tumors, Kaposi sarcoma, kidney cancer, Langerhans cell histiocytosis, laryngeal cancer, leukemia, lip and oral cavity cancer, male breast cancer, malignant fibrous histiocytoma, malignant germ cell tumors, malignant mesothelioma, medulloblastoma, melanoma, Merkel cell carcinoma, mesothelioma, mouth cancer, multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome, multiple myeloma, mycosis fungoides, myelodysplastic, myeloproliferative neoplasms, nasal cavity and paranasal sinus cancer, nasopharyngeal cancer, neuroblastoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, non-small cell lung cancer, oral cancer, oropharyngeal cancer, osteosarcoma, ovarian cancer, ovarian epithelial cancer, ovarian germ cell tumor, ovarian low malignant potential tumor, pancreatic cancer, pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (islet cell tumors), papillomatosis, paraganglioma, paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer, parathyroid cancer, penile cancer, pharyngeal cancer, pheochromocytoma, pineal parenchymal tumors, pineoblastoma and supratentorial primitive neuroectodermal tumors, pituitary tumor, plasma cell neoplasm/multiple myeloma, pleuropulmonary blastoma, pregnancy and breast cancer, primary central nervous system lymphoma, primary liver cancer, primary metastatic squamous neck cancer with occult, prostate cancer, rectal cancer, renal cell cancer, renal pelvis and ureter, respiratory tract carcinoma, retinoblastoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, salivary gland cancer, sarcoma, Sdzary syndrome, skin cancer, skin cancer, small intestine cancer, soft tissue sarcoma, squamous cell carcinoma (nonmelanoma), stomach cancer, supratentorial primitive neuroectodermal tumors, T-cell lymphoma, testicular cancer, throat cancer, thymoma and thymic carcinoma, thyroid cancer, transitional cell cancer, urethral cancer, uterine sarcoma, vaginal cancer, visual pathway and hypothalamic glioma, vulvar cancer, Waldenstrdm macroglobulinemia, Wilms tumor, and systemic and central metastases of any of the foregoing.

Selective IL-2Rβγc agonists and compounds comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand provided by the present disclosure, or a pharmaceutical composition of any of the foregoing can be used to treat solid tumors.

Selective IL-2Rβγc agonists, compounds comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand provided by the present disclosure or a pharmaceutical composition of any of the foregoing can be used to treat, for example, one or more of the following cancers wherein the cancer is selected from any of the primary adult and childhood brain and CNS cancers including glioblastoma (GBM) and astrocytoma, skin cancers including melanoma, lung cancers including small cell lung cancers, non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC), and large cell lung cancers, breasts cancers including triple negative breast cancer (TNBC), blood cancers including myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), multiple myeloma (MM), and acute myeloid leukemia (AML), prostate cancer including castrate resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), liver cancers including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), esophageal and gastric cancers, and any systemic and central metastases of any of the foregoing.

The amount of a selective IL-2Rβγc agonists, compounds comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand provided by the present disclosure, or pharmaceutical composition of any of the foregoing that will be effective in the treatment of a cancer will depend, at least in part, on the nature of the disease, and may be determined by standard clinical techniques known in the art. In addition, in vitro or in vivo assays may be employed to help identify optimal dosing ranges. Dosing regimens and dosing intervals may also be determined by methods known to those skilled in the art. The amount of a selective IL-2Rβγc agonist or compound comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand provided by the present disclosure administered may depend on, among other factors, the subject being treated, the weight of the subject, the severity of the disease, the route of administration, and the judgment of the prescribing physician.

For systemic administration, a therapeutically effective dose may be estimated initially from in vitro assays. Initial doses may also be estimated from in vivo data, e.g., animal models, using techniques that are known in the art. Such information may be used to more accurately determine useful doses in humans. One having ordinary skill in the art may optimize administration to humans based on animal data.

A dose of a selective IL-2Rβγc agonist or compound comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand provided by the present disclosure and appropriate dosing intervals may be selected to maintain a sustained therapeutically effective concentration of the selective IL-2Rβγc agonist or compound comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand provided by the present disclosure in the blood of a patient, and in certain embodiments, without exceeding a minimum adverse concentration.

In certain embodiments, pharmaceutical compositions comprising a selective IL-2Rβγc agonist or compound comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand provided by the present disclosure may be administered, for example once per week, every 2 weeks, every 3 weeks, every 4 weeks, every 5 weeks, or every 6 weeks. Dosing may be provided alone or in combination with other drugs and may continue as long as required for effective treatment of the disease. Dosing may also be undertaken using continuous or semi-continuous administration over a period of time. Dosing includes administering a pharmaceutical composition to a mammal, such as a human, in a fed or fasted state.

A pharmaceutical composition may be administered in a single dosage form or in multiple dosage forms or as a continuous or an accumulated dose over a period of time. When multiple dosage forms are used the amount of a selective IL-2Rβγc agonist or compound comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or IL-2Rγc ligand provided by the present disclosure contained within each of the multiple dosage forms may be the same or different.

Suitable daily dosage ranges for administration may range from about 2 μg to about 200 mg of a selective IL-2Rβγc agonist or compound comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand provided by the present disclosure per kilogram body weight.

Suitable daily dosage ranges for administration may range from about 1 μg to about 50 mg of a selective IL-2Rβγc agonist or compound comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand provided by the present disclosure per square meter (m²) of body surface.

A selective IL-2Rβγc agonist or compound comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand provided by the present disclosure may be administered to treat cancer in a subject in an amount, for example, from 0.001 mg/day to 100 mg/day, or in any other appropriate daily dose. A dose can be for example, from 0.01 μg/kg body weight/week to 100 μg/kg body weight/week or any other suitable dose.

A pharmaceutical composition comprising a selective IL-2Rβγc agonist or compound comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand provided by the present disclosure may be administered to treat cancer in a subject so as to provide a therapeutically effective concentration of a selective IL-2Rβγc agonist or compound comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand provided by the present disclosure in the blood or plasma of the subject. A therapeutically effective concentration of a compound of a selective IL-2Rβγc agonist or compound comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand provided by the present disclosure in the blood of a subject can be, for example, from 0.01 μg/L to 1,000 μg/L, from 0.1 μg/L to 500 μg/L, from 1 μg/L to 250 μg/L, or from about 10 μg/L to about 100 μg/L. A therapeutically effective concentration of a selective IL-2Rβγc agonist or compound comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand provided by the present disclosure in the blood of a subject can be, for example, at least 0.01 μg/L, at least 0.1 μg/L, at least 1 μg/L, at least about 10 μg/L, or at least 100 μg/L. A therapeutically effective concentration of a selective IL-2Rβγc agonist or compound comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand in the blood of a subject can be, for example, less than an amount that causes unacceptable adverse effects including adverse effects to homeostasis. A therapeutically effective concentration of a selective IL-2Rβγc agonist or compound comprising an IL-2Rj3 ligand and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand in the blood of a subject can be an amount sufficient to restore and/or maintain homeostasis in the subject.

Pharmaceutical compositions comprising a selective IL-2Rβγc agonist or compound comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or IL-2Rγc ligand may be administered to treat a disease in a subject so as to provide a therapeutically effective concentration of the selective IL-2Rβγc agonist or compound comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand in the blood of a subject for an extended period of time such as, for example, for at least about 4 hours, for at least about 6 hours, for at least about 12 hours, for at least 1 day, for at least 2 days, for at least 3 days, or at least 1 week.

The amount of a selective IL-2Rβγc agonist or compound comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand administered may vary during a treatment regimen.

Pharmaceutical compositions provided by the present disclosure may further comprise one or more pharmaceutically active compounds in addition to a selective IL-2Rβγc agonist or compound comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand provided by the present disclosure. Such compounds may be provided, for example, to treat the cancer being treated with the a selective IL-2Rβγc agonist a compound comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand or to treat a disease, disorder, or condition other than the cancer being treated with the selective IL-2Rβγc agonist or compound comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand, to treat a side-effect caused by administering the selective IL-2Rβγc agonist or compound comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand, to augment the efficacy of the a selective IL-2Rβγc agonist or compound comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand, and/or to modulate the activity of the selective IL-2Rβγc agonist or compound comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand.

A selective IL-2Rβγc agonist or compound comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand provided by the present disclosure may be used in combination with at least one other therapeutic agent. A selective IL-2Rβγc agonist or compound comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand may be administered to a patient together with another compound for treating cancer in the subject. In certain embodiments, the at least one other therapeutic agent may be a different selective IL-2Rβγc agonist or compound comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand. A selective IL-2Rβγc agonist or compound comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand and the at least one other therapeutic agent may act additively or, and in certain embodiments, synergistically. The at least one additional therapeutic agent may be included in the same pharmaceutical composition or vehicle comprising the selective IL-2Rβγc agonist or compound comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand or may be in a separate pharmaceutical composition or vehicle. Accordingly, methods provided by the present disclosure further include, in addition to administering a selective IL-2Rβγc agonist or compound comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand, administering one or more therapeutic agents effective for treating cancer or a different disease, disorder or condition than cancer. Methods provided by the present disclosure include administration of a selective IL-2Rβγc agonist or compound comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand and one or more other therapeutic agents provided that the combined administration does not inhibit the therapeutic efficacy of a selective IL-2Rβγc agonist or compound comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand and/or does not produce adverse combination effects.

A pharmaceutical composition comprising a selective IL-2Rβγc agonist or a compound comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand may be administered concurrently with the administration of another therapeutic agent, which may be part of the same pharmaceutical composition as, or in a different pharmaceutical composition than that comprising a selective IL-2Rβγc agonist and/or a compound comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand. A selective IL-2Rβγc agonist and/or a compound comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand may be administered prior or subsequent to administration of another therapeutic agent. In certain embodiments of combination therapy, the combination therapy may comprise alternating between administering a selective IL-2Rβγc agonist or a compound comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand and a composition comprising another therapeutic agent, e.g., to minimize adverse drug effects associated with a particular drug. When a selective IL-2Rβγc agonist or a compound comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand is administered concurrently with another therapeutic agent that potentially may produce an adverse drug effect including, for example, toxicity, the other therapeutic agent may be administered at a dose that falls below the threshold at which the adverse drug reaction is elicited.

A pharmaceutical composition comprising a selective IL-2Rβγc agonist or a compound comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand provided by the present disclosure may be administered with one or more substances, for example, to enhance, modulate and/or control release, bioavailability, therapeutic efficacy, therapeutic potency, and/or stability, of the selective IL-2Rβγc agonist or compound comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand. For example, a pharmaceutical composition comprising a selective IL-2Rβγc agonist or compound comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand can be co-administered with an active agent having pharmacological effects that enhance the therapeutic efficacy of the selective IL-2Rβγc agonist or compound comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand.

A selective IL-2Rβγc agonist, a compound comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand, or a pharmaceutical composition comprising any of the foregoing may be administered in conjunction with an agent known or believed to be effective in treating cancer in a patient, such as the same cancer being treated with the selective IL-2Rβγc agonist or compound comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand.

A selective IL-2Rβγc agonist, a compound comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand, or a pharmaceutical composition comprising any of the foregoing may be administered in conjunction with an agent known or believed to interfere with proliferation.

In certain embodiments, a selective IL-2Rβγc agonist, a compound comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand, or a pharmaceutical composition comprising any of the foregoing may be administered in conjunction with an agent known or believed to interfere with metabolism. A selective IL-2Rβγc agonist, a compound comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand, or a pharmaceutical composition comprising any of the foregoing may be administered in conjunction with an agent known or believed to interfere with mitochondrial metabolism. A selective IL-2Rβγc agonist, a compound comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand, or a pharmaceutical composition comprising any of the foregoing may be administered in conjunction with an agent known or believed to be an anti-metabolite. A selective IL-2Rβγc agonist, a compound comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand, or a pharmaceutical composition comprising any of the foregoing may be administered in conjunction with an agent known or believed to interfere RNA transcription. A selective IL-2Rβγc agonist, a compound comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand, or a pharmaceutical composition comprising a selective IL-2Rβγc agonist may be administered in conjunction with an agent known or believed to interfere with RNA translation. A selective IL-2Rβγc agonist, a compound comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand, or a pharmaceutical composition comprising any of the foregoing may be administered in conjunction with an agent known or believed to interfere with protein synthesis. A selective IL-2Rβγc agonist, a compound comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand, or a pharmaceutical composition comprising any of the foregoing may be administered in conjunction with an agent known or believed to interfere with synthesis of precursors for DNA synthesis and replication. A selective IL-2Rβγc agonist, a compound comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand, or a pharmaceutical composition comprising any of the foregoing may be administered in conjunction with an agent known or believed to interfere with purine synthesis. A selective IL-2Rβγc agonist, a compound comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand, or a pharmaceutical composition comprising any of the foregoing may be administered in conjunction with an agent known or believed to interfere with nucleoside synthesis. A selective IL-2Rβγc agonist, a compound comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand, or a pharmaceutical composition of any of the foregoing may be administered in conjunction with an agent known or believed to interact with mTOR. A selective IL-2Rβγc agonist, a compound comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand, or a pharmaceutical composition of any of the foregoing may be administered in conjunction with an agent known or believed to interact be an mTOR inhibitor. A selective IL-2Rβγc agonist, a compound comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand, or a pharmaceutical composition of any of the foregoing may be administered in conjunction with an agent known or believed to interfere with cell cycle checkpoints.

An IL-2Rβγc agonist, a compound comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand, or a pharmaceutical composition of any of the foregoing may be administered in conjunction with a checkpoint inhibitor including CTLA-4 inhibitors such as ipilimumab, PD1 inhibitors such as pembrolizumab and nivolumab, and PD-LI inhibitors such as atezolizumab, avelumab, and durvalumab. An IL-2Rβγc agonist, a compound comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand, or a pharmaceutical composition of any of the foregoing may be administered in conjunction with an immunomodulator such as CD137/4-1BB, CD27, GIYR, and/or OC40.

A selective IL-2Rβγc agonist, a compound comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand, or a pharmaceutical composition of any of the foregoing may be administered in conjunction with an agent known or believed to be cytotoxic. A selective IL-2Rβγc agonist, a compound comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand, or a pharmaceutical composition of any of the foregoing may be administered in conjunction with an agent known or believed to be cytostatic. A selective IL-2Rβγc agonist, a compound comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand, or a pharmaceutical composition of any of the foregoing may be administered in conjunction with an agent known or believed to cause DNA damage. A selective IL-2Rβγc agonist, a compound comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand, or a pharmaceutical composition of any of the foregoing may be administered in conjunction with an agent known or believed to cause cell cycle arrest. A selective IL-2Rβγc agonist, a compound comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand, or a pharmaceutical composition comprising of any of the foregoing may be administered in conjunction with an agent known or believed to cause mitotic catastrophe.

A selective IL-2Rβγc agonist, a compound comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand, or a pharmaceutical composition of any of the foregoing may be administered in conjunction with an agent known or believed to modulate drug resistance. A selective IL-2Rβγc agonist, a compound comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand, or a pharmaceutical composition of any of the foregoing may be administered in conjunction with an agent known or believed to reduce multi-drug resistance. A selective IL-2Rβγc agonist, a compound comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand, or a pharmaceutical composition of any of the foregoing may be administered in conjunction with an agent known or believed to interact with membrane proteins. A selective IL-2Rβγc agonist, a compound comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand, or a pharmaceutical composition comprising any of the foregoing may be administered in conjunction with an agent known or believed to interact with plasma membrane proteins. A selective IL-2Rβγc agonist, a compound comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand, or a pharmaceutical composition comprising any of the foregoing may be administered in conjunction with an agent known or believed to interact with nuclear membrane proteins. A selective IL-2Rβγc agonist, a compound comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand, or a pharmaceutical composition comprising any of the foregoing may be administered in conjunction with an agent known or believed to interact with a major vault protein or proteins. A selective IL-2Rβγc agonist, a compound comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand, or a pharmaceutical composition comprising any of the foregoing may be administered in conjunction with an agent known or believed to interact with gen products of the MVP (major vault protein) gene.

A selective IL-2Rβγc agonist, a compound comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand, or a pharmaceutical composition of any of the foregoing, may be administered in conjunction with an agent known or believed to modulate glutathione concentration. A selective IL-2Rβγc agonist, a compound comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand, or a pharmaceutical composition comprising any of the foregoing may be administered in conjunction with an agent known or believed to modulate glutathione concentration within cells. A selective IL-2Rβγc agonist, a compound comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand, or a pharmaceutical composition comprising a selective IL-2Rβγc agonist or a compound comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand may be administered in conjunction with an agent known or believed to decrease glutathione concentration within cells. A selective IL-2Rβγc agonist, a compound comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand, or a pharmaceutical composition comprising a selective IL-2Rβγc agonist or a compound comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or IL-2Rγc ligand may be administered in conjunction with an agent known or believed to reduce glutathione uptake into cells. A selective IL-2Rβγc agonist, a compound comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand, or a pharmaceutical composition comprising any of the foregoing may be administered in conjunction with an agent known or believed to reduce glutathione synthesis. A selective IL-2Rβγc agonist, a compound comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand, or a pharmaceutical composition comprising any of the foregoing may be administered in conjunction with an agent known or believed to reduce glutathione synthesis within cells.

A selective IL-2Rβγc agonist, a compound comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand, or a pharmaceutical composition comprising any of the foregoing may be administered in conjunction with an agent known or believed to interfere with neovascularization. A selective IL-2Rβγc agonist, a compound comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or IL-2Rγc ligand, or a pharmaceutical composition comprising any of the foregoing may be administered in conjunction with an agent known or believed to reduce neovascularization. A selective IL-2Rβγc agonist, a compound comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand, or a pharmaceutical composition comprising any of the foregoing may be administered in conjunction with an agent known or believed to promote neovascularization.

A selective IL-2Rβγc agonist, a compound comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand, or a pharmaceutical composition comprising any of the foregoing may be administered in conjunction with an agent known or believed to interfere with hormone homeostasis. In certain embodiments, a selective IL-2Rβγc agonist, a compound comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand, or a pharmaceutical composition comprising any of the foregoing may be administered in conjunction with an agent known or believed to interfere with hormone synthesis. A selective IL-2Rβγc agonist, a compound comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or IL-2Rβ ligand and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand or a pharmaceutical composition comprising any of the foregoing may be administered in conjunction with an agent known or believed to interfere with hormone receptor binding. A selective IL-2Rβγc agonist, a compound comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand, or a pharmaceutical composition comprising any of the foregoing may be administered in conjunction with an agent known or believed to interfere with hormone signal transduction.

A selective IL-2Rβγc agonist, a compound comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand, or a pharmaceutical composition comprising any of the foregoing may be administered in conjunction with an agent known or believed to interfere with growth factor homeostasis. A selective IL-2Rβγc agonist, a compound comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand, or a pharmaceutical composition comprising any of the foregoing may be administered in conjunction with an agent known or believed to interfere with growth factor synthesis. A selective IL-2Rβγc agonist, a compound comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand, or a pharmaceutical composition comprising any of the foregoing may be administered in conjunction with an agent known or believed to interfere with growth factor receptor expression. A selective IL-2Rβγc agonist, a compound comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand, or a pharmaceutical composition comprising any of the foregoing may be administered in conjunction with an agent known or believed to interfere with growth factor binding to growth factor receptors. A selective IL-2Rβγc agonist, a compound comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand, or a pharmaceutical composition comprising any of the foregoing may be administered in conjunction with an agent known or believed to interfere with growth factors binding to growth factor receptors. A selective IL-2Rβγc agonist, a compound comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand, or a pharmaceutical composition comprising any of the foregoing may be administered in conjunction with an agent known or believed to interfere with growth factor receptor signal transduction. A selective IL-2Rβγc agonist, a compound comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or IL-2Rγc ligand, or a pharmaceutical composition comprising any of the foregoing may be administered in conjunction with an agent known or believed to interfere with the Hedgehog (Hh) signaling. A selective IL-2Rβγc agonist, a compound comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand, or a pharmaceutical composition comprising any of the foregoing may be administered in conjunction with an agent known or believed to inhibit the Hedgehog pathway signaling. A selective IL-2Rβγc agonist, a compound comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand, or a pharmaceutical composition comprising any of the foregoing may be administered in conjunction with an agent known or believed to inhibit ALK (anaplastic lymphoma kinase) pathway signaling. A selective IL-2Rβγc agonist, a compound comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand, or a pharmaceutical composition comprising any of the foregoing may be administered in conjunction with an agent known or believed to inhibit non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) is a pathway.

A selective IL-2Rβγc agonist, a compound comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand, or a pharmaceutical composition of any of the foregoing may be administered in conjunction with one or more agents known or believed to be a VEGFR (vascular endothelial growth factor receptor) inhibitor, a RTK (receptor tyrosine kinase) inhibitor, a sodium channel current blocker, aFAK (focal adhesion kinase) inhibitor, a GLI (glioma-associated oncogene) inhibitor, a GLI1 inhibitor, a GLI2 inhibitor, a GLI3 inhibitor, a MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor, a MAPK/ERK pathway (also known as Ras-Raf-MEK-ERK pathways) inhibitor, a MEK1 inhibitor, a MEK2 inhibitor, a MEK5 inhibitor, a MEK5/ERK5 inhibitor, aRTA (renal tubular acidosis) inhibitor, a ALK (anaplastic lymphoma kinase) inhibitor, Aa LK kinase inhibitor, a nuclear translocation inhibitor, a PORCN (porcupine) inhibitor, a 5-ARI (5α-reductase inhibitor), topoisomerase inhibitor, a Ras (rat sarcoma) inhibitor, a K-ras inhibitor, a CERK (ceramide kinase) inhibitor, a PKB (protein kinase B, also known as AKT) inhibitor, a AKT1 inhibitor, EZH2 (enhacer of zeste homolog 2) inhibitor, a BET (bromodomain and extraterminal domain motif) inhibitor, a SYK (apleen tyrosine kinase) inhibitor, JAK (janus kinase) inhibitors, a SYK/JAK inhibitor, a IDO (indoleamine-pyrrole 2,3-dioxygenase) inhibitor, a IDO1 inhibitor, a RXR (retinoic X receptors) activating agent, a selectively RXR activating agent, a p-glycoprotein inhibitor, a ERK inhibitor, a PI3K (phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase) inhibitor, a BRD (bromodomain-containing protein) inhibitor, a BRD2 inhibitor, a BRD3 inhibitor, a BRD4 inhibitor, a BRDT (bromodomain testis-specific protein) inhibitor, a reverse transcriptase inhibitor, a NRT (nucleoside analog reverse-transcriptase) inhibitor, a PIM (proviral integrations of moloney virus) inhibitor, a EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor) inhibitor, a photosensitizer, a radiosensitizer, a ROS (proto-oncogene, receptor tyrosine kinase) inhibitor, a ROS1 (proto-oncogene 1) inhibitor, a CK (caseine kinase) inhibitor, a CK2 inhibitor, a Bcr-Abl (breakpoint cluster region—Abelson proto-oncogene) tyrosine-kinase inhibitor such as dasatinib, a microtubule stabilizing agent, a microtubule depolymerization/disassembly inhibitor, a DNA intercalator, an androgen receptor antagonist, a chemoprotective agents, a HDAC (histone deacetylase) inhibitor, a DPP (dipeptidyl pepdidase) inhibitor, a DPP-4 inhibitor, BTK (Bruton's tyrosine kinase) inhibitor, a kinase inhibitor such as imatinib, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor such as nilotinib, a ARP (poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase) inhibitor, a CDK (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor, a CDK4 inhibitor, a CDK6 inhibitor, a CDK4/6 inhibitor, a HIF1α (hypoxia-inducible factor 1-α) inhibitor, a DNA ligase inhibitor, a DNA ligase IV inhibitor, a NHEJ (non-homologous end joining) inhibitor, a DNA ligase IV, a NHEJ inhibitor and a RAF inhibitor, a TKI and a RAF inhibitor, a TKI and RAF inhibitor such as sorafenib, a PDT (photodynamic therapy) sensitizer, an ATR (ataxia telangiectasia- and Rad3-related protein kinase) inhibitor, or a combination of any of the foregoing.

A selective IL-2Rβγc agonist, a compound comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand or a pharmaceutical composition of any of any of the foregoing may be administered in conjunction with one or more chemotherapeutic agents, such as, for example, a VEGFR inhibitor such as fruquintinib, motesanib/AMG-706, vatalanib; a RTK inhibitor such as ponatinib; a sodium channel blocker such as GS967; a FAK inhibitor such as TAE226; a GLI1 and GLI2 inhibitor such as GANT61, a MEK inhibitor such as binimetinib; a RTA inhibitor such as linifanib; an ALK inhibitor such as brigstinib; bromopyruvic acid; a DNA alkylating agent such as thiotepa; nuclear translocations factors such as JSH-23; a PORCn inhibitor such as Wnt-C59; a 5α-reductase inhibitor such as dutasteride; a topoisomerase inhibitor such as carubicin; a RAS inhibitor such as Kobe0065; a CerK inhibitor such as NVP-231; an AKT inhibitor such as uprosertib; a EZH2 inhibitor such as GSK-503; a BET bromodomain inhibitor such as OTX⁰¹⁵; a MEK5/ERK5 inhibitor such as BIX⁰²¹⁸⁹; a Syl/JAK inhibitor such as cerdulatinib; an IDO1 inhibitor such as NLG919; a retinoic X receptor activating agent such as bexsrotene; a PGP inhibitor such as acotiamide or actotiamide HCl; an Erk inhibitor such SCH772984; a PI3K inhibitor such as gedatolisib; a JAK inhibitor such as ruxolitinib; an AKT inhibitor such as afuresertib or afuresertib HCl; an ALK1 inhibitor such as ceritinib; an HDAC inhibitor such as abexinostat; a DPP inhibitor such as oamarigliptin; an EGFR inhibitor such as gefittinib; an EZH2 inhibitor such as GSK126; a BTK inhibitor such as ibrutinib; a kinase inhibitor such as imatinin HCl; an IDO inhibitor such as INCB024360; a DNA crosslinker such as mitomycin C; a tyrosine kinase inhibitor such as nilotinib, a PARP inhibitor such as olaparib; a tubilin stabilization promoter such as paclitaxel; a CDK4/6 inhibitor such as palbociclib; a RTK inhibitor such as sunitinib; a PDT sensitizer such as tslsporfin; a p-glycoprotein inhibitor such as tariquidar; an ATR inhibitor such as VE-822; an HDAC inhibitor such as PCI-24781; a DPP inhibitor such as omarigliptin; an EGFR inhibitor such as gefinib; an EZH2 inhibitor such as GSK126; a BTK inhibitor such as irbrutinib; an IDO inhibitor such as INCB024360; or a combination of any of the foregoing.

For example, a selective IL-2Rβγc agonist, a compound comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand, or a of any of the foregoing may be administered in conjunction with another chemotherapeutic agents, such as, for example, N-acetyl cysteine (NAC), adriamycin, alemtuzumab, amifostine, arsenic trioxide, ascorbic acid, bendamustine, bevacizumab, bortezomib, busulfan, buthionine sulfoxime, carfilzomib, carmustine, clofarabine, cyclophosphamide, cyclosporine, cytarabine, dasatinib, datinomycin, defibrotide, dexamethasone, docetaxel, doxorubicin, etoposide, filgrastim, floxuridine, fludarabine, gemcitabine, interferon α, ipilimumab, lenalidomide, leucovorin, melphalan, mycofenolate mofetil, paclitaxel, palifermin, panobinostat, pegfilrastim, prednisolone, prednisone, revlimid, rituximab, sirolimus, sodium 2-mercaptoethane sulfonate (MESNA), sodium thiosulfate, tacrolimus, temozolomide, thalidomide, thioguanine, thiotepa, topotecan, velcade, or a combination of any of the foregoing. In certain embodiments, a selective IL-2Rβγc agonist and/or pharmaceutical compositions thereof can be used in combination therapy with other chemotherapeutic agents including one or more antimetabolites such as folic acid analogs; pyrimidine analogs such as fluorouracil, floxuridine, and cytosine arabinoside; purine analogs such as mercaptopurine, thiogunaine, and pentostatin; natural products such as vinblastine, vincristine, etoposide, tertiposide, dactinomycin, daunorubicin, doxurubicin, bleomycin, mithamycin, mitomycin C, L-asparaginase, and interferon α; platinum coordination complexes such as cis-platinum, and carboplatin; mitoxantrone; hydroxyurea; procarbazine; hormones and antagonists such as prednisone, hydroxyprogesterone caproate, medroxyprogesterone acetate, megestrol acetate, diethylstilbestrol, ethinyl estradiol, tamoxifen, testosterone propionate, fluoxymesterone, flutamide, and leuprolide, anti-angiogenesis agents or inhibitors such as angiostatin, retinoic acids, paclitaxel, estradiol derivatives, and thiazolopyrimidine derivatives; apoptosis prevention agents; triptolide; colchicine; luliconazole; and radiation therapy.

A selective IL-2Rβγc agonist or a compound comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand may be co-administered with a compound that inhibits DNA repair such as, for example, 06-benzylguanine (06-BG).

A selective IL-2Rβγc agonist, a compound comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand, or a pharmaceutical composition comprising any of the foregoing may be administered in conjunction with one or more chemotherapeutic agents, such as, for example, abarelix, abiraterone, abiraterone acetate, n-acetyl cysteine, aclarubicin hydrochloride, adriamycin, adenine, afatinib, afatinib dimaleate, alemtuzumab, alendronate sodium, alitretinoin, allopurinol sodium, altretamine, amifostine, aminoglutethimide, aminolevulinic acid, amrubicin, amsacrine, anastrozole, angiostatin, apremilast, aprepitant, arsenic trioxide, ascorbic acid, 1-asparaginase, azacitidine, azathioprine sodium, bazedoxifene (serm), belinostat, bendamustine hcl, o6-benzylguanine (o6-bg), bevacizumab, bexarotene, bicalutamide, biricodar, bleomycin sulfate, bortezomib, bosutinib, brivudine, buserelin, busulfan, buthionine sulfoxime, cabazitaxel, cabozantinib, capecitabine, carboplatin, carboquone, carfilzomib, carmofur, carmustine, ceritinib, chlorambucil, cisplatin, cladribine, clodronate disodium, clofarabine, crizotinib, cyclophosphamide, cyclosporine, cytarabine, cytosine arabinoside, dabrafenib, dacarbazine, dactinomycin, dasatinib, datinomycin, daunorubicin, decitabine, defribrotide, degarelix acetate, dexamethasone, dexrazoxane hydrochloride, diaziquone, diethyl stilbestrol, docetaxel, doxifluridine, doxorubicin hydrochloride, doxorubicin free base, dromostanolone propionate, dutasteride, eltrombopag, enzalutamide, epirubicin hydrochloride, eribulin mesylate, erlotinib hydrochloride, estramustine phosphate sodium, ethinyl estradiol, etoposide phosphate, etoposide, everolimus, exemestane, fentanyl, filgrastim, fingolimod, floxuridine, fludarabine phosphate, fluorouracil, fluoxymesterone, flutamide, formestane, formylmelphalan, fosaprepitant, fotemustine, fulvestrant, gefitinib, gemcitabine hydrochloride, gemcitabine free base, glutathione, glyciphosphoramide, glyfosfin, goserelin acetate, granisetron hydrochloride, heptaplatin, hexyl 5-aminolevulinate, histrelin acetate, hydroxyprogesterone caproate, hydroxyurea, ibandronate sodium, ibrutinib, icotinib, idarubicin HCl, idelalisib, idoxuridine, ifosfamide, interferon α, imatinib mesylate, imiquimod, ingenol mebutate, ipilimumab, irinotecan hydrochloride, ixabepilone, lanreotide acetate, lapatinib free base, lapatinib ditosylate, lasofoxifene, lenalidomide, letrozole, leucovorin calcium, leuprolide acetate, levamisole hydrochloride, levoleucovorin calcium, iobenguane, lobaplatin, lomustine, maropitant, masoprocol, mechlorethamine hydrochloride, megestrol acetate, medroxyprogesterone acetate, melphalan hydrochloride, mercaptopurine, mercaptoethane sulfonate sodium, methotrexate, methoxsalen, methyl aminolevulinate, methylene blue, methylisoindigotin, mifamurtide, miltefosine, miriplatin, mithamycin, mitobronitol, mitomycin C, mitotane, mitoxantrone hydrochloride, mycophenolate mofetil, nabiximols, nafarelin, nandrolone, nedaplatin, nelarabine, netupitant, nilotinib, nilutamide, nimustine, nintedanib, nocodazole, octreotide, olaparib, omacetaxine mepesuccinate, ondansetron hydrochloride, oxaliplatin, paclitaxel, palbociclib, palifermin, palonosetron hydrochloride, pamidronate disodium, panobinostat, pasireotide, pazopanib hydrochloride, pegfilrastim, pemetrexed disodium, pentostatin, peplomycin, pipobroman, pirarubicin, plerixafor, plicamycin, pomalidomide, ponatinib, porfimer sodium, porfiromycin, pralatrexate, prednimustine, prednisolone, prednisone, procarbazine hydrochloride, quinagolide hydrochloride, raloxifene, raltitrexed, radotinib, ranimustine, retinoic acids, revlimide, rituxinab, romidepsin, ruxolitinib, ruxolitinib phosphate, semustine, sirolimus, sodium thiosulfate, sorafenib free base, sorafenib tosylate, streptozocin, sufentanil, sunitinib, tacrolimus, talaporfin sodium, tamibarotene, tamoxifen citrate, tapentadol, temoporfin, temozolomide, temsirolimus, teniposide, teriflunomide, tertiposide, testolactone, testosterone propionate, thalidomide, thioguanine, thiotepa, thymalfasin, toceranib phosphate, topotecan hydrochloride, toremifene citrate, trabectedin, trametinib, tretinoin, trilostane, triptorelin, tropisetron, uramustine, valrubicin, vandetanib, vedotin, vemurafenib, verteporfin, vinblastine, vincristine sulfate, vincristine free base, vindesine, vinorelbine tartrate, vorinostat, and zoledronic acid.

A selective IL-2Rβγc agonist, a compound comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand, or a pharmaceutical composition comprising any of the foregoing may be administered in conjunction with one or more chemotherapeutic agents, including abemaciclib, abiraterone acetate, ABVD, ABVE, ABVE-PC, AC, acalabrutinib, AC-T, ADE, ado-trastuzumab emtansine, afatinib dimaleate, aldesleukin, alectinib, alemtuzumab, alpelisib, amifostine, aminolevulinic acid hydrochloride, anastrozole, apalutamide, aprepitant, arsenic trioxide, asparaginase Erwinia chrysanthemi, atezolizumab, avelumab, axicabtagene ciloleucel, axitinib, azacitidine, BEACOPP, belinostat, bendamustine hydrochloride, BEP, bevacizumab, bexarotene, bicalutamide, binimetinib, bleomycin sulfate, blinatumomab, bortezomib, bosutinib, brentuximab vedotin, brigatinib, BuMel, busulfan, cabazitaxel, cabozantinib-s-malate, CAF, calaspargase pegol-mknl, capecitabine, caplacizumab-yhdp, CAPOX, carboplatin, carboplatin-taxol, carfilzomib, carmustine, carmustine implant, CEM, cemiplimab-rwlc, ceritinib, cetuximab, CEV, chlorambucil, chlorambucil-prednisone, CHOP, cisplatin, cladribine, clofarabine, CMF, cobimetinib, copanlisib hydrochloride, COPDAC, COPP, COPP-ABV, crizotinib, CVP, cyclophosphamide, cytarabine, cytarabine liposome, dabrafenib mesylate, dacarbazine, dacomitinib, dactinomycin, daratumumab, darbepoetin a, dasatinib, daunorubicin hydrochloride, daunorubicin hydrochloride and cytarabine liposome, decitabine, defibrotide sodium, degarelix, denileukin diftitox, denosumab, dexamethasone, dexrazoxane hydrochloride, dinutuximab, docetaxel, doxorubicin hydrochloride, doxorubicin hydrochloride liposome, durvalumab, duvelisib, elotuzumab, eltrombopag olamine, emapalumab-lzsg, enasidenib mesylate, encorafenib, enzalutamide, epirubicin Hydrochloride, EPOCH, epoetin alfa, erdafitinib, eribulin mesylate, erlotinib hydrochloride, etoposide, etoposide phosphate, everolimus, exemestane, fec, filgrastim, fludarabine phosphate, fluorouracil injection, fluorouracil-topical, flutamide, folfiri, folfiri-bevacizumab, folfiri-cetuximab, folfirinox, folfox, fostamatinib disodium, FU-LV, fulvestrant, gefitinib, gemcitabine hydrochloride, gemcitabine-cisplatin, gemcitabine-oxaliplatin, gemtuzumab ozogamicin, gilteritinib fumarate, glasdegib maleate, glucarpidase, goserelin acetate, granisetron, HPV bivalent vaccine, HPV bivalent vaccine, recombinant HPV nonavalent vaccine, HPV nonavalent vaccine, recombinant, HPV quadrivalent vaccine, HPV uadrivalent vaccine recombinant, hydroxyurea, hyper-CVAD, ibritumomab tiuxetan, ibrutinib, ICE, idarubicin hydrochloride, idelalisib, ifosfamide, imatinib mesylate, imiquimod, inotuzumab ozogamicin, Interferon α-2b Recombinant, iobenguane I¹³¹, ipilimumab, irinotecan hydrochloride, irinotecan hydrochloride liposome, ivosidenib, ixabepilone, ixazomib citrate, JEB, lanreotide acetate, lapatinib ditosylate, larotrectinib sulfate, lenalidomide, lenvatinib mesylate, letrozole, leucovorin calcium, leuprolide acetate, lomustine, lorlatinib, lutetium Lu 177-dotatate, mechlorethamine hydrochloride, megestrol acetate, melphalan, melphalan hydrochloride, mercaptopurine, mesna, methotrexate, methylnaltrexone bromide, midostaurin, mitomycin c, mitoxantrone hydrochloride, mogamulizumab-kpkc, moxetumomab pasudotox-tdfk, MVAC, necitumumab, nelarabine, neratinib maleate, netupitant and palonosetron hydrochloride, nilotinib, nilutamide, niraparib tosylate monohydrate, nivolumab, obinutuzumab, OEPA, ofatumumab, OFF, olaparib, olaratumab, omacetaxine mepesuccinate, ondansetron hydrochloride, OPPA, osimertinib mesylate, oxaliplatin, paclitaxel, paclitaxel albumin-stabilized nanoparticle formulation, PAD, palbociclib, palifermin, palonosetron hydrochloride, palonosetron hydrochloride and netupitant, pamidronate disodium, panitumumab, panobinostat, pazopanib hydrochloride, PCV, PEB, pegaspargase, pegfilgrastim, peginterferon α-2b, pembrolizumab, pemetrexed disodium, pertuzumab, plerixafor, polatuzumab vedotin-piiq, pomalidomide, ponatinib hydrochloride, pralatrexate, prednisone, procarbazine hydrochloride, propranolol hydrochloride, radium 223 dichloride, raloxifene hydrochloride, ramucirumab, rasburicase, ravulizumab-cwvz, R—CHOP, R-CVP, recombinant HPV bivalent vaccine, recombinant HPV nonavalent vaccine, recombinant HPV quadrivalent vaccine, recombinant interferon α-2b, regorafenib, R-EPOCH, ribociclib, R-ICE, rituximab, rituximab and hyaluronidase human, rolapitant hydrochloride, romidepsin, romiplostim, rucaparib camsylate, ruxolitinib phosphate, siltuximab, sipuleucel-t, sonidegib, sorafenib tosylate, STANFORD V, sunitinib malate, TAC, tagraxofusp-erzs, talazoparib tosylate, talc, talimogene laherparepvec, tamoxifen citrate, temozolomide, temsirolimus, thalidomide, thioguanine, thiotepa, tisagenlecleucel, tocilizumab, topotecan hydrochloride, toremifene, TPF, trabectedin, trametinib, trastuzumab, trastuzumab and hyaluronidase-oysk, trifluridine and tipiracil hydrochloride, uridine triacetate, VAC, Valrubicin, VAMP, vandetanib, VeIP, vemurafenib, venetoclax, vinblastine sulfate, vincristine sulfate liposome, vinorelbine tartrate, vip, vismodegib, vorinostat, XELIRI, XELOX, Ziv-aflibercept, zoledronic acid, and compbinations of any of the foregoing.

The efficacy of administering a selective IL-2Rβγc agonist or a compound comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand provided by the present disclosure for treating cancer may be assessed using in vitro and animal studies and in clinical trials.

The suitability of a selective IL-2Rβγc agonist, a compound comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand provided by the present disclosure and/or pharmaceutical compositions of any of the foregoing in treating cancers listed above may be determined by methods described in the art. For example, screens developed to demonstrate the anti-tumor activity of oncolytic agents are known (Miller, et al., J Med Chem, 1977, 20(3), 409-413; Sweeney, et al., Cancer Res, 1978, 38(9), 2886-2891; and Weiss and Von Hoff, Semin Oncol, 1985, 12(3 Suppl 4), 69-74). Accordingly, it is well with the capability of those of skill in the art to assay and use the compounds and/or pharmaceutical compositions thereof to treat the above diseases or disorders.

Compounds provided by the present disclosure can be useful in treating autoimmune diseases. Autoimmune diseases are defined as human diseases in which the immune system attacks its own proteins, cells, and tissues. A comprehensive listing and review of autoimmune diseases can be found in The Autoimmune Diseases (Rose and Mackay, 2014, Academic Press).

IL-2Rβγc agonists, compounds comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand provided by the present disclosure and pharmaceutical compositions of any of the foregoing may be administered to a patient to treat an inflammatory disease or an autoimmune disease.

Examples of inflammatory diseases include allergy, Alzheimer's disease, anemia, ankylosing spondylitis, arthritis, atherosclerosis, asthma, autism, arthritis, carpal tunnel syndrome, celiac disease, colitis, Crohn's disease, congestive heart failure, dermatitis, diabetes, diverticulitis, eczema, fibromyalgia, fibrosis, gall bladder disease gastroesophageal reflux disease, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, heart attack, hepatitis, irritable bowel syndrome, kidney failure, lupus, multiple sclerosis, nephritis, neuropathy, pancreatitis, Parkinson's disease, psoriasis, polymyalgia rheumatica, rheumatoid arthritis, scleroderma, stroke, surgical complications, and ulcerative colitis.

Examples of autoimmune diseases include Addison's disease, agammaglobulinemia, alopecia areata, amyloidosis, anklylosing spondylitis, anti-GBM/anti-TBN nephritis, antiphosphoIipid syndrome, autoimmune angioedema, autoimmune dysautonomia, autoimmune encephalomyelitis, autoimmune hepatitis, autoimmune inner ear disease, autoimmune myocarditis, autoimmune pancreatitis, autoimmune retinopathy, autoimmune urticaria, axonal and neuronal neuropathy, Balo disease, Behcet's disease, benign mucosal pemphigoid, bullous pemphigoid, Castleman disease, celiac disease, Chagas disease, chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis, Churg-Strauss, cicatricial pemphigoid, Cogan' syndrome, cold agglutinin disease, congenital heart block, Coxcackie myocarditits, CREST syndrome, Crohn's disease, dermatitis herpetiformis, dermatomyositis, Devic's disease, discoid lupus, Dressler's syndrome, endometriosis, eosinophilic esophagitis, eosinophilic fasciitis, erythema nodosum, essential mixed cryoglobulinemia, Evans syndrome, fibromyalgia, fibrosing alveolitis, giant cell arteritis, giant cell myocarditis, glomerulonephritis, Goodpasture's syndrome, granulomatosis with polyangiitis, Graves' disease, Gullain-Barre syndrome, Hashimoto' thyroiditis, hemolytic anemia, Henoch-Schonlein purpura, herpes gestationis or pemphigoid gestationis, hypogammaglobulinemia, IgA nephropahy, IgG4-related sclerosing disease, immune thrombocytopenic purpura, inclusion body myositis, interstitial cystitis, juvenile arthritis, juvenile diabetes, juvenile myositis, Kawasaki disease, Lambert-Eaton syndrome, leukocytoclastic vasculitis, lichen planus, lichen sclerosus, ligneous conjunctivitis, linear IgA disease, lupus, Lyme disease chronic, Meniere's diseases, microscopic polyangiitis, mixed connective tissue disease, Mooren's ulcer, Mucha-Habermann disease, multiple sclerosis, myasthenia gravis, myositis, narcolepsy, neuromyelitis, optica, neutropenia, ocular cicatricial pemphigoid, optic neuritis, palindromic rheumatism, PANDAS, paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, Parry Romberg syndrome, pars planitis, Parsonnage-Turner syndrome, pemphigus, peripheral neuropathy, perivenous encephalomyelitis, pernicious anemia, POEMS syndrome, polyarteritis nodosa, polyglandular syndromes, polymyalgia rheumatica, polymyositis, postmyocardial infarction syndrome, postpericardiotomy syndrome, primary biliary cirrhosis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, progesterone dermatitis, psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, pure red cell aplasia, pyoderma gangrenosum, Raynaud's phenomenon, reactive arthritis, reflex sympathetic dystrophy, relapsing polychondritis, restless legs syndrome, retroperitoneal fibrosis, rheumatic fever, rheumatoid arthritis, sarcodosis, Schmidt syndrome, scleritis, scleroderma, Sjogren's syndrome, sperm and testicular autoimmunity, stiff person syndrome, subacute bacterial endocarditis, Susac's syndrome, sympathetic ophthalmia, Takayasu's arteritis, temporal arteritis, thrombocytopenic purpura, Tolosa-Hunt syndrome, transverse myelitis, type 1 diabetes, ulcerative colitis, undifferentiated connective tissue disease, uveitis, vaculitis, vitiligo, and Wegener's granulomatosis.

A selective IL-2Rαβγc agonist, a compound comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand, or a pharmaceutical composition comprising any of the foregoing may be administered in conjunction with one or more immunosuppresants including, for example, corticosteroids such as prednisone, budesonide, and prednisolone; Janus kinase inhibitors such as tofacitinib; calcineurin inhibitors such as cyclosporine and tacrolimus; mTOR inhibitors such as sirolimus and everolimus; IMDH inhibitors such as azathioprine, leflunomide, and mycophenolate; biologics such as abatacept adalimumab, anakinra, certolizumab, etanercept, golimumab, infliximab, ixekizumab, natalizumab, rituximab, secukinumab, tocilizumab, ustekinumab, and vedolizumab; and monoclonal antibodies such as basiliximab and daclizumab.

IL-2Rβγc agonists, compounds comprising an IL-2Rβ and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand provided by the present disclosure and pharmaceutical compositions of any of the foregoing may be administered to a patient to treat a disease associated with the activation, proliferation, metabolism, and/or differentiation of T-cells.

IL-2Rβγc agonists, a compound comprising an IL-2Rβ and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand provided by the present disclosure and pharmaceutical compositions of any of the foregoing may be administered to a patient to treat an organ transplant.

IL-2Rβγc agonists, compounds comprising an IL-2Rβ and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand provided by the present disclosure and pharmaceutical compositions of any of the foregoing may be administered to a patient together with another compound for treating an inflammatory disease or an autoimmune disease in the subject. The at least one other therapeutic agent may be a different IL-2Rβγc agonist or compound comprising an IL-2Rβ and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand provided by the present disclosure. An IL-2Rβγc agonist or a compound comprising an IL-2Rβ and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand and the at least one other therapeutic agent may act additively or synergistically. The at least one additional therapeutic agent may be included in the same pharmaceutical composition or vehicle comprising the IL-2Rβγc agonist or a compound comprising an IL-2Rβ and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand or may be in a separate pharmaceutical composition or vehicle. Accordingly, methods provided by the present disclosure further include, in addition to administering an IL-2Rβγc agonist or a compound comprising an IL-2Rβ and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand, administering one or more therapeutic agents effective for treating an inflammatory disease or an autoimmune disease or a different disease, disorder or condition than an inflammatory disease or an autoimmune disease. Methods provided by the present disclosure include administration of an IL-2Rβγc agonist or a compound comprising an IL-2Rβ and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand and one or more other therapeutic agents provided that the combined administration does not inhibit the therapeutic efficacy of an IL-2Rβγc agonist or a compound comprising an IL-2Rβ and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand and/or does not produce adverse combination effects.

Pharmaceutical compositions comprising an IL-2Rβγc agonist may or a compound comprising an IL-2Rβ and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand be administered concurrently with the administration of another therapeutic agent, which may be part of the same pharmaceutical composition as, or in a different pharmaceutical composition than that comprising an IL-2Rβγc agonist or a compound comprising an IL-2Rβ and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand. An IL-2Rβγc agonist or a compound comprising an IL-2Rβ and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand may be administered prior or subsequent to administration of another therapeutic agent. In combination therapy, the combination therapy may comprise alternating between administering an IL-2Rβγc agonist or a compound comprising an IL-2Rβ and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand and a composition comprising another therapeutic agent, e.g., to minimize adverse drug effects associated with a particular drug. When an IL-2Rβγc agonist or a compound comprising an IL-2Rβ and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand is administered concurrently with another therapeutic agent that potentially may produce an adverse drug effect including, for example, toxicity, the other therapeutic agent may be administered at a dose that falls below the threshold at which the adverse drug reaction is elicited.

Pharmaceutical compositions comprising an IL-2Rβγc agonist or a compound comprising an IL-2Rβ and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand may be administered with one or more substances to enhance, modulate and/or control release, bioavailability, therapeutic efficacy, therapeutic potency, stability, and the like of a compound of an IL-2Rβγc agonist or a compound comprising an IL-2Rβ and/or an IL-2Rγc and/or an IL-2Rβ and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand. For example, to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of an IL-2Rβγc agonist or a compound comprising an IL-2Rβ and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand, an IL-2Rβγc agonist or a compound comprising an IL-2Rβ and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand or a pharmaceutical composition of any of the foregoing may be co-administered with one or more active agents to increase the absorption or diffusion of the IL-2Rβγc agonist or the compound comprising an IL-2Rβ and/or an IL-2Rβ and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand from the gastrointestinal tract to the systemic circulation, or to inhibit degradation of the IL-2Rβγc agonist or a compound comprising an IL-2Rβ and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand in the blood of a subject. A pharmaceutical composition comprising an IL-2Rβγc agonist or a compound comprising an IL-2Rβ and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand may be co-administered with an active agent having pharmacological effects that enhance the therapeutic efficacy of the IL-2Rβγc agonist or a compound comprising an IL-2Rβ and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand.

An IL-2Rβγc agonist, a compound comprising an IL-2Rβ and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand, or a pharmaceutical composition comprising any of the foregoing may be administered in conjunction with an agent known or believed to be effective in treating an inflammatory disease or an autoimmune disease in a patient.

An IL-2Rβγc agonist, a compound comprising an IL-2Rβ and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand, or a pharmaceutical composition comprising any of the foregoing may be administered in conjunction with an agent known or believed to interfere with proliferation. An IL-2Rβγc agonist, a compound comprising an IL-2Rβ and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand, or a pharmaceutical composition comprising any of the foregoing may be administered in conjunction with an agent known or believed to interfere with mitosis. An IL-2Rβγc agonist, a compound comprising an IL-2Rβ and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand, or a pharmaceutical composition comprising any of the foregoing may be administered in conjunction with an agent known or believed to interfere with DNA replication. An IL-2Rβγc agonist, a compound comprising an IL-2Rβ and/or an IL-2Rβ and/or an IL-2Rγc ligand, or a pharmaceutical composition comprising an IL-2Rβγc agonist may be administered in conjunction with an agent known or believed to interfere with DNA repair.

Compounds provided by the present disclosure can be useful in vitro as tools for understanding the biological role of IL-2, including the evaluation of the many factors thought to influence, and be influenced by, the production of IL-2 and the receptor binding process. The present compounds are also useful in the development of other compounds that bind to and activate the IL-2R, because the present compounds provide useful information concerning the relationship between structure and activity that should facilitate such development.

The compounds are also useful as competitive binders in assays to screen for new IL-2 receptor antagonists. In such assay embodiments, the compounds of the invention can be used without modification or can be modified in a variety of ways; for example, by labeling, such as covalently or non-covalently joining a moiety which directly or indirectly provides a detectable signal. In any of these assays, the materials thereto can be labeled either directly or indirectly. Possibilities for direct labeling include label groups such as: radiolabels such as ¹²⁵I, enzymes such as peroxidase and alkaline phosphatase, and fluorescent labels capable of monitoring the change in fluorescence intensity, wavelength shift, or fluorescence polarization. Possibilities for indirect labeling include biotinylation of one constituent followed by binding to avidin coupled to one of the above label groups. The compounds may also include spacers or linkers in cases where the compounds are to be attached to a solid support.

Based on their ability to bind to the IL-2 receptor, the peptides provided by the present disclosure can be used as reagents for detecting IL-2 receptors, for example, on living cells, fixed cells, in biological fluids, in tissue homogenates, in purified, and natural biological materials. For example, by labelling such peptides, one can identify cells having IL-2 receptor on their surfaces. In addition, based on their ability to bind the IL-2 receptor, the peptides of the present invention can be used, for example, in in situ staining, FACS (fluorescence-activated cell sorting), Western Blotting, and ELISA. In addition, based on their ability to bind to the IL-2 receptor, peptides provided by the present disclosure can be used in receptor purification, or in purifying cells expressing IL-2 receptors on the cell surface (or inside permeabilized cells).

The compounds provided by the present disclosure can also be utilized as commercial reagents for various medical research and diagnostic uses. Such uses include, for example, (1) use as a calibration standard for quantitating the activities of candidate IL-2 agonists in a variety of functional assays; (2) use to maintain the proliferation and growth of IL-2-dependent cell lines; (3) use in structural analysis of the IL-2 receptor through co-crystallization; (4) use to investigate the mechanism of IL-2 signal transduction/receptor activation; and (5) other research and diagnostic applications wherein the IL-2 receptor is preferably activated or such activation is conveniently calibrated against a known quantity of an IL-2R agonist.

EXAMPLES

The following examples describe in detail methods used for determining the activity of peptides with the IL-2Rβ and IL-2Rγc subunits. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that many modifications, both to materials and methods, may be practiced without departing from the scope of the disclosure. In the examples, the IL-2Rβ subunit refers to human IL-2Rβ (CD122 protein, Fc Tag) (27-239), Accession No. NP_000869.1 and was obtained from ACRObiosystems, Inc., product number ILB-H5253. The IL-2Rγc subunit” refers to human IL-2Rγc (CD132 protein, Fc Tag) (23-254), Accession No. AAH14972 and was obtained from ACRObiosystems, Inc., product number ILG-H5256.

Example 1 Phage Display pIII Library Panning Against Fc-Receptor Fusions on Magnetic Beads (Acid Elution) Library Panning Procedure

Fifty (50) μL of Protein G Dynabeads® (Invitrogen) was used for each library sample. After resuspending the stock bottle, the desired volume of beads was transferred to a sterile microfuge tube and applied to the magnet.

With the beads on a magnet, the supernatant was removed, and the beads were washed with 1 mL of PT buffer (1×PBS, 0.05% Tween®20).

The supernatant was removed and 1 mL of PBS+1% BSA+0.05% Tween®20 was added and mixed at 25° C. for at least 1 hour to block the beads.

A tube was applied to the magnet and the blocking solution was removed. For each library to be tested, 5 μg of a Fc-fused receptor of interest was added to each library sample for each round to bring the total volume to at least 400 μL. The samples were mixed at 25° C. for at least 1 h. The sample was applied to the magnet and the supernatant was removed.

Two-hundred 200 μL of PT buffer was added for each 50 μL of bead. The sample was thoroughly mixed and 200 μL aliquots were transferred into tubes that were pre-labeled for each library to be screened. An additional 500 μL of PT was added to each tube, the samples mixed, and then applied to the magnet. A total of 700 μL/tube was used for the wash.

One (1) mL aliquots of the libraries removed from the −20° C. freezer. One-hundred (1000 μL of 10×BT buffer (5% BSA, 0.5% Tween®20 in 1×PBS) was added to each tube and vortexed. The library samples were transferred to pre-labeled tubes containing beads. The samples were then incubated at 4° C. on the rotator for at least 2 h. For the additional rounds of screening, 1 mL aliquots of the amplification from the previous round from each library was used. The beads were recovered with the magnet and the phage solution removed. The beads were washed 2x with 1 mL of PT buffer. Five-hundred (500) μL of PT buffer was added and the suspension was transferred to a clean tube. The beads were recovered on the magnet and the final wash removed.

Four-hundred seventy-five (475) μL of phage elution buffer was added to each well (0.2 M glycine-HCL, pH 2.2, 1 mg/mL BSA). The samples were incubated at 25° C. for 10 min on the rotator. The beads were recovered on the magnet and the eluted phage transferred to a clean tube.

Twenty-five (25) μL of neutralization buffer (2 M Tris Base) was added to the 475 μL of elution. The neutralized samples were maintained at 4° C. until the TG1 cells were ready amplification. The samples were stored at −20° C. after screening. Fifty (50) μL (about 10% of the total volume) was transferred to a 1.5 mL microfuge tube and store at −20° C. for use in deep sequencing.

Example 2 TG1 Culture and Library Amplification

A fresh TG1 (or OmniMax) culture was grown for about 1 to 1.5 h after adding the libraries to the beads. 2X-YT medium (10 mL) was placed into a 50 mL Falcon® tube. Two-hundred (200) μL of the TG1 overnight was added to the falcon tube. 2X-YT medium (600 μL) was placed in a cuvette for OD600 blank. The culture was grown at 250 rpm and 37° C., taking the first OD measurement after 60 min. The TG1 cells should be in log phase at the time of use with an OD600 of 0.5-0.7.

Eluted phage (400 μL to 450 μL) was added to 1 mL of the TG1 cells at an OD600 of 0.5-0.7 in a 50 mL Falcon® tube. The phage and TG1 cells were incubated at 37° C. for 30 min without shaking. About 50 to 100 μL was set aside for titering and characterization.

2YT medium (10.5 mL) was added to 12 μL of carbenicillin (carb) (100 mg/mL to make 100 g/mL) and 24 μL of 50% glucose (to make 0.1% glucose) and the cells incubated while shaking at 37° C. at 250 rpm for 1 h.

M13K07 helper phage (5×10¹⁰ pfu, 24 μL of the stock, 2×10¹² pfu/mL) was then added and swirled to mix. The phage and cells were incubated at 37° C. for 30 min without shaking.

Kanamycin was diluted to 3 mg/mL and arabinose to 2.4% in 2YT medium/Carbenicillin-100/0.1% glucose and 100 μL was added to each amplification. The mixture was incubated overnight at 37° C. and 250 rpm.

The culture was transferred to a 50 mL high-speed VWR centrifuge tube and centrifuged at 8,000 g for 15 min at 4° C. in a JSP-F50C centrifuge to pellet the cells.

The supernatant was transferred to a 50 mL high-speed VWR centrifuge tube and 0.2 volumes of PEG/NaCl (multiply the volume by 0.25 mL to 3 mL PEG/NaCl for 12 mL amplification) was added, mixed, and incubated on ice for 30 minutes.

The cells were then centrifuge at 10,500 g for 15 min at 4° C. in a JSP-F50C centrifuge. The supernatant was removed, and the phage pellet was resuspended in a total of 1 mL of PBT (1×PBS, 0.05% Tween®20, 0.5% BSA) by pipetting.

The sample was transferred to an Eppendorf tube, vortexed, and centrifuged at 12,000 rpm for 30 sec. The supernatant was transferred to a clean Eppendorf tube and stored at 4° C. This amplified phage sample (250-500 μL) was used for the next round of screening.

Example 3 Preparation of Cultures from Individual Colonies

Ninety-six (96) wells of a deep well plate were filled with 1 mL of 2YT broth/Ampicillin-50/0.1% glucose. Ninety-six (96) colonies were placed into the wells using P20 tips. The tips were left in the wells to mark the position. The tips were removed using a multi-channel pipette after the entire plate was completed. The plate was covered with a breathable film.

The inoculated plate(s) were incubated in a shaker at 37° C. until the cultures became turbid, typically within 4 h at 250 rpm.

The plate(s) was removed from the incubator and 50 μL of the culture from each well was removed to another deep well block designated as the “Archive Block” containing 1 mL of 2YT broth/Ampicillin-50/0.1% glucose. The plate(s) were covered with a breathable film and incubated overnight at 37° C. and 250 rpm.

After incubating overnight, M13K07 helper phage was added to 2×10¹⁰ pfu/mL in 2YT broth/Ampicillin-50/0.1% glucose (make 6.0 mL per block). Fifty (50) μL of the diluted M13K07 was added to each culture well in the deep well block. The deep well block was covered with breathable film and incubated for 30 min at 37° C. and 250 rpm.

Kanamycin was diluted to 0.5 mg/ml and arabinose to 0.4% in 2YT broth/Ampicillin-50/0.1% glucose (make 6.0 ml per block) and 50 L was added to each well. The plate was covered with a breathable film and incubated overnight at 37° C. and 250 rpm.

The “Archive Block” culture was removed from the incubator and 50 μL was transferred to a 96-well plate containing 50 μL of 50% glycerol. The plate was sealed with foil and stored at −80° C. The remaining culture in the block was covered with a foil seal and stored at 4° C.

The block was centrifuged and inoculated with M13K07 at 4000 rpm for 15 min. While avoiding the bacterial pellet, 850 μL of the phage supernatant was transferred to a fresh deep well plate, covered with a foil seal, and stored at 4° C.

Example 4 ELISA Protocol for Fc-Receptor Fusions

For each block to be assayed, a 1×96 well ELISA plate was coated with Fc-receptor fusion (1 g/mL in PBS) at 50 μL/well. The wells were incubated at 25° C. for at least 1 h.

The Fc-receptor fusion was removed from each well. Three-hundred (300) μL of blocking buffer (1×PBS, 1% BSA) was added to each well of a receptor-coated plate. Plates were covered with film and left at 37° C. for 1 h or overnight at 4° C.

The plate was washed 4 times with PT (1×PBS, 0.05% Tween®20) buffer.

Fifty (50) μL of PBT was added to each well. Fifty (50) μL of the phage supernatant from the block was added to each well and incubated at 4° C. for 1 h.

The plates were washed 4 times with cold PT.

To each well 100 μL of anti-M13-HRP antibody diluted 1:5000 in cold PBT was added. The wells were incubated for 1 h at 4° C.

The plates were then washed 4 times with cold PT.

Fifty (50) μL of TMB was then added to each well, and the wells were incubated for 1-10 min at 25° C. Fifty (50) μL of a “stop” solution was added and the plate read at 450 nm.

Example 5 Evaluation of Peptide Heterodimer Ability to Dimerize IL-2Rβγc and to Activate IL-2 Responsive Cells

Following the identification of ligands that exhibit IL-2Rβ and IL-2Rγc binding activity, compounds were identified that exhibit IL-2R agonist activity. This involved assessing the ability of the peptide to dimerize the IL-2Rβγc subunits and to signal in cell-based assays. Dimerization is a necessary, but not sufficient, step in the activation of receptor signaling. To assess agonist activity in cell-based assays, IL-2 responsive cell lines were tested for an indicator of IL-2 signaling, phosphorylation of STAT5. Compounds that exhibited IL-2Rβγc agonist activity in these cell lines were then be tested in primary human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) for IL-2R agonism, and for the desired selectivity favoring activation of cell types expressing IL-2Rβγc subunits, but with low or no IL-2Rα (CD25) subunit expression.

Dimerization potential was assessed using a β-Gal complementation system in which a portion of the intracellular domains of each respective IL-2 receptor subunit was replaced with functionally complementary fragments of β-Gal, which regain catalytic activity when brought into sufficiently proximity. Cells expressing these constructs generate β-Gal activity, with an IC₅₀ of about 26 nM, when treated with IL-2 (see DiscoverX product specifications). All synthetic, potentially agonist, peptides were tested using this assay.

Candidate compounds were scored for induction of STAT5 phosphorylation in two cell lines: (1) NK-92 cells, a human cell line that expresses all three IL-2 receptor subunits, and which were responsive to IL-2Rβγc-biased variants as well as wild type IL-2; and (2) TF-1β cells, derived from the human erythroleukemia line TF-1, which naturally expresses only IL-2Rγc, and was engineered to be IL-2 responsive by transfection of IL-2Rβ. TF-1β was constructed and IL-2R subunit expression levels in both cell lines were verified by QPCR and FACS analysis.

Compounds were tested in both cell lines. Dose response assays were conducted to determine the IC₅₀ of the test compounds and to compare the test compounds with IL-2 as an indicator of IL-2Rβγc receptor bias.

The conferring of IL-2 responsiveness on TF-1 cells by transfection and expression of the IL-2Rβ subunit demonstrates that peptide agonist activity is dependent on the presence of the IL-2Rβ subunit. To determine that compound activity was not due to contamination with cytokines, or to an indirect action of the peptide inducing production of IL-2 or IL-15, neutralizing antibodies (R&D Systems) against IL-2 and IL-15 were included in the activity assay and shown to inhibit the activity of IL-2 and IL-15 but had no effect on the agonist activity of the test peptides.

Compounds exhibiting IL-2R agonist activity in the cell lines were tested on human primary immune cells, PBMCs, collected from individual donors (commercially available from Lonza), and in some cases on purified CD4+ cells (Lonza). A substantial fraction of PBMCs from normal donors were responsive to IL-2. To assess IL-2 agonist activity of the test compounds, cells were exposed to the compounds or IL-2 and scored for STAT5 phosphorylation by Western Blot analysis. Those compounds exhibiting STAT5 activation of PBMCs were subjected to a follow-on assay designed to assess subunit bias of the compounds compared to IL-2. This assay involved determining a dose response of the test compounds and IL-2 (1 to 1000 IU) over 30 min, scored by a FACS-based protocol allowing detection of both intracellular pSTAT5 as an indicator of IL-2R activation, and cell surface CD25, the IL-2Rα subunit. Cells expressing the three IL-2R subunits, IL-2Rayc, bind IL-2 with very high affinity (about 10 pM) and are therefore sensitive to low concentrations of IL-2; whereas cells expressing only IL-2Rβγc (about 1 nM affinity) require exposure to substantially higher IL-2 levels for activation. Because compounds provided by the present disclosure were selected for binding to the IL-2Rβ and IL-2Rγc subunits, but not to the IL-2Rα subunit, the potency of the compounds is expected to be uncorrelated with the level of expression of IL-2Rα on cells; and comparison of response profiles of cells treated with compounds provided by the present disclosure or treated with IL-2 should reveal any bias.

Example 6 Identified Peptides

Four stochastic libraries with each library containing approximately 10¹⁰ independent recombinants, with each clone potentially displaying a unique peptide sequence have been screened for binding to individual human IL-2Rβ and IL-2Rγc subunits. In screening these four initial libraries against the RP3 subunit extracellular domain (ECD), 98 unique peptide clones were identified and confirmed as ligands of IL-2Rβ. These IL-2Rβ ligands can be grouped into at least two sequence families: family 1 and family 2.

In screening the four initial libraries against the γc subunit, 15 unique peptide sequences have been identified, which on first analysis of this limited number of clones, suggests that these may represent more than one distinct sequence family. At the current level of resolution these peptide sequences appear to have no sequence similarity to human IL-2. Most of the peptides so far recovered have been tested for binding to the IL-2Rβ and/or IL-2Rγc subunits, and all peptides tested were found to bind only to the subunit against which they were selected (by phage ELISA; capable of detecting affinities as weak as 10-50 M).

An analysis of a sample of the identified peptides was performed to determine human and mouse receptor specificity. Initially selected on human IL-2 receptors, none of the IL-2Rβ ligands and IL-2Rγc ligands bound only to the corresponding human subunit.

Peptides having SEQ ID NO: 377 to SEQ ID NO: 399 have been synthesized and have been evaluated for IL-2Rβ and IL-2Rγc activity. Peptides having SEQ ID NO: 377 to SEQ ID NO: 385 include an IL-2Rβ ligand and peptides having SEQ ID NO: 386 to SEQ ID NO: 399 include an IL-2Rγc ligand.

SEQ ID NO: 377 G G F R C W E A P V G E I C E L G G NH₂ SEQ ID NO: 378 G G I E C E R A Q I G E V C Q I G G NH₂ SEQ ID NO: 379 G G M E C F L A A V G Q I C E L G G NH₂ SEQ ID NO: 380 G G Y D C R I A Q V G E L C D L G G NH₂ SEQ ID NO: 381 G G E I C N V G Q V W P D C L L G G NH₂ SEQ ID NO: 382 G G N M C L V G D Y W P S C Q I G G NH₂ SEQ ID NO: 383 G G Q I C D V G Q W W P D C Q V G G NH₂ SEQ ID NO: 384 C Y E V G D Y C Q S F L G G NH₂ SEQ ID NO: 385 R W G D V G D L L M P L G G NH₂ SEQ ID NO: 386 D L S D L C T F W L S Q G G NH₂ SEQ ID NO: 387 D L S D L S T F W L S Q G G NH₂ SEQ ID NO: 388 D C S M W E G V E L C W G G NH₂ SEQ ID NO: 389 G G L C F S E F L G E W V D C N G G NH₂ SEQ ID NO: 390 G G V C S F D E A W G E W I C E G G NH₂ SEQ ID NO: 391 G G K V C E M W G G V L L C W N G G R NH₂ SEQ ID NO: 392 G G R T C T E W E N V V L C W V G G NH₂ SEQ ID NO: 393 G G I L C Q D W S G I E I C W S G G R NH₂ SEQ ID NO: 384 G G L I C Y T Y E G V E L C W Q G G R NH₂ SEQ ID NO: 395 G G V M C E R W Q G V E L C W L G G NH₂ SEQ ID NO: 396 G G M C W L E W G E W V G S C L G G R NH₂ SEQ ID NO: 397 G G C Y V V Y N Y Q E F R Y L C G G R NH₂ SEQ ID NO: 398 G G L Y C R D N D G T Q Y C E T G G NH₂ SEQ ID NO: 399 G G V V C Q D W E G V E L C W Q G G R NH₂

Example 7 Preparation of NK-92 Cells for Testing STAT5 Activation

NK-92 cells were seeded in a 24-well plate at 4×10⁵ cells, in 1 mL starvation medium (SM), and incubated overnight at 37° C., 5% CO₂. The starvation medium contained RPMI 1640+20% FBS+2 mM L-glutamine+1 mM NaPyr+10 mM HEPES+0.1 mM BME (no rhIL-2 supplement).

Treatment mixtures were of 1 μg/mL Anti-hIL-2 neutralizing antibody (0.2 mg/mL stock) or goat IgG control (1 mg/mL stock) were prepared.

The treatment mixtures and the antibody mix were added to the cells for 30 min at 37° C., 5% CO₂. Each sample was then transferred to a 1.5 mL microfuge tube and spun down at 1,500 RPM for 5 minutes. The cells were washed in 1 mL PBS and centrifuged again.

A phosphatase and protease inhibitor cocktail (Thermo #78442) were added to mPER buffer at a 1:100 dilution. After the cells were pelleted, 50 μL of mPER buffer was added to each sample and pipetted repeatedly to homogenize.

The lysates were centrifuged at 14,000 RPM for 5 min at RT. The supernatants were transferred to clean tubes and stored frozen at −80° C.

The human IL-2 Antibody (goat IgG) was obtained from R&D Systems No. AF-202-NA; the normal goat IgG Control was obtained from R&D Systems No. AB-108-C; the Anti-STAT5 Antibody (rabbit), the Cell Signaling No. 94205S, the Anti-pSTAT5 Antibody (rabbit), the Cell Signaling No. 4322S, and the Goat anti-rabbit IgG-HRP was obtained from Jackson Immunoresearch No. 111-035-144.

The antibodies, treatment and working stock prep for each of the samples is provided in Table 1. Compounds A and B are IL-2Rβγc agonists provided by the present disclosure.

TABLE 1 STAT5 activation samples in NK-92 cells. Vol Vol No. Antibody (μM Treatment (μL) Working stock prep 1 Anti-hIL-2 IgG 5 A 10 μM 100 100 μM (1:100 of 10 mM stock in SM) 2 Anti-hIL-2 IgG 5 A 1 μM 10 100 μM (1:100 of 10 mM stock in SM) 3 Anti-hIL-2 IgG 5 A 0.1 μM 1 100 μM (1:100 of 10 mM stock in SM) 4 Anti-hIL-2 IgG 5 B 10 μM 100 100 μM (1:100 of 10 mM stock in SM) 5 Anti-hIL-2 IgG 5 B 1 μM 10 100 μM (1:100 of 10 mM stock in SM) 6 Anti-hIL-2 IgG 5 B 0.1 μM 1 100 μM (1:100 of 10 mM stock in SM) 7 Anti-hIL-2 IgG 5 rh-IL2 1 ng/mL 10 100 ng/mL (1:1000 of 100 μg/mL stock in SM) 8 Anti-hIL-2 IgG 5 rhIL-2 0.1 ng/mL 1 100 ng/mL (1:1000 of 100 μg/mL stock in SM) 9 Anti-hIL-2 IgG 5 rhIL-2 0.1 ng/mL + 1% DMSO 1 100 ng/mL (1:1000 of 100 μg/mL stock in SM) + 10 μL DMSO 10 Anti-hIL-2 IgG 5 Starvation Medium N/A N/A (SM) 11 Goat IgG control 1 A 10 μM 100 100 μM (1:100 of 10 mM stock in SM) 12 Goat IgG control 1 A 1 μM 10 100 μM (1:100 of 10 mM stock in SM) 13 Goat IgG control 1 A 0.1 μM 1 100 μM (1:100 of 10 mM stock in SM) 14 Goat IgG control 1 B 10 μM 100 100 μM (1:100 of 10 mM stock in SM) 15 Goat IgG control 1 B 1 μM 10 100 μM (1:100 of 10 mM stock in SM) 16 Goat IgG control 1 B 0.1 μM 1 100 μM (1:100 of 10 mM stock in SM) 17 Goat IgG control 1 rh-IL2 1 ng/mL 10 100 ng/mL (1:1000 of 100 μg/mL stock in SM) 18 Goat IgG control 1 rhIL-2 0.1 ng/mL 1 100 ng/mL (1:1000 of 100 μg/mL stock in SM) 19 Goat IgG control 1 rhIL-2 0.1 ng/mL + 1% DMSO 1 100 ng/mL (1:1000 of 100 μg/mL stock in SM) + 10 μL DMSO 20 Goat IgG control 1 Starvation Medium N/A N/A (SM)

The samples were applied to a Western Blot and the result are shown in FIG. 1. In the Western Blot shown in FIG. 1, sample numbers 1-10 were probed with an anti-pSTAT5 antibody, sample numbers 1-10 were probed with an anti-STAT5 antibody, sample numbers 11-20 were probed with an anti-pSTAT5 antibody, and sample numbers 11-20 were probed with anti-STAT5 antibody. The treatment reagents included Anti-STAT5 Antibody (rabbit), Cell Signaling No. 94205S; Anti-pSTAT5 Antibody (rabbit), Cell Signaling No. 4322S; and Goat anti-rabbit IgG-HRP, Jackson Immunoresearch No. 111-035-144.

Compounds A and B induced (in a dose-responsive manner) STAT5 phosphorylation (pSTAT5). As shown in FIG. 1, the first 2 sets of three lanes include the two test compounds, and the next three lanes are the IL-2 positive controls. The final lanes (10) are ‘starved” cells showing no background of pSTAT5 in the starting cell population. Compound A refers to a heterodimer of SEQ. ID. NO: 58 and SEQ ID. NO. 224. Compound B refers to a heterodimer of SEQ. ID. NO: 58 and SEQ ID. NO. 237.

In the top row of lanes, are the results of a control experiment which was designed to rule out the possibility that the test samples were contaminated with IL-2. To evaluate for contamination, the same manipulations as in the lanes described above were performed, except that an IL-2 neutralizing antibody was added to all samples. As is shown in lanes 7-9, the IL-2 controls were suppressed by this treatment, but the test compound lanes (1-6) show about the same results as the minus Ab lanes, demonstrating that the activity in the compound lanes is not due to contaminating IL-2. In addition, the lane 9 control has a high amount of added DMSO (1%), the diluent for the peptide compound. Addition of DMSO causes no STAT5 phosphorylation.

The activation of STAT5, ERK1/2 and AKT in NK-92 cells by IL-2Rβγc agonists A and B provided by the present disclosure is shown in FIG. 3. IL-2Rβγc agonist A refers to a heterodimer of SEQ. ID. NO: 58 and SEQ ID. NO. 224. IL-2Rβγc agonist B refers to a heterodimer of SEQ. ID. NO: 58 and SEQ ID. NO. 237.

pSTAT5 dose response curves for L-2Rβγc agonists A and B in NK-92 cells are shown in FIGS. 4A and 4B.

The results of a NK-92 cell proliferation assay using IL-2Rβγc agonists A and B, rhIL-2 and other peptides C-G is shown in FIGS. 5A-5C. Compounds A-G are defined as in Table 2:

TABLE 2 Composition of peptides A-G. Peptide Composition A Heterodimer of E and F B Heterodimer of E and G C IL-27R/gp130 heterodimer D gp130 homodimer E IL-2Rβ ligand; SEQ ID. NO. 58 F IL-2Rγc ligand; SEQ ID. NO. 224 G IL-2Rγc ligand; SEQ ID. NO. 237

To perform the assay, NK-92 cells were plated in starvation medium at 20,000 cells/well in a 96-well plate. Treatment was added to each well in 3-fold serial dilutions with the peptides having maximum concentration of 10 M and rhL-2 having a maximum concentration of 6.67 nM. The cells were then incubated at 37° C. for 48 h. CellTiter-Glo® reagent was added and the cells incubated for 10 min at 25° C. before luminescence reading. FIG. 5A shows the RLU for the peptide samples, FIG. 5B for the rhIL-2 sample, and FIG. 5C shows an overlay of FIGS. 5A and 5B.

Example 8 Preparation of TF-1β and TF-1 Cells for Testing STAT5 Activation

TF-1β and TF-1 parental cells were counted. The cells were collected and 2.5×10⁶ cells pelleted at 200×g for 5 minutes. The pelleted cells were washed with 25 mL RPMI with no additives.

The TF-1β and TF-1 parental cells were seeded at 5×10⁵ cells in a T25 flask, in 5 mL starvation medium (SM), and incubated overnight with the flask upright at 37° C. under 5% CO₂.

The TF-1β and TF-1 parental cells were counted, and the viability was determined. If necessary, the cells were diluted to 5×10⁵ cells/mL in SM and then 1 mL of the suspension was added to 6 wells/cell line of a 24-well dish and incubate at 37° C. under 5% CO₂.

The treatments (see Example 7) were added to the cells for 30 min at 37° C. under 5% CO₂. The treated cells were transferred to a 1.5 mL microfuge tube and spun down at 1,500 RPM for 5 min. The cells were washed in 1 mL PBS, centrifuged again, and the supernatant aspirated. The treatment reagents included Anti-STAT5 Antibody (rabbit), Cell Signaling No. 94205S; Anti-pSTAT5 Antibody (rabbit), Cell Signaling No. 4322S; and Goat anti-rabbit IgG-HRP, Jackson Immunoresearch No. 111-035-144.

A phosphatase and protease inhibitor cocktail (Thermo No. 78442) were added to mPER buffer at 1:100 dilution. After the cells were pelleted, add 50 L of mPER buffer was added to each sample and the mixture repeatedly pipetted to homogenize.

The lysates were centrifuged at 14,000 RPM for 5 min at 25° C. The supernatants were transferred to clean tubes and stored frozen at −80° C.

The antibodies, treatment and working stock prep for each of the samples is provided in Table 3. Compounds A and B are IL-2Rβγc agonists provided by the present disclosure.

TABLE 3 STAT5 activation samples in TF-1β and TF-1 cells. Vol # Cell line Treatment (μL) Working stock prep 1 TF-1β A 10 μM 100 100 μM (1:100 of 10 mM stock in SM) 2 TF-1β B 10 μM 100 100 μM (1:100 of 10 mM stock in SM) 3 TF-1β C 10 μM 100 100 μM (1:100 of 10 mM stock in SM) 4 TF-1β rhIL-2 1 ng/mL 10 100 ng/mL (1:1000 of 100 μg/mL stock in SM) 5 TF-1β Starvation Medium¹ 100 N/A (SM) 6 TF-1 A 10 μM 100 100 μM (1:100 of 10 mM stock in SM) 7 TF-1 B 10 μM 100 100 μM (1:100 of 10 mM stock in SM) 8 TF-1 C 10 μM 100 100 μM (1:100 of 10 mM stock in SM) 9 TF-1 rhIL-2 1 ng/mL 10 100 ng/mL (1:1000 of 100 μg/mL stock in SM) 10 TF-1 Starvation Medium¹ 100 N/A (SM) ¹Starvation medium: RPMI 1640, 2.5 g/L glucose (4.5 g/L total), 5% FBS, 2 mM L-glutamine, 1 mM NaPyr, and 10 mM HEPES (no GM-CSF supplement).

The samples were applied to a Western Blot and the results are shown in FIG. 2A.

RT-qPCR gene expression profiling comparing several TF-1β cells cell populations (G418 concentration varied) transfected with full length IL-2Rβ used in the peptide simulation pSTAT5 evaluation is shown in Table 4, and in FIG. 2B. In FIG. 2B, the relative expression level was normalized to GAPDH=1×10⁶ copies (REL=1×10⁶×2^((Ctgraph-Cttarget))).

TABLE 4 RT-qPCR gene expression profiles of TF-1 and TF- 1β cells transfected with IL-2Rβ. TF-1 TF-1 TF-1β TF-1β TF-1β TF-1β Target (ATCC) Control 2A 2B 3A 3B IL-2Rα 224 209 202 200 170 139 IL-2Rβ 1,329 1,177 44,029 39,122 36,941 28,685 IL-2Rγ 35,258 18,886 28,492 23,508 27,253 24,511

Example 9 pH Selective Screening

The IL-2Rβ subunit was screened with two peptide libraries to identify peptides exhibiting pH-dependent affinity for the receptor subunit. The screening approach utilized cycles of binding and elution under various acidic and neutral pH conditions.

Example 10 Phage Screening ELISA Protocol for pH-Dependence

The binding of phage to IL-2Rβ-GPI was determined using phage ELISA at the two target pH values and the percent change in binding at pH 7.4 relative to binding at pH 6.0 was calculated. Results for several peptides are shown in FIG. 6. Well G03 is an example of a phage displaying pH-dependent binding to IL-2Rβ.

FIG. 7 shows an example of phage clones exhibiting pH-dependent binding (17E01, 17G03, 18A08, 17H07) compared to a non-pH dependent clone that exhibited similar binding affinity at both pH 6.0 and pH 7.4 (negative clone).

Example 11 ELISA Protocol for pH-Dependent Phage Titration

The ELISA screening protocol described in Example 10 was used with the following differences: (1) all 96-well ELISA plates contained IL-2Rβ-GPI target; and (2) the titration of the phage supernatants was prepared in 2 different PBT pH buffers; pH 6.0 and pH 7.4.

Phage titration was performed in a 96-well polypropylene plate using the following procedure. A 3-times dilution of phage in PBT pH 6 buffer and pH 7.4 buffer was prepared. One-hundred (100) μL of the diluted phage were transferred to the target-coated assay plate and incubated at 4° C. for 1 h.

The pH 6.0 wells were washed 3 times with cold PT pH 6.0 and the pH 7.4 wells were washed 2 times with cold PT pH 7.4.

The bound phage were detected with anti-M13-HRP.

Binding curves for a pH-independent peptide that exhibited similar binding at pH 6.0 and pH 7.4 are shown in FIG. 8A and binding curves for a pH-dependent clone are show FIG. 8B.

Example 12 ELISA Protocol for Biotinylated Peptide pH-Dependent Binding (IL-2Rβ/Fc-Receptor Binding/Multivalent)

For each peptide to be assayed, 16 ELISA plate wells were coated with neutravidin (10 μg/mL in PBS pH7.2) at 50 μL/well. The coated wells were incubated at 25° C. for at least 1 h.

The neutravidin was removed from each well. Three-hundred (300) μL of blocking buffer (1×PBS pH 7.2, 1% BSA) was added to each well of the neutravidin-coated plates. All plates were covered and maintained at 25° C. for 1 h or overnight at 4° C.

The incubated plates were washed 4 times with PT (1×PBS pH 7.2, 0.05% Tween®20) buffer.

The biotinylated peptides were diluted to 1 μM in PBT pH 7.2 buffer and 50 uL was added to the appropriate 16 wells (8 for each binding pH). The plates were incubated at 25° C. for at least 1 h.

Two (2) titrations of IL-2Rβ-Fc protein were prepared in a polypropylene plate starting at 2 g/mL using PBT pH 6.0 and pH 7.4 and diluting 3-fold.

The plates were washed 4-times with PT (1×PBS pH 7.2, 0.05% Tween®20) buffer.

Fifty (50) μL of the IL-2Rβ-Fc protein dilutions were added to the assay plates buffered at pH 6.0 or pH 7.4) and incubated for 1 h at 4° C.

The incubated plates were washed 3-times with the corresponding pH buffer PT (50 mM PBS pH 6.0, 0.05% Tween®20 or 50 mM PBS pH 7.4, 0.05% Tween®20).

Fifty (50) μL of goat anti-huIgG-HRP diluted 1:2500 in cold PBT pH 6.0 was added to each well. The plates were then Incubated for 1 h at 4° C.

The plates were then washed 4 times with cold PT pH 6.0.

Fifty (50) μL of TMB was then added to each well, and the wells were incubated for 1-10 min at 25° C. Fifty (50) μL of a “stop” solution was added to each well, and the plates were read at 450 nm.

IL-2Rβ-Fc binding curves comparing a peptide exhibiting pH-independent binding at pH 6.0 and pH 7.4 and a pH-dependent peptide is shown in FIGS. 9A and 9B, respectively. Fc binding is a multivalent interaction and therefore an over estimate of monovalent binding.

Example 13 Specific Heterodimeric IL-2Rβγc Agonist

A heterodimer was constructed by linking the C-terminus of IL-2Rγc ligand having SEQ ID NO: 58 to the C-terminus of IL-2Rβ ligand having SEQ ID NO. 224 with a linker comprising 4 amino acids and having a length of about 34 Å using standard click chemistry methods.

The heterodimer was incubated with NK92 cells and the STAT5 phosphorylation measured as a function of concentration using the methods described in Examples 7 and 8. The results are presented in FIG. 10.

Example 14 Specific Heterodimer

A heterodimer was constructed by linking an IL-2Rβ ligand provided by the present disclosure to an IL-2Rγc ligand provided by the present disclosure with a linker comprising from 3 to 6 amino acids using standard click chemistry methods.

Example 15 pSTAT5 Activation in NK92 and TF1-β Cells

The expression levels of the IL-2R subunits in NK92 and TF-1β cells was determined using RT-qPCR gene expression profiling. The results are presented in Table 5.

The heterodimer of Example 14 was incubated with NK92 cells and TF-1β cells and the STAT5 phosphorylation measured as a function of concentration using the methods described in Examples 7 and 8. The results are presented in Table 5.

TABLE 5 IL-2Rαβγc subunit expression levels and STAT5 phosphorylation. NK92 Cells TF-1β Cells IL-2Rα¹ 111,181    194 IL-2Rβ¹ 303,457 227,488 IL-2Rγc¹ 609,073  43,169 EC₅₀ (M)     <10⁻⁸     <10⁻⁸ ¹Relative expression level: normalized to GAPDH = 1 × 10⁶ copies; REL = 1E⁶ × 2 ^((Ct gapdh−Ct target)).

Example 15 Proliferation of NK-92 Cells

The proliferation of NK-92 cells was determined using the procedure described in Example 7.

The EC₅₀ for NK-92 cell proliferation for the heterodimer of Example 14 was <10⁻⁸ M.

Example 16 pSTAT5 Activation in Human T-Cells

pSTAT5 activation of resting CD8 T-cells, resting CD4 T-cells, and resting Treg (CD25hi CD127lo) cells by the heterodimer of Example 14 was determined using the method described in Example 17.

The incubation time was 30 min and pSTAT5 was measured by flow cytometry.

The heterodimer of Example 14 exhibited a similar potency in the different human T-cell populations tested. In comparison, IL-2 has a potency bias for Treg and CD4 T-cells.

Example 17 STAT5 Phosphorylation in Resting and Activated Human CD-8 T-Cells

CD8 T-cells were isolated using the entire PBMC pool with an EasySep™ Human CD8+ T Cell Isolation Kit commercially available from STEMCELL™ Technologies Inc.

Treg cells were isolated using the entire PBMC pool with an EasySep™ Human CD4+CD127 lowCD25+ Regulatory T-Cell Isolation Kit commercially available from STEMCELL™ Technologies Inc.

For the resting group, the pSTAT5 assay was preformed and the lysates frozen at −180° C. until ELISA measurement.

For the activation group, cells were resuspended at 10⁶ cells/mL in CTS OpTmizer™ medium and prepared for CD28/CD3 activation.

For CD8 cells, a solution of 1 μg/μL aCD28 antibody was added to the cell suspension and plated at 2-3 mL/well in a 6-well plate pre-coated with 1 μg/mL aCD3 antibody.

For Treg cells, a solution of 10 μg/mL a CD28 antibody was added to the cell suspension and plated at 2-3 mL/well in a 6-well plate pre-coated with 10 μg/mL a CD3 antibody.

The cells were incubated for three (3) days.

Following incubation, the cells were resuspended in fresh CTS™ OpTmizer™ medium (ThermoFisher Scientific) at 5×10³ cells/mL and plated at 2-3 mL/well in a 6-well plate. The re-plated cells were incubated for two (2) days.

Control and test compounds were added at various concentrations to the cells and incubated at 37° C. for 30 minutes.

The cells were harvested counted, lysed and assayed for pSTAT5 activation.

For the resting CD8 T-cells, the EC₅₀ for STAT5 phosphorylation was <10⁻⁸ M.

For activated CD8 T-cells, the EC₅₀ for STAT5 phosphorylation was <10⁻⁸ M.

Example 18 STAT5 Phosphorylation in Resting and Activated Human Treg Cells

The same procedure as described in Example 17 was used to measure STAT5 phosphorylation.

For the resting Treg-cells, the EC₅₀ for STAT5 phosphorylation was <10⁻⁸ M.

For activated Treg-cells, the EC₅₀ for STAT5 phosphorylation was <10⁻⁸ M.

Example 19 IL-2Rα and IL-2Rβ Binding

The expression levels of the IL-2R subunits in TF-1 parental and TF-1β cells was determined using RT-qPCR gene expression profiling. The results are presented in Table 6.

TF-1 parental cells and TF-1β cells were incubated with the heterodimer of Example 14 and the STAT5 activation measured as a function of concentration. The results are presented in Table 6.

TABLE 6 IL-2Rαβγc subunit expression levels and STAT5 activation. TF-1 Parental TF-1β Cells Cells IL-2Rα¹ 209   139 IL-2Rβ¹  1,177 28,685 IL-2Rγc¹ 18,886 24,511 EC₅₀ (M) ND²    <10⁻⁸ ¹Relative expression level: normalized to GAPDH = 1 × 10⁶ copies; REL = 1E⁶ × 2 ^((Ct gapdh−Ct target)). ²Not determined.

For the TF-1 parental cells, STAT5 was not activated.

For activated Treg-cells, the EC₅₀ for STAT5 phosphorylation was <10⁻⁸ M.

These results demonstrate that the activity of the heterodimer of Example 14 requires the presence of the IL-2Rβ subunit. Also, in separate experiments it was determined that the activity of the heterodimer of Example 14 was not blocked by IL-2 and IL-15 antibodies.

Example 20 Competitive Binding

Competitive binding assays were performed to characterize the IL-2R binding sites for certain IL-2Rβ and to IL-2Rγc ligands.

Representative phage clones displaying peptides from IL-2Rβ ligand families were bound to the extracellular domain (ECD) of IL-2Rβ immobilized in microtiter wells. Phage binding was conducted in the presence and absence of synthetic test peptides to determine if phage peptides and test peptides competed for binding to the same sites on IL-2Rβ. Synthetic test peptides were selected to represent peptides from IL-2Rβ ligand families, as well positive and negative control peptides. IL-2Rβ ligand family sequences and the specific IL-2Rβ ligands evaluated are provided in Table 7.

TABLE 7 IL-2Rβ ligand families and ligands. Specific IL-2Rβ Family IL-2Rβ Ligand SEQ SEQ ID Family ID NOS: NO: Peptide Sequence 1   1-163   58  Y D C R I A Q V G E L C D L 2A 164-182  169  N M C L V G D Y W P S C Q I 2A 164-182  170  Q I C D V G Q W W P D C Q V 2B   1-163   83  C C Y Q A M V G D L C D F C 2C 1028-1043 1034¹ C G M A I G D L C M W T 2C 1028-1043 1042  R W G D V G D L L M P L 4 1044 1044  R S C Y Y K R P R L W C S E IL-2Rγc 211-233  224  D C S M W E G V E L  Ligand 914-920 C W ¹Modified peptide having SEQ ID NO: 1034 with amino acids -W-T-.

The IL-2Rβ ligands had a binding affinity (IC₅₀) to the IL-2Rβ subunit of less than 10 μM and a binding affinity (IC₅₀) to the IL-2Rγc subunit of greater than 100 μM.

Phage binding to the immobilized IL-2Rβ ECD was detected by staining with antibody against phage coat proteins (anti-phage Ab), staining with labeled secondary antibody against the anti-phage Ab, and scored by reading OD in the microtiter plate optical reader.

The ELISA signal for each phage binding in the presence and absence of the test peptides was compared to determine which synthetic peptides competed with which phage peptides for binding to the IL-2Rβ subunit. Those peptide pairs which exhibited competitive binding (i.e., cross inhibition) were considered to bind at the same functional site on the IL-2 receptor. The results are presented in Table 8.

TABLE 8 Binding of IL-2Rβ ligands to IL-2R. Phage Clone Peptide SEQ ID NO: Peptide 58 170 83 1034 1044 SEQ ID NO: IE-2β Family 1 2A 2B 2C 4 58 1  +¹ + + + − 169 2A + + + + − 1042 2C + + + + − 1044 4  −² − − − − 224 IL-2Rγc Ligand − − − − − ¹Peptide competes with phage binding. ²Peptide does not compete with phage binding.

The IL-2Rβ ligands did not bind competitively to the binding site of the IL-2Rβ subunit with IL-2.

A similar study was performed to evaluate the binding of IL-2Rγc ligands. IL-2Rγc ligand family sequences and the specific IL-2Rγc ligands evaluated are provided in Table 9.

TABLE 9 IL-2Rγc ligand families and ligands. IL- Specific 2Rγc Family IL-2Rγc Ligand SEQ ID SEQ ID Family NOS: NO: Peptide Sequence 1A 194-210 198  K V C E M W G G V L L C 904-913 W N 1A 194-210 202  R T C T E W E N V V L C 904-913 W V 1B 211-233 224  D C S M W E G V E L C W 914-920 2 234-245 236  M C W L E W G E W V G S C L 3 246-254 248¹ D L S D L S T F W L S Q 921-922 4 265-267 266  C P S M L Q G P E R T W 932-940 V C 5 941-948 948  S L L K C Y N A S T C A S V F IL-2Rβ   1-163  58  Y D C R I A Q V G E L C Ligand D L ¹Modified ligand having amino acid SEQ ID NO: 248.

The IL-2Rγc ligands had a binding affinity (IC₅₀) to the IL-2Rγc subunit of less than 10 μM and a binding affinity (IC₅₀) to the IL-2Rβ subunit of greater than 100 μM.

The results are presented in Table 10.

TABLE 10 Binding of IL-2Rγc ligands to IL-2R. Phage Clone Peptide SEQ ID NO Peptide IL-2Rγc 198 224 236 248 266 948 SEQ ID NO: Family 1A 1B 2 3 4 5 202 1A  +¹ + + + + − 224 1B + + + + + − 236 2 + + + + + − 248 3 + + + + + − 948 5  −² − − − − + 58 IL-2Rβ Ligand − − − − − − ¹Peptide competes with phage binding. ²Peptide does not compete with phage binding.

ASPECTS OF THE INVENTION

The invention is further defined by the following aspects.

Aspect 1. An IL-2Rβ ligand, wherein the IL-2Rβ ligand exhibits a binding affinity to the human IL-2Rβ subunit of less than 100 μM.

Aspect 2. The IL-2Rβ ligand of aspect 1, wherein the IL-2Rβ ligand comprises from 5 to 30 amino acids.

Aspect 3. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 1 to 2, wherein the IL-2Rβ ligand exhibits a binding affinity to the human IL-2Rβ subunit from 1 μM to 100 μM.

Aspect 4. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 1 to 2, wherein the IL-2Rβ ligand exhibits a binding affinity to the human IL-2Rβ subunit from 0.1 μM to 50 μM.

Aspect 5. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 1 to 2, wherein the IL-2Rβ ligand exhibits a binding affinity to the human IL-2Rβ subunit of less than 100 μM.

Aspect 6. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 1 to 5, wherein the IL-2Rβ ligand exhibits a binding affinity to a mammalian IL-2Rβ subunit of less than 100 μM.

Aspect 7. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 1 to 6, wherein the IL-2Rβ ligand exhibits a binding affinity to each of the human IL-2Rβ subunit and to the human IL-2Rγc subunit of less than 100 μM.

Aspect 8. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 1 to 7, wherein the IL-2Rβ ligand exhibits a binding affinity to the human IL-2Rα (CD25) subunit of greater than 100 μM.

Aspect 9. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 1 to 8, wherein the IL-2Rβ ligand exhibits a binding affinity to the human IL-2Rβ subunit that is at least 10 times greater than the binding affinity of the IL-2Rβ ligand to the human IL-2Rα subunit.

Aspect 10. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 1 to 9, wherein the IL-2Rβ ligand comprises the amino acid sequence of Formula (1) (SEQ ID NO: 1), the amino acid sequence of Formula (1a) (SEQ ID NO: 2), or the amino acid sequence of Formula (1b) (SEQ ID NO: 3):

-X³-X⁴-X⁵-X⁶-X⁷-X⁸-X⁹-X¹⁰-  (1)

-X²-C-X³-X⁴-X⁵-X⁶-X⁷-X⁸-X⁹-X¹⁰-C-X¹¹-  (1a)

-X¹-X²-C-X³-X⁴-X⁵-X⁶-X⁷-X⁸-X⁹-X¹⁰-C-X¹¹-X¹²-  (1b)

wherein, X¹ is selected from A, D, E, F, G, I, K, L, M, N, P, Q, S, T, V, W, and Y; X² is selected from A, C, D, E, F, G, H, K, L, N, P, R, S, T, W, and Y; X³ is selected from A, D, E, F, G, H, M, N, Q, R, S, T, W, and Y; X⁴ is selected from A, D, E, F, G, I, K, L, M, N, Q, R, S, T, V, and Y; X⁵ is selected from A, G, I, Q, S, T, V, and W; X⁶ is selected from A, D, E, G, H, K, L, M, N, P, Q, R, S, T, and V; X⁷ is selected from F, I, K, L, Q, and V; X⁸ is selected from D, F, G, H, M, N, W, and Y; X⁹ is selected from A, D, E, M, P, Q, S, T, V, and W; X¹⁰ is selected from D, F, I, L, M, S, T, V, and Y; X¹¹ is selected from D, E, F, H, I, L, M, Q, S, T, V, W, and Y; and X¹² is selected from F, I, L, M, N, S, V, W, and Y.

Aspect 11. The IL-2Rβ ligand of aspect 10, wherein X¹ is selected from F, I, L, M, and V.

Aspect 12. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 1 to 11, wherein X² is selected from D, E, F, G, H, L, N, P, R, S, T, W, and Y.

Aspect 13. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 1 to 12, wherein X⁵ is A.

Aspect 14. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 1 to 13, wherein X⁶ is selected from D, E, and Q.

Aspect 15. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 1 to 14, wherein X⁷ is selected from F, I, L, and V.

Aspect 16. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 1 to 15, wherein X⁸ is G.

Aspect 17. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 1 to 16, wherein X⁹ is selected from D, E, and Q.

Aspect 18. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 1 to 17, wherein X¹⁰ is selected from F, I, L, M, V, and Y.

Aspect 19. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 1 to 18, wherein X¹¹ is selected from D and E.

Aspect 20. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 1 to 19, wherein X¹² is selected from F, I, L, M, and V.

Aspect 21. The IL-2Rβ ligand of aspect 10, wherein, X¹ is selected from F, I, L, M, and V; X² is selected from D, E, F, G, H, L, N, P, R, S, T, W, and Y; X³ is selected from A, D, E, F, G, H, M, N, Q, R, S, T, W, and Y; X⁴ is selected from A, D, E, F, G, I, K, L, M, N, Q, R, S, T, V, and Y; X⁵ is A; X⁶ is selected from D, E, and Q; X⁷ is selected from F, I, L, and V; X⁸ is G; X⁹ is selected from D, E, and Q; X¹⁰ is selected from F, I, L, M, V, and Y; X¹¹ is selected from D and E; and X¹² is selected from F, I, L, M, and V.

Aspect 22. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 1 to 9, wherein the IL-2Rβ ligand comprises the amino acid sequence of Formula (1) (SEQ ID NO: 1), the amino acid sequence of Formula (1a) (SEQ ID NO: 2), or the amino acid sequence of Formula (1b) (SEQ ID NO: 3):

-X³-X⁴-X⁵-X⁶-X⁷-X⁸-X⁹-X¹⁰-  (1)

-X²-C-X³-X⁴-X⁵-X⁶-X⁷-X⁸-X⁹-X¹⁰-C-X¹¹-  (1a)

-X¹-X²-C-X³-X⁴-X⁵-X⁶-X⁷-X⁸-X⁹-X¹⁰-C-X¹¹-X¹²-  (1b)

wherein, X¹ is selected from an amino acid X² is selected from an amino acid; X³ is selected from an amino acid; X⁴ is selected from an amino acid; X⁵ is selected from an amino acid comprising a small hydrophobic side chain; X⁶ is selected from an amino acid; X⁷ is selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain; X⁸ is selected from an amino acid comprising a small hydrophobic side chain; X⁹ is selected from an amino acid comprising a polar-neutral or an acidic side chain; X¹⁰ is selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain; X¹¹ is selected from an amino acid; and X¹² is selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain.

Aspect 23. The IL-2Rβ ligand of aspect 22, wherein, X¹ is selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain; X² is selected from an amino acid; X³ is selected from an amino acid; X⁴ is selected from an amino acid; X⁵ is selected from an amino acid comprising a small hydrophobic side chain; X⁶ is selected from an amino acid comprising a polar-neutral or an acidic side chain; X⁷ is selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain; X⁸ is selected from an amino acid comprising a small hydrophobic side chain; X⁹ is selected from an amino acid comprising a polar-neutral or an acidic side chain; X¹⁰ is selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain; X¹¹ is selected from an amino acid comprising a polar-neutral or an acidic side chain; and X¹² is selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain.

Aspect 24. The IL-2Rβ ligand of aspect 22, wherein, X¹ is selected from I, L, M, V, F, W, and Y; X² is selected from an amino acid; X³ is selected from an amino acid; X⁴ is selected from an amino acid; X⁵ is selected from A, G, P, S, and T; X⁶ is selected from H, N, Q, S, T, Y, D, and E; X⁷ is selected from I, L, M, V, F, W, and Y; X⁸ is selected from A, G, P, S, and T; X⁹ is selected from H, N, Q, S, T, Y, D, and E; X¹⁰ is selected from I, L, M, V, F, W, and Y; X¹¹ is selected from H, N, Q, S, T, Y, D, and E; and X¹² is selected from I, L, M, V, F, W, and Y.

Aspect 25. The IL-2Rβ ligand of aspect 22, wherein, X¹ is selected from I, L, M, V, F, W, and Y; X² is selected from an amino acid; X³ is selected from an amino acid; X⁴ is selected from an amino acid; X⁵ is A; X⁶ is selected from H, N, Q, S, T, Y, D, and E; X⁷ is selected from I, L, M, V, F, W, and Y; X⁸ is G; X⁹ is selected from H, N, Q, S, T, Y, D, and E; X¹⁰ is selected from I, L, M, V, F, W, and Y; X is selected from H, N, Q, S, T, Y, D, and E; and X¹² is selected from I, L, M, V, F, W, and Y.

Aspect 26. The IL-2Rβ ligand of aspect 25, wherein X¹ is selected from I, L, M, and V.

Aspect 27. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 25 to 26, wherein X² is selected from D and E.

Aspect 28. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 25 to 27, wherein X⁶ is selected from Q, E, and D.

Aspect 29. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 25 to 28, wherein X⁷ is selected from V, L, and I.

Aspect 30. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 25 to 29, wherein X⁹ is selected from E, D, and Q.

Aspect 31. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 25 to 30, wherein X¹⁰ is selected from L, V, I, and Y.

Aspect 32. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 25 to 31, wherein X¹¹ is selected from D and E.

Aspect 33. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 25 to 32, wherein X¹² is selected from L, I, and F.

Aspect 34. The IL-2Rβ ligand of aspect 25, wherein, X¹ is selected from L, I, F, and V; X² is selected from D and E; X⁶ is selected from Q, E, and D; X⁷ is selected from V, L, and I; X⁹ is selected from E, D, and Q; X¹⁰ is selected from L, V, I, and Y; X¹¹ is selected from D and E; and X¹² is selected from L, I, and F.

Aspect 35. The IL-2Rβ ligand of aspect 25, wherein, X¹ is selected from F, I, M, and Y; X² is selected from E, D, and R; X³ is selected from and amino acid; X⁴ is selected from an amino acid; X⁵ is A; X⁶ is selected from A, P, and Q; X⁷ is selected from I and V; X⁸ is G; X⁹ is selected from E and Q; X¹⁰ is selected from I, L, and V; X¹¹ is selected from E, D, and Q; and X¹² is selected from I and L.

Aspect 36. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 1 to 9, wherein the IL-2Rβ ligand comprises an amino acid sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NO: 4 to SEQ ID NO: 163:

Aspect 37. The IL-2Rβ ligand of aspect 36, wherein the IL-2Rβ ligand comprises an amino acid sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NO: 4 to SEQ ID NO: 163, wherein the amino acid sequence is terminated with amino acids -G-G on the N-terminus, on the C-terminus, or on both the N- and C-termini.

Aspect 38. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 36 to 37, wherein the IL-2Rβ ligand comprises an amino acid sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NO: 4 to SEQ ID NO: 163, wherein each amino acid independently comprises one or more of the following conservative substitutions: amino acids having a small hydrophobic side chain comprising alanine (A), glycine (G), proline (P), serine (S), and threonine (T); amino acids having a hydroxyl-containing side chain comprising serine (S) or threonine (T); amino acids having an acidic side chain comprising aspartate (D) and glutamate (E); amino acids having a polar-neutral side chain comprising histidine (H), asparagine (N), glutamine (Q), serine (S), threonine (T), and tyrosine (Y); amino acids having a basic side chain comprising arginine (R), lysine (K), or histidine (H); and amino acids having a large hydrophobic side chain comprising isoleucine (I), leucine (L), methionine (M), valine (V), phenylalanine (F), tyrosine (Y), or tryptophan (W).

Aspect 39. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 1 to 9, wherein the IL-2Rβ ligand comprises the amino acid sequence of Formula (2) (SEQ ID NO: 164), the amino acid sequence of Formula (2a) (SEQ ID NO: 165), or the amino acid sequence of Formula (2b) (SEQ ID NO: 166):

-X¹⁵-X¹⁶-X¹⁷-X¹⁸-X¹⁹-X²⁰-X²¹-X²²-  (2)

-X¹⁴-C-X⁵-X¹⁶-X¹⁷-X¹⁸-X¹⁹-X²⁰-X²¹-X²²-C-X²³-  (2a)

-X¹³-X¹⁴-C-X¹⁵-X¹⁶-X¹⁷-X¹⁸-X¹⁹-X²⁰-X²¹-X²²-C-X²³-X²⁴-  (2b)

wherein, X¹³ is selected from A, D, E, G, N, Q, R, and V; X¹⁴ is selected from E, F, I, L, M, and Q; X¹⁵ is selected from D, G, L, and N; X¹⁶ is selected from L, P, V, and Y; X¹⁷ is selected from F, G, and M; X¹⁸ is selected from A, D, N, and Q; X¹⁹ is selected from F, I, L, S, V, W, and Y; X²⁰ is selected from D and W; X²¹ is selected from P and Y; X²² is selected from A, D, Q, and S; X²³ is selected from I, L, Q, W, and Y; and X²⁴ is selected from E, F, I, L, T, V, and W.

Aspect 40. The IL-2Rβ ligand of aspect 39, wherein X¹⁶ is V.

Aspect 41. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 39 to 40, wherein X¹⁷ is G.

Aspect 42. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 39 to 41, wherein X²⁰ is W.

Aspect 43. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 39 to 42, wherein X²¹ is P.

Aspect 44. The IL-2Rβ ligand of aspect 39, wherein, X¹³ is selected from E, N, and Q; X¹⁴ is selected from I and M; X¹⁵ is selected from D, L, and N; X¹⁶ is V; X¹⁷ is G; X¹⁸ is selected from D and Q; X¹⁹ is selected from V, W, and Y; X²⁰ is W; X²¹ is P; X²² is selected from D and S; X²³ is selected from L and Q; and X²⁴ is selected from I, L, and V.

Aspect 45. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 1 to 9, wherein the IL-2Rβ ligand comprises an amino acid sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NO: 167 to SEQ ID NO: 182.

Aspect 46. The IL-2Rβ ligand of aspect 45, wherein the IL-2Rβ ligand comprises an amino acid sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NO: 167 to SEQ ID NO: 182, wherein the amino acid sequence is terminated with amino acids -G-G on the N-terminus, on the C-terminus, or on both the N- and C-termini.

Aspect 47. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 45 to 46, wherein the IL-2Rβ ligand comprises an amino acid sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NO: 167 to SEQ ID NO: 182, wherein each amino acid independently comprises one or more of the following conservative substitutions: amino acids having a small hydrophobic side chain comprising alanine (A), glycine (G), proline (P), serine (S) and threonine (T); amino acids having a hydroxyl-containing side chain comprising serine (S) or threonine (T); amino acids having an acidic side chain comprising aspartate (D) and glutamate (E); amino acids having a polar-neutral side chain comprising histidine (H), asparagine (N), glutamine (Q), serine (S), threonine (T), and tyrosine (Y); amino acids having a basic side chain comprising arginine (R), lysine (K), or histidine (H); and amino acids having a large hydrophobic side chain comprising isoleucine (I), leucine (L), methionine (M), valine (V), phenylalanine (F), tyrosine (Y), or tryptophan (W).

Aspect 48. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 1 to 9, wherein the IL-2Rβ ligand comprises the amino acid sequence of Formula (2) (SEQ ID NO: 164), the amino acid sequence of Formula (2a) (SEQ ID NO: 165), or the amino acid sequence of Formula (2b) (SEQ ID NO: 166):

-X¹⁵-X¹⁶-X¹⁷-X¹⁸-X¹⁹-X²⁰-X²¹-X²²-  (2)

-X¹⁴-C-X¹⁵-X¹⁶-X¹⁷-X¹⁸-X¹⁹-X²⁰-X²¹-X²²-C-X²³-  (2a)

-X¹³-X¹⁴-C-X¹⁵-X¹⁶-X¹⁷-X¹⁸-X¹⁹-X²⁰-X²¹-X²²-C-X²³-X²⁴-  (2b)

wherein, X¹³ is selected from an amino acid; X¹⁴ is selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain; X¹⁵ is selected from an amino acid; X¹⁶ is selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain; X²⁷ is selected from an amino acid comprising a small hydrophobic side chain; X¹⁸ is selected from an amino acid; X¹⁹ is selected from an amino acid; X²⁰ is selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain; X²¹ is selected from an amino acid comprising a small hydrophobic side chain; X²² is selected from an amino acid; X²³ is selected from an amino acid; and X²⁴ is selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain.

Aspect 49. The IL-2Rβ ligand of aspect 48, wherein, X¹³ is selected from an amino acid; X¹⁴ is selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain; X¹⁵ is selected from an amino acid; X¹⁶ is selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain; X¹⁷ is selected from an amino acid comprising a small hydrophobic side chain; X¹⁸ is selected from an amino acid comprising a polar-neutral or an acidic side chain; X¹⁹ is selected from an amino acid comprising large hydrophobic or neutral side chain; X²⁰ is selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain; X²¹ is selected from an amino acid comprising a small hydrophobic side chain; X²² is selected from an amino acid; X²³ is selected from an amino acid; and X²⁴ is selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain.

Aspect 50. The IL-2Rβ ligand of aspect 48, wherein, X¹³ is selected from an amino acid; X¹⁴ is selected from I, L, M, V, F, W, and Y; X¹⁵ is selected from D, E, I, L, M, V, F, Y, and W; X¹⁶ is selected from I, L, M, N, V, F, Y, and W; X¹⁷ is selected from A, G, P, S, and T; X¹⁸ is selected from H, N, Q, S, T, Y, D, and E; X¹⁹ is selected from I, L, M, V, F, W, and Y; X²⁰ is selected from I, L, M, N, V, F, Y, and W; X²¹ is selected from A, G, P, S, and T; X²² is selected from an amino acid; X²³ is selected from an amino acid; and X²⁴ is selected from I, L, M, V, F, W, and Y.

Aspect 51. The IL-2Rβ ligand of aspect 50, wherein X¹⁴ is selected from I and M.

Aspect 52. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 50 to 51, wherein X¹⁶ is V.

Aspect 53. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 50 to 52, wherein X¹⁷ is G.

Aspect 54. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 50 to 53, wherein X¹⁸ is selected from D and Q.

Aspect 55. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 50 to 54, wherein X²⁰ is W.

Aspect 56. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 50 to 55, wherein X²¹ is P.

Aspect 57. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 50 to 56, wherein X²³ is selected from F, I, L, and V.

Aspect 58. The IL-2Rβ ligand of aspect 50, wherein, X¹³ is selected from an amino acid; X¹⁴ is selected from I and M; X¹⁵ is selected from an amino acid; X¹⁶ is V; X¹⁷ is G; X¹⁸ is selected from D and Q; X¹⁹ is selected from I, L, M, V, F, W, and Y; X²⁰ is W; X²¹ is P; X²² is selected from an amino acid; X²³ is selected from an amino acid; and X²⁴ is selected from F, I, L, and V.

Aspect 59. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 1 to 9, wherein the IL-2Rβ ligand comprises the amino acid sequence of Formula (3) (SEQ ID NO: 183) or the amino acid sequence of Formula (3a) (SEQ ID NO: 184):

-X²⁶-X²⁷-X²⁸-X²⁹-X³⁰-X³¹-X³²-X³³-X³⁴-X³⁵-  (3)

-X²⁵-C-X²⁶-X²⁷-X²⁸-X²⁹-X³⁰-X³¹-X³²-X³³-X³⁴-X³⁵-C-X³⁶-  (3a)

wherein, X²⁵ is selected from an amino acid; X²⁶ is selected from an amino acid; X²⁷ is selected from I and V; X²⁸ is G; X²⁹ is selected from D, E, and N; X³⁰ is selected from F, L, and Y; X³¹ is selected from F, I, and V; X³² is selected from D and Q; X³³ is selected from an amino acid; X³⁴ is selected from an amino acid; X³⁵ is selected from an amino acid; and X³⁶ is selected from an amino acid.

Aspect 60. The IL-2Rβ ligand of aspect 59, wherein, X²⁵ is selected from L, S, T, and Y; X²⁶ is selected from H and Q; X²⁷ is selected from I and V; X²⁸ is G; X²⁹ is selected from D, E, and N; X³⁰ is selected from F, L, and Y; X³¹ is selected from F, I, and V; X³² is selected from D and Q; X³³ is selected from D, L, and W; X³⁴ is selected from G, L, and T; X³⁵ is selected from D, I, and S; and X³⁶ is selected from A and M.

Aspect 61. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 1 to 9, wherein the IL-2Rβ ligand comprises the amino acid sequence of Formula (3) (SEQ ID NO: 183) or the amino acid sequence of Formula (3a) (SEQ ID NO: 184):

-X²⁶-X²⁷-X²⁸-X²⁹-X³⁰-X³¹-X³²-X³³-X³⁴-X³⁵-  (3)

-X²⁵-C-X²⁶-X²⁷-X²⁸-X²⁹-X³⁰-X³¹-X³²-X³³-X³⁴-X³⁵-C-X³⁶-  (3a)

wherein, X²⁵ is selected from an amino acid; X²⁶ is selected from an amino acid; X²⁷ is selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain; X²⁸ is selected from an amino acid comprising a small hydrophobic side chain; X²⁹ is selected from an amino acid comprising an acidic side chain or a polar neutral side chain; X³⁰ is selected from an amino acid; X³¹ is selected from an amino acid; X³² is selected from an amino acid comprising a polar-neutral side chain or an acidic side chain; X³³ is selected from an amino acid; X³⁴ is selected from an amino acid; X³⁵ is selected from an amino acid; and X³⁶ is selected from an amino acid.

Aspect 62. The IL-2Rβ ligand of aspect 61, wherein, X²⁵ is selected from an amino acid; X²⁶ is selected from an amino acid; X²⁷ is selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain; X²⁸ is selected from an amino acid comprising a small hydrophobic side chain; X²⁹ is selected from an amino acid comprising an acidic side chain or a polar neutral side chain; X³⁰ is selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain; X³¹ is selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain; X³² is selected from an amino acid comprising a polar-neutral side chain or an acidic side chain; and X³³ is selected from an amino acid; X³⁴ is selected from an amino acid; X³⁵ is selected from an amino acid; and X³⁶ is selected from an amino acid.

Aspect 63. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 1 to 9, wherein the IL-2Rβ ligand comprises the amino acid sequence of Formula (3) (SEQ ID NO: 183) or the amino acid sequence of Formula (3a) (SEQ ID NO: 184):

-X²⁶-X²⁷-X²⁸-X²⁹-X³⁰-X³¹-X³²-X³³-X³⁴-X³⁵-  (3)

-X²⁵-C-X²⁶-X²⁷-X²⁸-X²⁹-X³⁰-X³¹-X³²-X³³-X³⁴-X³⁵-C-X³⁶-  (3a)

wherein, X²⁵ is selected from an amino acid; X²⁶ is selected from an amino acid; X²⁷ is selected from I, L, M, V, F, Y, and W; X²⁸ is selected from A, G, P, S, and T; X²⁹ is selected from D, E, H, N, Q, S, T, and Y; X³⁰ is selected from I, L, M, V, F, Y, and W; X³¹ is selected from I, L, M, V, F, Y, and W; X³² is selected from D, E, H, N, Q, T, and Y; X³³ is selected from an amino acid; X³⁴ is selected from an amino acid; X³⁵ is selected from an amino acid; and X³⁶ is selected from an amino acid.

Aspect 64. The IL-2Rβ ligand of aspect 63, wherein X²⁷ is selected from V and I.

Aspect 65. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 63 to 64, wherein X²⁸ is G.

Aspect 67. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 63 to 65, wherein X²⁹ is selected from D and E.

Aspect 68. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 63 to 66, wherein X³⁰ is selected from V, L, F, and Y.

Aspect 69. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 63 to 67, wherein X³¹ is selected from I, V, and F.

Aspect 69a. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 63 to 68, wherein X³² is selected from Q and D.

Aspect 70. The IL-2Rβ ligand of aspect 63, wherein, X²⁵ is selected from an amino acid; X²⁶ is selected from an amino acid; X²⁷ is selected from V and I; X²⁸ is G; X²⁹ is selected from D and E; X³⁰ is selected from V, L, F, and Y; X³¹ is selected from I, V, and F; X³² is selected from Q and D; X³³ is selected from an amino acid; X³⁴ is selected from an amino acid; X³⁵ is selected from an amino acid; and X³⁶ is selected from an amino acid.

Aspect 71. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 1 to 9, wherein the IL-2Rβ ligand comprises an amino acid sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NO: 185 to SEQ ID NO: 193.

Aspect 72. The IL-2Rβ ligand of aspect 71, wherein the IL-2Rβ ligand comprises an amino acid sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NO: 185 to SEQ ID NO: 193, wherein the amino acid sequence is terminated with amino acids -G-G on the N-terminus, on the C-terminus, or on both the N- and C-termini.

Aspect 73. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 71 to 72, wherein the IL-2Rβ ligand comprises an amino acid sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NO: 185 to SEQ ID NO: 193, wherein each amino acid independently comprises one or more of the following conservative substitutions: amino acids having a small hydrophobic side chain comprising alanine (A), glycine (G), proline (P), serine (S) and threonine (T); amino acids having a hydroxyl-containing side chain comprising serine (S) or threonine (T); amino acids having an acidic side chain comprising aspartate (D) and glutamate (E); amino acids having a polar-neutral side chain comprising histidine (H), asparagine (N), glutamine (Q), serine (S), threonine (T), and tyrosine (Y); amino acids having a basic side chain comprising arginine (R), lysine (K), or histidine (H); and amino acids having a large hydrophobic side chain comprising isoleucine (I), leucine (L), methionine (M), valine (V), phenylalanine (F), tyrosine (Y), or tryptophan (W).

Aspect 74. An IL-2Rγc ligand, wherein the IL-2Rγc ligand exhibits a binding affinity to the human IL-2Rγc subunit of less than 100 μM.

Aspect 75. The IL-2Rγc ligand of aspect 74, wherein the IL-2Rγc ligand comprises from 5 to 30 amino acids.

Aspect 76. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 74 to 75, wherein the IL-2Rγc ligand exhibits a binding affinity to the human IL-2Rγc subunit in a range from 1 μM to 100 μM.

Aspect 77. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 74 to 75, wherein the IL-2Rγc ligand exhibits a binding affinity to the human IL-2Rγc subunit in a range from 0.1 μM to 50 μM.

Aspect 78. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 74 to 75, wherein the IL-2Rγc ligand exhibits a binding affinity to the human IL-2Rγc subunit of less than 100 μM.

Aspect 79. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 74 to 78, wherein the IL-2Rγc ligand exhibits a binding affinity to each of the human IL-2Rβ subunit and to the human IL-2Rγc subunit of less than 100 μM.

Aspect 80. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 74 to 79, wherein the IL-2Rγc ligand exhibits a binding affinity to the human IL-2Rα (CD25) subunit.

Aspect 81. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 74 to 80, wherein the IL-2Rγc ligand exhibits a binding affinity to the human IL-2Rγc subunit that is at least 10 times greater than the binding affinity of the IL-2Rγc ligand to the human IL-2Rα subunit.

Aspect 82. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 74 to 81, wherein the IL-2Rγc ligand comprises the amino acid sequence of Formula (4) (SEQ ID NO: 194) or the amino acid sequence of Formula (4a) (SEQ ID NO: 195):

-X⁵³-X⁵⁴-X⁵⁵⁻-X⁵⁶-X⁵⁷-X⁵⁸-X⁵⁹-X⁶⁰-  (4)

-X⁵¹-X⁵²-C-X⁵³-X⁵⁴-X⁵⁵-X⁵⁶-X⁵⁷-X⁵⁸-X⁵⁹-X⁶⁰-C-X⁶¹-X⁶²-  (4a)

wherein, X⁵¹ is selected from G, I, K, L, Q, R, T, and V; X⁵² is selected from A, E, I, L, R, S, T, V, and W; X⁵³ is selected from D, E, F, N, Q, S, and T; X⁵⁴ is selected from D, E, I, M, N, Q, R, and S; X⁵⁵ is selected from D, E, F, S, T, W, and Y; X⁵⁶ is selected from D, E, F, G, L, M, N, Q, and Y; X⁵⁷ is selected from E, G, and N; X⁵⁸ is selected from I, P, T, and V; X⁵⁹ is selected from I, L, M, S, T, and V; X⁶⁰ is selected from F, I, and L; X⁶¹ is selected from F, T, and W; and X⁶² is selected from A, E, G, M, L, N, P, Q, S, V, and W.

Aspect 83. The IL-2Rγc ligand of aspect 82, wherein X⁵¹ is selected from I, L, and V.

Aspect 84. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 82 to 83, wherein X⁵² is selected from S and T.

Aspect 85. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 82 to 84, wherein X⁵³ is selected from D, E, N, and Q.

Aspect 86. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 82 to 85, wherein X⁵⁴ is selected from D, E, N, and Q.

Aspect 87. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 82 to 86, wherein X⁵⁵ is selected from F, W, and Y.

Aspect 88. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 82 to 87, wherein X⁵⁶ is selected from D, E, N, and Q.

Aspect 89. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 82 to 88, wherein X⁵⁷ is G.

Aspect 90. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 82 to 89, wherein X⁵⁸ is selected from I and V.

Aspect 91. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 82 to 90, wherein X⁵⁹ is selected from I, L, M, and V.

Aspect 92. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 82 to 91, wherein X⁶⁰ is selected from F, I, and L.

Aspect 93. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 82 to 92, wherein X⁶¹ is W.

Aspect 94. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 82 to 93, wherein X⁶² is selected from N and Q.

Aspect 95. The IL-2Rγc ligand of aspect 82, wherein, X⁵¹ is selected from I, L, and V; X⁵² is selected from S and T; X⁵³ is selected from D, E, N, and Q; X⁵⁴ is selected from D and N; X⁵⁵ is selected from F, W, and Y; X⁵⁶ is selected from D, E, N, and Q; X⁵⁷ is G; X⁵⁸ is selected from I and V; X⁵⁹ is selected from I, L, M, and V; X⁶⁰ is selected from F, I, and L; X⁶¹ is W; and X⁶² is selected from N and Q.

Aspect 96. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 74 to 81, wherein the IL-2Rγc ligand comprises an amino acid sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NO: 196 to SEQ ID NO: 210.

Aspect 97. The IL-2Rγc ligand of aspect 96, wherein the IL-2Rγc ligand comprises an amino acid sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NO: 196 to SEQ ID NO: 210, wherein the amino acid sequence is terminated with amino acids -G-G on the N-terminus, on the C-terminus, or on both the N- and C-termini.

Aspect 98. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 96 to 97, wherein the IL-2Rβ ligand comprises an amino acid sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NO: 196 to SEQ ID NO: 210, wherein each amino acid independently comprises one or more of the following conservative substitutions: amino acids having a small hydrophobic side chain comprising alanine (A), glycine (G), proline (P), serine (S) and threonine (T); amino acids having a hydroxyl-containing side chain comprising serine (S) or threonine (T); amino acids having an acidic side chain comprising aspartate (D) and glutamate (E); amino acids having a polar-neutral side chain comprising histidine (H), asparagine (N), glutamine (Q), serine (S), threonine (T), and tyrosine (Y); amino acids having a basic side chain comprising arginine (R), lysine (K), or histidine (H); and amino acids having a large hydrophobic side chain comprising isoleucine (I), leucine (L), methionine (M), valine (V), phenylalanine (F), tyrosine (Y), or tryptophan (W).

Aspect 99. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 74 to 81, wherein the IL-2Rγc ligand comprises the amino acid sequence of Formula (4) (SEQ ID NO: 194) or the amino acid sequence of Formula (4a) (SEQ ID NO: 195):

-X⁵³-X⁵⁴-X⁵⁵-X⁵⁶-X⁵⁷-X⁵⁸-X⁵⁹-X⁶⁰-  (4)

-X⁵¹-X⁵²-C-X⁵³-X⁵⁴-X⁵⁵-X⁵⁶-X⁵⁷-X⁵⁸-X⁵⁹-X⁶⁰-C-X⁶¹-X⁶²-  (4a)

wherein, X⁵¹ is selected from an amino acid; X⁵² is selected from an amino acid; X⁵³ is selected from an amino acid comprising a polar-neutral side chain or an acidic side chain; X⁵⁴ is selected from an amino acid comprising a polar-neutral side chain or an acidic side chain; X⁵⁵ is selected from an amino acid; X⁵⁶ is selected from an amino acid; X⁵⁷ is selected from an amino acid comprising a small hydrophobic side chain; X⁵⁸ is selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain; X⁵⁹ is selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain; X⁶⁰ is selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain; X⁶¹ is selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain; and X⁶² is selected from an amino acid.

Aspect 100. The IL-2Rγc ligand of aspect 99, wherein, X⁵¹ is selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain and a basic side chain; X⁵² is selected from an amino acid comprising a hydroxyl-containing side chain and a large hydrophobic side chain; X⁵³ is selected from an amino acid comprising a polar-neutral side chain or an acidic side chain; X⁵⁴ is selected from an amino acid comprising a polar-neutral side chain or an acidic side chain; X⁵⁵ is selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain; X⁵⁶ is selected from an amino acid comprising a polar-neutral side chain or an acidic side chain; X⁵⁷ is selected from an amino acid comprising a small hydrophobic side chain; X⁵⁸ is selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain; X⁵⁹ is selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain; X⁶⁰ is selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain; X⁶¹ is selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain; and X⁶² is selected from an amino acid comprising a polar-neutral side chain.

Aspect 101. The IL-2Rγc ligand of aspect 99, wherein, X⁵¹ is selected from R, K, H, F, I, L, M, V, Y, and W; X⁵² is selected from S, T, F, I, L, M, V, Y, and W; X⁵³ is selected from D, E, H, N, Q, S, T, and Y; X⁵⁴ is selected from D, E, H, N, Q, S, T, and Y; X⁵⁵ is selected from F, I, L, M, V, Y, and W; X⁵⁶ is selected from D, E, H, N, Q, S, T, and Y; X⁵⁷ is selected from A, G, P, S, and T; X⁵⁸ is selected from F, I, L, M, V, Y, and W; X⁵⁹ is selected from F, I, L, M, V, Y, and W; X⁶⁰ is selected from F, I, L, M, V, Y, and W; X⁶¹ is selected from F, I, L, M, V, Y, and W; and X⁶² is selected from H, N, Q, S, T, and Y.

Aspect 102. The IL-2Rγc ligand of aspect 101, wherein X⁵¹ is selected from I, L, and V.

Aspect 103. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 101 to 102, wherein X⁵² is selected from S and T.

Aspect 104. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 101 to 103, wherein X⁵³ is selected from D, E, and Q.

Aspect 105. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 101 to 104, wherein X⁵⁴ is selected from D, E, and N.

Aspect 106. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 101 to 105, wherein X⁵⁵ is selected from F, Y, and W.

Aspect 107. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 101 to 106, wherein X⁵⁶ is selected from D, E, N, and Q.

Aspect 108. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 101 to 107, wherein X⁵⁷ is G.

Aspect 109. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 101 to 108, wherein X⁵⁸ is selected from I and V.

Aspect 110. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 101 to 109, wherein X⁵⁹ is selected from I, L, M, and V.

Aspect 111. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 101 to 110, wherein X⁶⁰ is selected from F, I, and L.

Aspect 112. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 101 to 111, wherein X⁶¹ is W.

Aspect 113. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 101 to 112, wherein X⁶² is selected from N and Q.

Aspect 114. The IL-2Rγc ligand of aspect 101, wherein, X⁵¹ is selected from I, L, and V; X⁵² is selected from S and T; X⁵³ is selected from D, E, and Q; X⁵⁴ is selected from D, E, and N; X⁵⁵ is selected from F, Y, and W; X⁵⁶ is selected from D, E, N, and Q; X⁵⁷ is G; X⁵⁸ is selected from I and V; X⁵⁹ is selected from I, L, M, and V; X⁶⁰ is selected from F, I, and L; X⁶¹ is W; and X⁶² is selected from N and Q.

Aspect 115. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 74 to 81, wherein the IL-2Rγc ligand comprises the amino acid sequence of Formula (5) (SEQ ID NO: 211) or Formula (5α) (SEQ ID NO: 212):

-X⁷³-X⁷⁴-X⁷⁵-X⁷⁶-X⁷⁷-X⁷⁸-X⁷⁹-X⁸⁰-  (5)

-X⁷¹-X⁷²-C-X⁷³-X⁷⁴-X⁷⁵-X⁷⁶-X⁷⁷-X⁷⁸-X⁷⁹-X⁸⁰-C-X⁸¹-X⁸²-  (5a)

-   -   wherein, X⁷¹ is selected from I, L, P, Q, R, T, and V; X⁷² is         selected from A, D, E, I, M, R, T, and V; X⁷³ is selected from         E, M, N, Q, S T, V, W, and Y; X⁷⁴ is selected from D, E, F, G,         I, M, R, S, T, and V; X⁷⁵ is selected from F, W, and Y; X⁷⁶ is         selected from D, E, L, N, Q, and S; X⁷⁷ is selected from G; X⁷⁸         is selected from I, M, and V; X⁷⁹ is selected from D, E, N, Q,         and R; X⁸⁰ is selected from F, I, and L; X⁸¹ is selected from I,         L, R, T, W, and Y; and X⁸² is selected from A, F, H, I, L, N, P,         Q, S, T, and W.

Aspect 116. The IL-2Rγc ligand of aspect 115, wherein X⁷¹ is selected from I, L, and V.

Aspect 117. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 115 to 116, wherein X⁷² is selected from A, D, E, I, M, and V.

Aspect 118. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 115 to 117, wherein X⁷³ is selected from E, Q, and N.

Aspect 119. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 115 to 118, wherein X⁷⁴ is selected from D and E.

Aspect 120. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 115 to 119, wherein X⁷⁵ is selected from F, W, and Y.

Aspect 121. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 115 to 120, wherein X⁷⁶ is selected from D, E, L, N, and Q.

Aspect 122. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 115 to 121, wherein X⁷⁷ is G.

Aspect 123. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 115 to 122, wherein X⁷⁸ is selected from I, M, and V.

Aspect 124. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 115 to 123, wherein X⁷⁹ is selected from D, E, Q, and R.

Aspect 125. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 115 to 124, wherein X⁸⁰ is selected from F, I, and L.

Aspect 126. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 115 to 125, wherein X⁸¹ is W.

Aspect 127. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 115 to 126, wherein X⁸² is selected from N and Q.

Aspect 128. The IL-2Rγc ligand of aspect 115, wherein, X⁷¹ is selected from I, L, and V; X⁷² is selected from A, D, E, I, M, and V; X⁷³ is selected from E, Q, and N; X⁷⁴ is selected from D and E; X⁷⁵ is selected from F, W, and Y; X⁷⁶ is selected from D, E, L, N, and Q; X⁷⁷ is G; X⁷⁸ is selected from I, M, and V; X⁷⁹ is selected from D, E, Q, and R; X⁸⁰ is selected from F, I, and L; X⁸¹ is W; and X⁸² is selected from N and Q.

Aspect 129. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 74 to 81, wherein the IL-2Rγc ligand comprises the amino acid sequence of Formula (5) (SEQ ID NO: 211) or Formula (5α) (SEQ ID NO: 212):

-X⁷³-X⁷⁴-X⁷⁵-X⁷⁶-X⁷⁷-X⁷⁸-X⁷⁹-X⁸⁰-  (5)

-X⁷¹-X⁷²-C-X⁷³-X⁷⁴-X⁷⁵-X⁷⁶-X⁷⁷-X⁷⁸-X⁷⁹-X⁸⁰-C-X⁸¹-X⁸²-  (5a)

wherein, X⁶¹ is selected from an amino acid; X⁶² is selected from an amino acid; X⁶³ is selected from an amino acid; X⁶⁴ is selected from an amino acid; X⁶⁵ is selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain; X⁶⁶ is selected from an amino acid; X⁶⁷ is selected from a small hydrophobic side chain; X⁶⁸ is selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain; X⁶⁹ is selected from an amino acid comprising a basic side chain, an acidic side chain, or a polar-neutral side chain; X⁷⁰ is selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain; X⁷¹ is selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain; and X⁷² is selected from an amino acid.

Aspect 130. The IL-2Rγc ligand of aspect 129, wherein, X⁷¹ is selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain; X⁷² is selected from an amino acid comprising an acidic side chain or a large hydrophobic side chain; X⁷³ is selected from an amino acid comprising an acidic side chain, a hydroxyl-containing side chain, or a polar neutral side chain; X⁷⁴ is selected from an amino acid comprising an acidic side chain, a hydroxyl-containing side chain, or a large hydrophobic side chain; X⁷⁵ is selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain; X⁷⁶ is selected from an amino acid comprising an acidic side chain, a hydroxyl-containing side chain, or a polar neutral side chain; X⁷⁷ is selected from a small hydrophobic side chain; X⁷⁸ is selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain; X⁷⁹ is selected from an amino acid comprising a basic side chain, an acidic side chain, or a polar-neutral side chain; X⁸⁰ is selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain; X⁸¹ is selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain; and X⁸² is selected from an amino acid comprising a polar neutral side chain.

Aspect 131. The IL-2Rγc ligand of aspect 129, wherein, X⁷¹ is selected from F, I, L, M, V, Y, and W; X⁷² is selected from D, E, F, I, L, M, V, Y, and W; X⁷³ is selected from D, E, S, T, H, N, Q, S, T, and Y; X⁷⁴ is selected from D, E, S, T, F, I, L, M, V, Y, and W; X⁷⁵ is selected from F, I, L, M, V, Y, and W; X⁷⁶ is selected from D, E, S, T, H, N, Q, S, T, and Y; X⁷⁷ is selected from A, G, P, S, and T; X⁷⁸ is selected from F, I, L, M, V, Y, and W; X⁷⁹ is selected from R, K, H, D, E, H, N, Q, S, T, and Y; X⁸⁰ is selected from F, I, L, M, V, Y, and W; X⁸¹ is selected from F, I, L, M, V, Y, and W; and X⁸² is selected from H, N, Q, S, T, and Y.

Aspect 132. The IL-2Rγc ligand of aspect 131, wherein X⁷¹ is selected from I, L, and V.

Aspect 133. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 131 to 132, wherein X⁷² is selected from D, E, I, M, and V.

Aspect 134. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 131 to 133, wherein X⁷³ is selected from E, N, and Q.

Aspect 135. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 131 to 134, wherein X⁷⁴ is selected from D and E.

Aspect 136. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 131 to 135, wherein X⁷⁵ is selected from F, W, and Y.

Aspect 137. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 131 to 136, wherein X⁷⁶ is selected from D, E, and N.

Aspect 138. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 131 to 137, wherein X⁷⁷ is selected from G.

Aspect 139. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 131 to 138, wherein X⁷⁸ is selected from I, M, and V.

Aspect 140. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 131 to 139, wherein X⁷⁹ is selected from D, E, N, Q, and R.

Aspect 141. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 131 to 140, wherein X⁸⁰ is selected from F, I, and L.

Aspect 142. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 131 to 141, wherein X⁸¹ is W.

Aspect 143. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 131 to 142, wherein X⁸² is selected from N and Q.

Aspect 144. The IL-2Rγc ligand of aspect 131, wherein, X⁷¹ is selected from I, L, and V; X⁷² is selected from D, E, I, M, and V; X⁷³ is selected from E, N, and Q; X⁷⁴ is selected from D and E; X⁷⁵ is selected from F, W, and Y; X⁷⁶ is selected from D, E, and N; X⁷⁷ is selected from G; X⁷⁸ is selected from I, M, and V; X⁷⁹ is selected from D, E, N, Q, and R; X⁸⁰ is selected from F, I, and L; X⁸¹ is W; and X⁸² is selected from N and Q.

Aspect 145. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 74 to 81, wherein the IL-2Rγc ligand comprises an amino acid sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NO: 213 to SEQ ID NO: 233:

Aspect 146. The IL-2Rγc ligand of aspect 145, wherein the IL-2Rγc ligand comprises an amino acid sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NO: 213 to SEQ ID NO: 233, wherein the amino acid sequence is terminated with amino acids -G-G on the N-terminus, on the C-terminus, or on both the N- and C-termini.

Aspect 147. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 145 to 146, wherein the IL-2Rβ ligand comprises an amino acid sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NO: 213 to SEQ ID NO: 233, wherein each amino acid independently comprises one or more of the following conservative substitutions: amino acids having a small hydrophobic side chain comprising alanine (A), glycine (G), proline (P), serine (S) and threonine (T); amino acids having a hydroxyl-containing side chain comprising serine (S) or threonine (T); amino acids having an acidic side chain comprising aspartate (D) and glutamate (E); amino acids having a polar-neutral side chain comprising histidine (H), asparagine (N), glutamine (Q), serine (S), threonine (T), and tyrosine (Y); amino acids having a basic side chain comprising arginine (R), lysine (K), or histidine (H); and amino acids having a large hydrophobic side chain comprising isoleucine (I), leucine (L), methionine (M), valine (V), phenylalanine (F), tyrosine (Y), or tryptophan (W).

Aspect 148. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 74 to 81, wherein the IL-2Rγc ligand comprises the amino acid sequence of Formula (6) (SEQ ID NO: 234) or Formula (6a) (SEQ ID NO: 235):

-X⁹³-X⁹⁴-X⁹⁵-X⁹⁶-X⁹⁷-X⁹⁸-X⁹⁹-X¹⁰⁰-X¹⁰¹-  (6)

-X⁹¹-X⁹²-X⁹³-X⁹⁴-X⁹⁵-X⁹⁶-X⁹⁷-X⁹⁸-X⁹-X¹⁰⁰-X¹⁰¹-X¹⁰²-X¹⁰³-  (6a)

wherein, X⁹¹ is selected from C, D, E, and L; X⁹² is selected from C, L, M, R, S, V, and W; X⁹³ is selected from C, D, F, P, and R; X⁹⁴ is selected from A, D, L, Q, S, and W; X⁹⁵ is selected from D, E, F, L, and V; X⁹⁶ is selected from A, D, E, F, G, K, Q, and S; X⁹⁷ is selected from E, L, M, and W; X⁹⁸ is selected from G, I, L, W, and Y; X⁹⁹ is selected from E, I, R, T, and V; X¹⁰⁰ is W; X¹⁰¹ is selected from C, A, I, L, P, and V; X¹⁰² is selected from C, D, G, H; and X¹⁰³ is selected from C, D, E, H, S, and T.

Aspect 149. The IL-2Rγc ligand of aspect 148, wherein X⁹¹ is selected from D and E.

Aspect 150. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 148 to 149, wherein X⁹² is selected from L, M, R, S, V, and W.

Aspect 151. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 148 to 150, wherein X⁹³ is selected from D and F.

Aspect 152. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 148 to 151, wherein X⁹⁴ is S.

Aspect 153. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 148 to 152, wherein X⁹⁵ is selected from D and E.

Aspect 154. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 148 to 153, wherein X⁹⁶ is selected from D and E.

Aspect 155. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 148 to 154, wherein X⁹⁷ is selected from L, M, and W.

Aspect 156. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 148 to 155, wherein X⁹⁸ is G.

Aspect 157. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 148 to 156, wherein X⁹⁹ is E.

Aspect 158. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 148 to 157, wherein X¹⁰⁰ is W.

Aspect 159. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 148 to 158, wherein X¹⁰¹ is selected from I, L, and V.

Aspect 160. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 148 to 159, wherein X¹⁰² is selected from D and G.

Aspect 161. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 148 to 160, wherein X¹⁰³ is selected from S and T.

Aspect 162. The IL-2Rγc ligand of aspect 148, wherein, X⁹¹ is selected from D and E; X⁹² is selected from L, M, R, S, V, and W; X⁹³ is selected from D and F; X⁹⁴ is S; X⁹⁵ is selected from D and E; X⁹⁶ is selected from D and E; X⁹⁷ is selected from L, M, and W; X⁹⁸ is G; X⁹⁹ is E; X¹⁰⁰ is W; X¹⁰¹ is selected from I, L, and V; X¹⁰² is selected from D and G; and X¹⁰³ is selected from S and T.

Aspect 163. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 74 to 81, wherein the IL-2Rγc ligand comprises an amino acid sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NO: 236 to SEQ ID NO: 245.

Aspect 164. The IL-2Rγc ligand of aspect 163, wherein the IL-2Rγc ligand comprises an amino acid sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NO: 236 to SEQ ID NO: 245, wherein the amino acid sequence is terminated with amino acids -G-G on the N-terminus, on the C-terminus, or on both the N- and C-termini.

Aspect 165. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 163 to 164, wherein the IL-2Rβ ligand comprises an amino acid sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NO: 236 to SEQ ID NO: 245, wherein each amino acid independently comprises one or more of the following conservative substitutions: amino acids having a small hydrophobic side chain comprising alanine (A), glycine (G), proline (P), serine (S) and threonine (T); amino acids having a hydroxyl-containing side chain comprising serine (S) or threonine (T); amino acids having an acidic side chain comprising aspartate (D) and glutamate (E); amino acids having a polar-neutral side chain comprising histidine (H), asparagine (N), glutamine (Q), serine (S), threonine (T), and tyrosine (Y); amino acids having a basic side chain comprising arginine (R), lysine (K), or histidine (H); and amino acids having a large hydrophobic side chain comprising isoleucine (I), leucine (L), methionine (M), valine (V), phenylalanine (F), tyrosine (Y), or tryptophan (W).

Aspect 166. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 74 to 81, wherein the IL-2Rγc ligand comprises the amino acid sequence of Formula (6) (SEQ ID NO: 234) or Formula (6a) (SEQ ID NO: 235):

-X⁹³-X⁹⁴-X⁹⁵-X⁹⁶-X⁹⁷-X⁹⁸-X⁹⁹-X¹⁰⁰-X¹⁰¹-  (6)

-X⁹¹-X⁹²-X⁹³-X⁹⁴-X⁹⁵-X⁹⁶-X⁹⁷-X⁹⁸-X⁹⁹-X¹⁰⁰-X¹⁰¹-X¹⁰²-X¹⁰³-  (6a)

-   -   wherein, X⁹¹ is selected from an amino acid comprising an acidic         side chain or cysteine; X⁹² is selected from an amino acid; X⁹³         is selected from an amino acid comprising an acidic side chain         or large hydrophobic side chain; X⁹⁴ is selected from an amino         acid; X⁹⁵ is selected from an amino acid; X⁹⁶ is selected from         an amino acid; X⁹⁷ is selected from an amino acid comprising a         large hydrophobic side chain; X⁹⁸ is selected from an amino acid         comprising a small hydrophobic side chain or a large hydrophobic         side chain; X⁹⁹ is selected from an amino acid; X¹⁰⁰ is selected         from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain;         X¹⁰¹ is selected from an amino acid comprising a large         hydrophobic side chain; X¹⁰² is selected from an amino acid         comprising a small hydrophobic side chain or an acidic side         chain or cysteine; and X¹⁰³ is selected from an amino acid         comprising an acidic side chain or a hydroxyl-containing side         chain or cysteine.

Aspect 167. The IL-2Rγc ligand of aspect 166, wherein, X⁹¹ is selected from an amino acid comprising an acidic side chain; X⁹² is selected from an amino acid; X⁹³ is selected from an amino acid comprising an acidic side chain or large hydrophobic side chain; X⁹⁴ is selected from an amino acid comprising an acidic side chain or a hydroxyl-containing side chain; X⁹⁵ is selected from an amino acid comprising an acidic side chain; X⁹⁶ is selected from an amino acid; X⁹⁷ is selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain; X⁹⁸ is selected from an amino acid comprising a small hydrophobic side chain or a large hydrophobic side chain; X⁹⁹ is selected from an amino acid comprising an acidic side chain or large hydrophobic side chain; X¹⁰⁰ is selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain; X¹⁰¹ is selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain; X¹⁰² is selected from an amino acid comprising a small hydrophobic side chain or an acidic side chain; and X¹⁰³ is selected from an amino acid comprising an acidic side chain or a hydroxyl-containing side chain.

Aspect 168. The IL-2Rγc ligand of aspect 166, wherein, X⁹¹ is selected from D and E; X⁹² is selected from an amino acid; X⁹³ is selected from D, E, F, I, L, M, V, Y, and W; X⁹⁴ is selected from D, E, S, and T; X⁹⁵ is selected from D and E; X⁹⁶ is selected from an amino acid; X⁹⁷ is selected from F, I, L, M, V, Y, and W; X⁹⁸ is selected from A, G, P, S, T, F, I, L, M, V, Y, and W; X⁹⁹ is selected from D, E, F, I, L, M, V, Y, and W; X¹⁰⁰ is selected from F, I, L, M, V, Y, and W; X¹⁰⁰ is selected from F, I, L, M, V, Y, and W; X¹⁰² is selected from D, E, A, G, P, S, and T; and X¹⁰³ is selected from D, E, S, and T.

Aspect 169. The IL-2Rγc ligand of aspect 168, wherein X⁹¹ is selected from D and E.

Aspect 170. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 168 to 169, wherein X⁹² is selected from an amino acid.

Aspect 171. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 168 to 170, wherein X⁹³ is selected from D and F.

Aspect 172. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 168 to 171, wherein X⁹⁴ is S.

Aspect 173. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 168 to 172, wherein X⁹⁵ is selected from D and E.

Aspect 174. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 168 to 173, wherein X⁹⁶ is selected from an amino acid.

Aspect 175. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 168 to 174, wherein X⁹⁷ is selected from L, M, and W.

Aspect 176. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 168 to 175, wherein X⁹⁸ is G.

Aspect 177. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 168 to 176, wherein X⁹⁹ is E.

Aspect 178. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 168 to 177, wherein X¹⁰⁰ is W.

Aspect 179. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 168 to 178, wherein X¹⁰¹ is selected from I, L, and V.

Aspect 180. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 168 to 179, wherein X¹⁰² is selected from D and G.

Aspect 181. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 168 to 180, wherein X¹⁰³ is selected from S and T.

Aspect 182. The IL-2Rγc ligand of aspect 168, wherein, X⁹¹ is selected from D and E; X⁹² is selected from an amino acid; X⁹³ is selected from D and F; X⁹⁴ is S; X⁹⁵ is selected from D and E X⁹⁶ is selected from an amino acid; X⁹⁷ is selected from L, M, and W; X⁹⁸ is G; X⁹⁹ is E; X¹⁰⁰ is W; X¹⁰¹ is selected from I, L, and V; X¹⁰² is selected from D and G; and X¹⁰³ is selected from S and T.

Aspect 183. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 74 to 81, wherein the IL-2Rγc ligand comprises the amino acid sequence of Formula (7) (SEQ ID NO: 246) or Formula (7a) (SEQ ID NO: 247):

-X¹¹⁴-X¹¹⁵-C-X¹¹⁶-X¹¹⁷-X¹¹⁸-  (7)

-X¹¹¹-X¹¹²-X¹¹³-X¹¹⁴-X¹¹⁵C-X¹¹⁶-X¹¹⁷-X¹¹⁸-X¹¹⁹-X¹²⁰-X¹²¹-  (7a)

wherein, X¹¹¹ is selected from D, G, I, and Q; X¹¹² is selected from D, I, and L; X¹¹³ is selected from G, L, M, R, S, and Y; X¹¹⁴ is selected from D, E, S, T, and Y; X¹¹⁵ is selected from E, L, P, and Q; X¹¹⁶ is selected from D, E, L, S, and T X¹¹⁷ is selected from F, S, and W; X¹¹⁸ is selected from F, N, W, and Y; X¹¹⁹ is selected from F, I, L, and R; X¹²⁰ is selected from A, E, L, and S; and X¹²¹ is selected from K, N, Q, and V.

Aspect 184. The IL-2Rγc ligand of aspect 183, wherein X¹¹¹ is selected from D and Q.

Aspect 185. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 183 to 184, wherein X¹¹² is selected from I and L.

Aspect 186. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 183 to 185, wherein X¹¹³ is selected from G, L, M, R, S, and Y.

Aspect 187. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 183 to 186, wherein X¹¹⁴ is L.

Aspect 188. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 183 to 187, wherein X¹⁵ is selected from E and Q.

Aspect 189. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 183 to 188, wherein X¹¹⁶ is selected from D and E.

Aspect 190. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 183 to 189, wherein X¹¹⁷ is selected from F and W.

Aspect 191. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 183 to 190, wherein X¹⁸⁰ is selected from F, W, and Y.

Aspect 192. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 183 to 191, wherein X¹¹⁹ is selected from F, I, and L.

Aspect 193. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 183 to 192, wherein X¹²⁰ is S.

Aspect 194. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 183 to 193, wherein X¹²¹ is selected from N and Q.

Aspect 195. The IL-2Rγc ligand of aspect 183, wherein, X¹¹¹ is selected from D and Q; X¹¹² is selected from I and L; X¹¹³ is selected from G, L, M, R, S, and Y; X¹¹⁴ is L; X¹¹⁵ is selected from E and Q; X¹¹⁶ is selected from D and E X¹¹⁷ is selected from F and W; X¹¹⁸ is selected from F, W, and Y; X¹¹⁹ is selected from F, I, and L; X¹²⁰ is S; and X¹²¹ is selected from N and Q.

Aspect 196. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 74 to 81, wherein the IL-2Rγc ligand comprises an amino acid sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NO: 248 to SEQ ID NO: 254:

Aspect 197. The IL-2Rγc ligand of aspect 196, wherein the IL-2Rγc ligand comprises an amino acid sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NO: 248 to SEQ ID NO: 254, wherein the amino acid sequence is terminated with amino acids -G-G on the N-terminus, on the C-terminus, or on both the N- and C-termini.

Aspect 198. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 196 to 197, wherein the IL-2Rβ ligand comprises an amino acid sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NO: 248 to SEQ ID NO: 254, wherein each amino acid independently comprises one or more of the following conservative substitutions: amino acids having a small hydrophobic side chain comprising alanine (A), glycine (G), proline (P), serine (S) and threonine (T); amino acids having a hydroxyl-containing side chain comprising serine (S) or threonine (T); amino acids having an acidic side chain comprising aspartate (D) and glutamate (E); amino acids having a polar-neutral side chain comprising histidine (H), asparagine (N), glutamine (Q), serine (S), threonine (T), and tyrosine (Y); amino acids having a basic side chain comprising arginine (R), lysine (K), or histidine (H); and amino acids having a large hydrophobic side chain comprising isoleucine (I), leucine (L), methionine (M), valine (V), phenylalanine (F), tyrosine (Y), or tryptophan (W).

Aspect 199. The IL-2Rγc ligand of of any one of aspects 74 to 81, wherein the IL-2Rγc ligand comprises the amino acid sequence of Formula (7) (SEQ ID NO: 246) or Formula (7a) (SEQ ID NO: 247):

-X¹¹⁴-X¹¹⁵-C-X¹¹⁶-X¹¹⁷-X¹¹⁸-  (7)

-X¹¹¹-X¹¹²-X¹¹³-X¹¹⁴-X¹¹⁵-C-X¹¹⁶-X¹¹⁷-X¹¹⁸-X¹¹⁹-X¹²⁰-X¹²¹-  (7a)

wherein, X¹¹¹ is selected from an amino acid; X¹¹² is selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain or an acidic side chain; X¹¹³ is selected from an amino acid; X¹¹⁴ is selected from an amino acid comprising an acidic side chain or a hydroxyl-containing side chain; X¹¹⁵ is selected from an amino acid; X¹¹⁶ is selected from an amino acid; X¹¹⁷ is selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain; X¹¹⁸ is selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain; X¹¹⁹ is selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain; X¹²⁰ is selected from an amino acid; and X¹²¹ is selected from an amino acid.

Aspect 200. The IL-2Rγc ligand of aspect 199, wherein, X¹¹¹ is selected from an amino acid; X¹¹² is selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain or an acidic side chain; X¹¹³ is selected from an amino acid; X¹¹⁴ is selected from an amino acid comprising an acidic side chain or a hydroxyl-containing side chain; X¹¹⁵ is selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain; X¹¹⁶ is selected from an amino acid comprising an acidic side chain; X¹¹⁷ is selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain; X¹¹⁸ is selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain; X¹¹⁹ is selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain; X¹²⁰ is selected from an amino acid; and X¹²¹ is selected from an amino acid comprising a polar-neutral side chain.

Aspect 201. The IL-2Rγc ligand of aspect 199, wherein, X¹¹¹ is selected from an amino acid; X¹¹² is selected from D, E, F, I, L, M, V, Y, and W; X¹¹³ is selected from an amino acid; X¹¹⁴ is selected from D, E, S, and T; X¹¹⁵ is selected from F, I, L, M, V, Y, and W; X¹¹⁶ is selected from D and E; X¹¹⁷ is selected from F, I, L, M, V, Y, and W; X¹¹⁸ is selected from F, I, L, M, V, Y, and W; X¹¹⁹ is selected from F, I, L, M, V, Y, and W; X¹²⁰ is selected from an amino acid; and X¹²¹ is selected from H, N, Q, S, T, and Y.

Aspect 202. The IL-2Rγc ligand of aspect 201, wherein X¹¹¹ is selected from an amino acid.

Aspect 203. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 201 to 202, wherein X¹¹² is selected from I and L.

Aspect 204. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 201 to 203, wherein X¹¹³ is selected from an amino acid.

Aspect 205. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 201 to 204, wherein X¹¹⁴ is selected from D, E, and S.

Aspect 206. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 201 to 205, wherein X¹¹⁵ is L.

Aspect 207. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 201 to 206, wherein X¹¹⁶ is selected from D and E.

Aspect 208. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 201 to 207, wherein X¹¹⁷ is selected from F and W.

Aspect 209. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 201 to 208, wherein X¹¹⁸ is selected from F, W and Y.

Aspect 210. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 201 to 209, wherein X¹¹⁹ is selected from F, I, and L.

Aspect 211. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 201 to 210, wherein X¹²⁰ is selected from an amino acid.

Aspect 212. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 201 to 211, wherein X¹²¹ is selected from Q and N.

Aspect 213. The IL-2Rγc ligand of aspect 201, wherein, X¹¹¹ is selected from an amino acid; X¹¹² is selected from I and L; X¹¹³ is selected from an amino acid; X¹¹⁴ is selected from D, E, and S; X¹¹⁵ is L; X¹¹⁶ is selected from D and E; X¹¹⁷ is selected from F and W; X¹¹⁸ is selected from F, W and Y; X¹⁹ is selected from F, I, and L; X¹²⁰ is selected from an amino acid; and X¹²¹ is selected from Q and N.

Aspect 214. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 74 to 81, wherein the IL-2Rγc ligand comprises an amino acid sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NO: 255 to SEQ ID NO: 267:

Aspect 215. The IL-2Rγc ligand of aspect 214, wherein the IL-2Rγc ligand comprises an amino acid sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NO: 255 to SEQ ID NO: 267, wherein the amino acid sequence is terminated with amino acids -G-G on the N-terminus, on the C-terminus, or on both the N- and C-termini.

Aspect 216. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 214 to 215, wherein the IL-2Rβ ligand comprises an amino acid sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NO: 255 to SEQ ID NO: 267, wherein each amino acid independently comprises one or more of the following conservative substitutions: amino acids having a small hydrophobic side chain comprising alanine (A), glycine (G), proline (P), serine (S) and threonine (T); amino acids having a hydroxyl-containing side chain comprising serine (S) or threonine (T); amino acids having an acidic side chain comprising aspartate (D) and glutamate (E); amino acids having a polar-neutral side chain comprising histidine (H), asparagine (N), glutamine (Q), serine (S), threonine (T), and tyrosine (Y); amino acids having a basic side chain comprising arginine (R), lysine (K), or histidine (H); and amino acids having a large hydrophobic side chain comprising isoleucine (I), leucine (L), methionine (M), valine (V), phenylalanine (F), tyrosine (Y), or tryptophan (W).

Aspect 217. A pH-selective IL-2Rβ ligand comprising an amino acid sequence selected from a ligand having SEQ ID NO: 400 to SEQ ID NO: 577.

Aspect 218. The pH-selective IL-2Rβ ligand of aspect 217, wherein the pH-selective IL-2Rβ ligand exhibits a greater than 15% decrease in binding to the IL-2Rβ receptor at pH 7.5 compared to pH 6.0.

Aspect 219. The pH-selective IL-2Rβ ligand of aspect 518, wherein the ligand comprises an amino acid sequence selected from a ligand having SEQ ID: NOS: 400, 402-405, 407, 409, 410, 411, 413, 415, 416, 418, 419, 420, 421, 423, 425-432, 436, 438-440, 442-446, 448, 450, 452, 453-456, 459-461, 463-468, 470, 471, 473-477, 479, 481-486, 489, 491, 493-496, 498-507, 510-519, 521-524, 526-531, 534-537, 543, 545-548, 550, 551, 558-564, 566, 568-573, and 575, wherein the pH-selective binding is determined as described in Examples 9-12.

Aspect 220. The pH-selective IL-2Rβ ligand of aspect 217, wherein the pH-selective IL-2Rβ ligand exhibits a greater than 50% decrease in binding to the IL-2Rβ receptor at pH 7.5 compared to pH 6.0.

Aspect 221. The pH-selective IL-2Rβ ligand of aspect 520, wherein the ligand comprises an amino acid sequence selected from a ligand having SEQ ID: NOS: 400, 404-405, 407, 409, 410, 413, 415, 420, 426, 431, 432, 438-440, 442, 444-446, 450, 452, 453, 455, 459, 464-467, 473-475, 479, 480, 482-484, 486, 489, 493, 496, 498, 502, 504, 510-514, 516-519, 521-523, 527-530, 537, 543, 545-547, 550, 558-564, 571-573, and 575, where the pH-selective binding is determined as described in Examples 9-12.

Aspect 222. The pH-selective IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 217 to 221, wherein the pH-selective IL-2Rβ ligand comprises an amino acid sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NO: 400 to SEQ ID NO: 577, wherein the amino acid sequence is terminated with amino acids -G-G on the N-terminus, on the C-terminus, or on both the N- and C-termini.

Aspect 223. The pH-selective IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 217 to 222, wherein the pH-selective IL-2Rβ ligand an amino acid sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NO: 400 to SEQ ID NO: 577, wherein each amino acid independently comprises one or more of the following conservative substitutions: amino acids having a small hydrophobic side chain comprising alanine (A), glycine (G), proline (P), serine (S) and threonine (T); amino acids having a hydroxyl-containing side chain comprising serine (S) or threonine (T); amino acids having an acidic side chain comprising aspartate (D) and glutamate (E); amino acids having a polar-neutral side chain comprising histidine (H), asparagine (N), glutamine (Q), serine (S), threonine (T), and tyrosine (Y); amino acids having a basic side chain comprising arginine (R), lysine (K), or histidine (H); and amino acids having a large hydrophobic side chain comprising isoleucine (I), leucine (L), methionine (M), valine (V), phenylalanine (F), tyrosine (Y), or tryptophan (W).

Aspect 224. The pH-selective IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 217 to 223, wherein the pH-selective IL-2Rβ ligand comprises from 5 to 30 amino acids.

Aspect 225. The pH-selective IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 217 to 224, wherein the pH-selective IL-2Rβ ligand exhibits a binding affinity (IC₅₀) to the human IL-2Rβ subunit at pH 6.0 from 1 μM to 100 μM.

Aspect 226. The pH-selective IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 217 to 224, wherein the pH-selective IL-2Rβ ligand exhibits a binding affinity (IC₅₀) to the human IL-2Rβ subunit at pH 6.0 from 0.1 μM to 50 M.

Aspect 227. The pH-selective IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 217 to 224, wherein the pH-selective IL-2Rβ ligand exhibits a binding affinity (IC₅₀) to the human IL-2Rβ subunit at pH 6.0 of less than 100 μM.

Aspect 228. The pH-selective IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 217 to 224, wherein the pH-selective IL-2Rβ ligand exhibits a binding affinity (IC₅₀) to a mammalian IL-2Rβ subunit at pH 6.0 of less than 100 μM.

Aspect 229. The pH-selective IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 217 to 228, wherein the pH-selective IL-2Rβ ligand exhibits a binding affinity (IC₅₀) to each of the human IL-2Rβ subunit and to the human IL-2Rγc subunit of less than 100 μM.

Aspect 230. The pH-selective IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 217 to 229, wherein the pH-selective IL-2Rβ ligand exhibits a binding affinity (IC₅₀) to the human IL-2Rα (CD25) subunit of greater than 100 μM.

Aspect 231. The pH-selective IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 217 to 230, wherein the pH-selective IL-2Rβ ligand exhibits a binding affinity (IC₅₀) to the human IL-2Rβ subunit that is at least 10 times greater than the binding affinity (IC₅₀) of the IL-2Rβ ligand to the human IL-2Rα subunit.

Aspect 232. A compound comprising: an IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 1 to 73 and 217 tO 231; an IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 74 to 216; or an IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 1 to 73 and an IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 74 to 216.

Aspect 233. The compound of aspect 232, wherein the compound is selected from a peptide, a conjugate, a fusion protein, and a single chain peptide.

Aspect 234. The compound of aspect 233, wherein the compound is a peptide.

Aspect 235. The compound of aspect 234, wherein the peptide has a molecular weight within a range from 500 Daltons to 15,000 Daltons.

Aspect 236. The compound of any one of aspects 234 to 235, wherein the peptide comprises from 5 to 5,000 amino acids.

Aspect 237. The compound of aspect 233, wherein the compound comprises a conjugate.

Aspect 238. The compound of aspect 237, wherein the conjugate comprises at least one IL-2Rβ ligand.

Aspect 239. The compound of aspect 237, wherein the conjugate comprises: at least two IL-2Rβ ligands; and at least one linker attached to each of the at least two IL-2Rβ ligands.

Aspect 240. The compound of any one of aspects 237 to 239, wherein the conjugate comprises a least one IL-2Rγc ligand.

Aspect 241. The compound of aspect 237, wherein the conjugate comprises: at least two IL-2Rγc ligands; and at least one linker attached to each of the at least two IL-2Rγc ligands.

Aspect 242. The compound of aspect 237, wherein the conjugate comprises: at least one IL-2Rβ ligand; at least one IL-2Rγc ligand; and at least one linker attached to the at least one IL-2Rβ ligand and to the at least one IL-2Rγc ligand.

Aspect 243. The compound of any one of aspects 237 to 228, wherein the conjugate comprises at least one moiety, amino acid, or polypeptide configured to modify a property of the conjugate.

Aspect 244. The compound of aspect 243, wherein the property is selected from aqueous solubility, polarity, lipophilicity, pharmacokinetic profile, targeting, bioavailability, pH-dependent binding, and caging (reversible incapacitation).

Aspect 245. The compound of any one of aspects 243 to 244, wherein the at least one moiety is cleavable in vivo.

Aspect 246. The compound of any one of aspects 243 to 245, wherein the at least one moiety comprises an irreversibly cleavable promoiety.

Aspect 247. The compound of aspect 246, wherein the promoiety is configured to be releasable in a target-specific environment.

Aspect 248. The compound of aspect 247, wherein the target-specific environment comprises an enzyme, pH, or a combination thereof.

Aspect 249. The compound of aspect 248, wherein the moiety comprises a polymer, a peptide, an antibody, or a combination of any of the foregoing

Aspect 250. The compound of aspect 243, comprising a pharmacokinetic moiety.

Aspect 251. The compound of aspect 250, wherein the pharmacokinetic moiety comprises a polyethylene glycol.

Aspect 252. The compound of aspect 243, comprising a tumor-targeting moiety.

Aspect 253. The compound of aspect 252, wherein the tumor-targeting moiety comprises a tumor-specific antibody, a tumor-specific antibody fragment, a tumor-specific protein, a tumor-specific peptide, or a combination of any of the foregoing.

Aspect 254. The compound of aspect 232, comprising a linker covalently bound to the IL-2Rβ ligand, an IL-2Rγc ligand, or a combination thereof.

Aspect 255. The compound of aspect 254, wherein the linker is a peptide having from 5 to 50 amino acids.

Aspect 256. The compound of aspect 254, wherein the linker comprises a polyethylene glycol.

Aspect 257. The compound of aspect 232, wherein the compound comprises a heterodimer, wherein the heterodimer comprises: an IL-2Rβ ligand; an IL-2Rγc ligand; and a linker; wherein each of the IL-2Rβ ligand and the IL-2Rγc ligand comprise an amino-terminus (N-terminus), a carboxy terminus (C-terminus), and an amino acid side chain; wherein the IL-2Rβ ligand is attached to the linker through the amino-terminus (N-terminus), the carboxy terminus (C-terminus), an amino acid side chain, or a combination of any of the foregoing; and wherein the IL-2Rγc ligand is attached to the linker through the amino-terminus (N-terminus), the carboxy terminus (C-terminus), an amino acid side chain, or a combination of any of the foregoing.

Aspect 258. The compound of aspect 232, wherein the conjugate comprises a heterodimer, wherein the heterodimer comprises: an IL-2Rβ ligand; an IL-2Rγc ligand; and a linker; wherein each of the IL-2Rβ ligand and the IL-2Rγc ligand comprise an amino-terminus (N-terminus) and a carboxy terminus (C-terminus); and wherein each of the IL-2Rβ ligand and the IL-2Rγc ligand is covalently bound to the linker.

Aspect 259. The compound of aspect 258, wherein each of the IL-2Rβ ligand and the IL-2Rγc ligand is covalently bound to the linker through the respective C-termini.

Aspect 260. The compound of aspect 258, wherein, the N-terminus of the IL-2Rβ ligand is covalently bound to the linker; and the C-terminus of the IL-2Rγc ligand is covalently bound to the linker.

Aspect 261. The compound of aspect 258, wherein, the C-terminus of the IL-2Rβ ligand is covalently bound to the linker; and the N-terminus of the IL-2Rγc ligand is covalently bound to the linker.

Aspect 262. The compound of aspect 258, wherein, the IL-2Rβ ligand is covalently bound to the linker through an amino acid side chain; and the IL-2Rγc ligand is covalently bound to the linker through an amino acid side chain.

Aspect 263. The compound of aspect 258, wherein, the IL-2Rβ ligand is covalently bound to the linker through an amino acid side chain, through the C-terminus, or through the N-terminus; and the IL-2Rγc ligand is covalently bound to the linker through an amino acid side chain, through the C-terminus, or through the N-terminus.

Aspect 264. The compound of aspect 258, wherein the heterodimer is configured to activate the IL-2 receptor.

Aspect 265. The compound of aspect 258, wherein the linker is configured such that the heterodimer activates the IL-2 receptor.

Aspect 266. The compound of any one of aspects 258 to 265, wherein, when incubated with the heterodimer, primary human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) expressing the human IL-2Rβγc subunit, phosphorylate transcription 5 (STAT5).

Aspect 267. The compound of any one of aspects 258 to 266, wherein, when incubated with the heterodimer, primary human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) expressing the human IL-2Rα [CD25] subunit, do not phosphorylate transcription 5 (STAT5).

Aspect 268. The compound of any one of aspects 258 to 267, wherein the heterodimer comprises a conformation configured to activate human IL-2Rβγc signaling pathways.

Aspect 269. The compound of aspect 232, wherein the compound comprises a single chain peptide.

Aspect 270. The compound of aspect 269, wherein the single chain peptide comprises at least one IL-2Rβ ligand.

Aspect 271. The compound of aspect 269, wherein the single chain peptide comprises: at least two IL-2Rβ ligands; and at least one linker attached to the at least two IL-2Rβ ligands.

Aspect 272. The compound of aspect 269, wherein the single chain peptide comprises a least one IL-2Rγc ligand.

Aspect 273. The compound of aspect 269, wherein the single chain peptide comprises: at least two IL-2Rγc ligands; and at least one linker attached to the at least two IL-2Rγc ligands.

Aspect 274. The compound of aspect 269, wherein the single chain peptide comprises: at least one IL-2Rβ ligand; at least one IL-2Rγc ligand; and at least one linker attached to the at least one IL-2Rβ ligand and to the at least one IL-2Rγc ligand.

Aspect 275. The compound of aspect 232, wherein the compound is a fusion protein.

Aspect 276. The compound of aspect 275, wherein the fusion protein comprises: an IL-2Rβ ligand; an IL-2Rγc ligand; and a peptide linker domain, wherein the peptide linker domain is bound to the IL-2Rβ ligand and to the IL-2Rγc ligand.

Aspect 277. The compound of aspect 275, wherein, each domain has an amino-terminus (N-terminus) and a carboxy terminus (C-terminus); and wherein the fusion protein is configured so that the C-terminus and the human IL-2 variant protein domain is fused through a peptide bond to the N-terminus of the peptide linker domain, and the N-terminus of the peptide linker domain, and the N-terminus of the IgG Fc protein domain is fused through a peptide bond to the C-terminus of the peptide linker domain.

Aspect 278. A nucleic acid encoding the fusion protein of aspect 275.

Aspect 279. The compound of aspect 232, wherein the compound comprises a label.

Aspect 280. The compound of aspect 279, wherein the label is selected from a radioisotope, a fluorophore, or a combination thereof.

Aspect 281. The compound of aspect 232, wherein the compound comprises a cage to protect peripheral tissues for the toxicity of IL-2R activation.

Aspect 282. The compound of aspect 232, wherein the compound comprises a prodrug.

Aspect 283. The compound of aspect 282, wherein the compound comprises a moiety configured to sustain a circulating reservoir of the prodrug.

Aspect 284. The compound of aspect 232, wherein the compound comprises a moiety configured to target the IL-2R-directed immuno-stimulation of the effector immune cells in the tumor.

Aspect 285. A pharmaceutical composition comprising; the IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 1 to 73 and 217 to 231; the IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 74 to 216; the compound of any one of aspects 232 to 284; or a combination of any of the foregoing.

Aspect 286. A method of treating cancer in a patient, comprising administering to a patient in need of such treatment, a therapeutically effective amount of the pharmaceutical composition of aspect 270.

Aspect 287. A method of treating cancer in a patient, comprising administering to a patient in need of such treatment, a therapeutically effective amount of; the IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 1 to 73 and 217 to 231; the IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 74 to 216; the compound of any one of aspects 232 to 284; or a combination of any of the foregoing.

Aspect 288. The method of aspect 287, wherein the cancer comprises a solid tumor.

Aspect 289. A method of treating an autoimmune disease in a patient, comprising administering to a patient in need of such treatment, a therapeutically effective amount of the pharmaceutical composition of aspect 285.

Aspect 290. A method of treating an autoimmune disease in a patient, comprising administering to a patient in need of such treatment, a therapeutically effective amount of; the IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 1 to 73 and 217 to 231; the IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 74 to 216; the compound of any one of aspects 232 to 284; or a combination of any of the foregoing.

Aspect 291. A method of screening compounds for IL-2 receptor activity, comprising: contacting a cell with, the IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 1 to 73 and 217 to 231; the IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 74 to 216; the compound of any one of aspects 232 to 284; or a combination of any of the foregoing; wherein the cell expresses the IL-2 receptor; and contacting the cell with a test compound; and determining the activity of the test compound.

Aspect 292. A method of activating the human IL-2Rβ subunit, the human IL-2Rγc subunit, or both the human IL-2Rβ subunit and the human IL-2Rγc subunit, comprising contacting a cell expressing the IL-2 receptor in vivo with: the IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 1 to 73 and 217 to 231; the IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 74 to 216; the compound of any one of aspects 232 to 284; or a combination of any of the foregoing.

Aspect 293. A method of activating the human IL-2Rβ subunit and the human IL-2Rγc subunit in a patient, comprising administering to a patient an effective amount of: the IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 1 to 73 and 217 to 231; the IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 74 to 216; the compound of any one of aspects 232 to 284; or a combination of any of the foregoing.

Aspect 294. A method of treating a disease in a patient, wherein the IL-2 receptor signaling pathway is associated with the etiology of the disease, comprising administering to a patient in need of such treatment a therapeutically effective amount of: the IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 1 to 73 and 217 to 231; the IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 74 to 216; the compound of any one of aspects 232 to 284; or a combination of any of the foregoing.

Aspect 295. A method of treating a disease in a patient, wherein activation of the IL-2 receptor is effective in treating the disease, comprising administering to a patient in need of such treatment a therapeutically effective amount of: the IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 1 to 73 and 217 to 231; the IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 74 to 216; the compound of any one of aspects 232 to 284; or a combination of any of the foregoing.

Aspect 1A. An IL-2Rβ ligand, wherein the IL-2Rβ ligand exhibits a binding affinity (IC₅₀) to the human IL-2Rβ subunit of less than 100 μM.

Aspect 2A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of aspect 1A, wherein the IL-2Rβ ligand comprises from 5 to 30 amino acids.

Aspect 3A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 1A to 2A, wherein the IL-2Rβ ligand exhibits a binding affinity (IC₅₀) to the human IL-2Rβ subunit from 1 μM to 100 μM.

Aspect 4A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 1A to 2A, wherein the IL-2Rβ ligand exhibits a binding affinity (IC₅₀) to the human IL-2Rβ subunit from 0.1 μM to 50 μM.

Aspect 5A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 1A to 2A, wherein the IL-2Rβ ligand exhibits a binding affinity (IC₅₀) to the human IL-2Rβ subunit of less than 100 μM.

Aspect 6A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 1A to 2A, wherein the IL-2Rβ ligand exhibits a binding affinity (IC₅₀) to a mammalian IL-2Rβ subunit of less than 100 μM.

Aspect 7A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 1A to 6A, wherein the IL-2Rβ ligand exhibits a binding affinity (IC₅₀) to each of the human IL-2Rβ subunit and to the human IL-2Rγc subunit of less than 100 μM.

Aspect 8A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 1A to 7A, wherein the IL-2Rβ ligand exhibits a binding affinity (IC₅₀) to the human IL-2Rα (CD25) subunit of greater than 100 M.

Aspect 9A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 1A to 7A, wherein the IL-2Rβ ligand exhibits a binding affinity (IC₅₀) to the human IL-2Rβ subunit that is at least 10 times greater than the binding affinity (IC₅₀) of the IL-2Rβ ligand to the human IL-2Rα subunit.

Aspect 10A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 1A to 9A, wherein the IL-2Rβ ligand comprises the amino acid sequence of Formula (1) (SEQ ID NO: 1), the amino acid sequence of Formula (1a) (SEQ ID NO: 2), or the amino acid sequence of Formula (1b) (SEQ ID NO: 3):

-X³-X⁴-X⁵-X⁶-X⁷-X⁸-X⁹-X¹⁰-  (1)

-X²-C-X³-X⁴-X⁵-X⁶-X⁷-X⁸-X⁹-X¹⁰-C-X¹¹-  (1a)

-X¹-X²-C-X³-X⁴-X⁵-X⁶-X⁷-X⁸-X⁹-X¹⁰-C-X¹¹-X¹²-  (1b)

wherein, X¹ is selected from A, D, E, F, G, I, K, L, M, N, P, Q, S, T, V, W, and Y; X² is selected from A, C, D, E, F, G, H, K, L, N, P, R, S, T, W, and Y; X³ is selected from A, D, E, F, G, H, M, N, Q, R, S, T, W, and Y; X⁴ is selected from A, D, E, F, G, I, K, L, M, N, Q, R, S, T, V, and Y; X⁵ is selected from A, G, I, Q, S, T, V, and W; X⁶ is selected from A, D, E, G, H, K, L, M, N, P, Q, R, S, T, and V; X⁷ is selected from F, I, K, L, Q, and V; X⁸ is selected from D, F, G, H, M, N, W, and Y; X⁹ is selected from A, D, E, M, P, Q, S, T, V, and W; X¹⁰ is selected from D, F, I, L, M, S, T, V, and Y; X¹¹ is selected from D, E, F, H, I, L, M, Q, S, T, V, W, and Y; and X¹² is selected from F, I, L, M, N, S, V, W, and Y.

Aspect 11A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of aspect 10A, wherein X¹ is selected from F, I, L, M, and V.

Aspect 12A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 10A to 11A, wherein X² is selected from D, E, F, G, H, L, N, P, R, S, T, W, and Y.

Aspect 13A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 10A to 12A, wherein X⁵ is A.

Aspect 14A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 10A to 13A, wherein X⁶ is selected from D, E, and Q.

Aspect 15A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 10A to 14A, wherein X⁷ is selected from F, I, L, and V.

Aspect 16A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 10A to 15A, wherein X⁸ is G.

Aspect 17A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 10A to 16A, wherein X⁹ is selected from D, E, and Q.

Aspect 18A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 10A to 17A, wherein X¹⁰ is selected from F, I, L, M, V, and Y.

Aspect 19A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 10A to 18A, wherein X¹¹ is selected from D and E.

Aspect 20A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 10A to 19A, wherein X¹² is selected from F, I, L, M, and V.

Aspect 21A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of aspect 10A, wherein, X¹ is selected from F, I, L, M, and V; X² is selected from D, E, F, G, H, L, N, P, R, S, T, W, and Y; X³ is selected from A, D, E, F, G, H, M, N, Q, R, S, T, W, and Y; X⁴ is selected from A, D, E, F, G, I, K, L, M, N, Q, R, S, T, V, and Y; X⁵ is A; X⁶ is selected from D, E, and Q; X⁷ is selected from F, I, L, and V; X⁸ is G; X⁹ is selected from D, E, and Q; X¹⁰ is selected from F, I, L, M, V, and Y; X¹¹ is selected from D and E; and X¹² is selected from F, I, L, M, and V.

Aspect 22A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 1A to 9A, wherein the IL-2Rβ ligand comprises the amino acid sequence of Formula (1) (SEQ ID NO: 1), the amino acid sequence of Formula (1a) (SEQ ID NO: 2), or the amino acid sequence of Formula (1b) (SEQ ID NO: 3):

-X³-X⁴-X⁵-X⁶-X⁷-X⁸-X⁹-X¹⁰-  (1)

-X²-C-X³-X⁴-X⁵-X⁶-X⁷-X⁸-X⁹-X¹⁰-C-X¹¹-  (1a)

-X¹-X²-C-X³-X⁴-X⁵-X⁶-X⁷-X⁸-X⁹-X¹⁰-C-X¹¹-X¹²-  (1b)

wherein, X¹ is selected from an amino acid; X² is selected from an amino acid; X³ is selected from an amino acid; X⁴ is selected from an amino acid; X⁵ is selected from an amino acid comprising a small hydrophobic side chain; X⁶ is selected from an amino acid; X⁷ is selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain; X⁸ is selected from an amino acid comprising a small hydrophobic side chain; X⁹ is selected from an amino acid comprising a polar-neutral or an acidic side chain; X¹⁰ is selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain; X¹¹ is selected from an amino acid; and X¹² is selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain.

Aspect 23A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of aspect 22A, wherein, X¹ is selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain; X² is selected from an amino acid; X³ is selected from an amino acid; X⁴ is selected from an amino acid; X⁵ is selected from an amino acid comprising a small hydrophobic side chain; X⁶ is selected from an amino acid comprising a polar-neutral or an acidic side chain; X⁷ is selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain; X⁸ is selected from an amino acid comprising a small hydrophobic side chain; X⁹ is selected from an amino acid comprising a polar-neutral or an acidic side chain; X¹⁰ is selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain; X¹¹ is selected from an amino acid comprising a polar-neutral or an acidic side chain; and X¹² is selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain.

Aspect 24A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 22A to 23A, wherein, X¹ is selected from I, L, M, V, F, W, and Y; X² is selected from an amino acid; X³ is selected from an amino acid; X⁴ is selected from an amino acid; X⁵ is selected from A, G, P, S, and T; X⁶ is selected from H, N, Q, S, T, Y, D, and E; X⁷ is selected from I, L, M, V, F, W, and Y; X⁸ is selected from A, G, P, S, and T; X⁹ is selected from H, N, Q, S, T, Y, D, and E; X¹⁰ is selected from I, L, M, V, F, W, and Y; X¹¹ is selected from H, N, Q, S, T, Y, D, and E; and X¹² is selected from I, L, M, V, F, W, and Y.

Aspect 25A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 22A to 23A, wherein, X¹ is selected from I, L, M, V, F, W, and Y; X² is selected from an amino acid; X³ is selected from an amino acid; X⁴ is selected from an amino acid; X⁵ is A; X⁶ is selected from H, N, Q, S, T, Y, D, and E; X⁷ is selected from I, L, M, V, F, W, and Y; X⁸ is G; X⁹ is selected from H, N, Q, S, T, Y, D, and E; X¹⁰ is selected from I, L, M, V, F, W, and Y; X¹¹ is selected from H, N, Q, S, T, Y, D, and E; and X¹² is selected from I, L, M, V, F, W, and Y.

Aspect 26A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of aspect 25A, wherein X¹ is selected from I, L, M, and V.

Aspect 27A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 25A to 26A, wherein X² is selected from D and E.

Aspect 28A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 25A to 27A, wherein X⁶ is selected from Q, E, and D.

Aspect 29A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 25A to 28A, wherein X⁷ is selected from V, L, and I.

Aspect 30A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 25A to 29A, wherein X⁹ is selected from E, D, and Q.

Aspect 31A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 25A to 30A, wherein X¹⁰ is selected from L, V, I, and Y.

Aspect 32A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 25A to 31A, wherein X¹¹ is selected from D and E.

Aspect 33A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 25A to 32A, wherein X¹² is selected from L, I, and F.

Aspect 34A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of aspect 25A, wherein, X¹ is selected from L, I, F, and V; X² is selected from D and E; X⁶ is selected from Q, E, and D; X⁷ is selected from V, L, and I; X⁹ is selected from E, D, and Q; X¹⁰ is selected from L, V, I, and Y; X¹¹ is selected from D and E; and X¹² is selected from L, I, and F.

Aspect 35A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of aspect 25A, wherein, X¹ is selected from F, I, M, and Y; X² is selected from E, D, and R; X³ is selected from and amino acid; X⁴ is selected from an amino acid; X⁵ is A; X⁶ is selected from A, P, and Q; X⁷ is selected from I and V; X⁸ is G; X⁹ is selected from E and Q; X¹⁰ is selected from I, L, and V; X¹¹ is selected from E, D, and Q; and X¹² is selected from I and L.

Aspect 36A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of aspect 22A, wherein the IL-2Rβ ligand comprises an amino acid sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NO: 4 to SEQ ID NO: 163:

Aspect 37A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of aspect 36A, wherein the IL-2Rβ ligand comprises an amino acid sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NO: 4 to SEQ ID NO: 163, wherein the amino acid sequence is terminated with amino acids -G-G- on the N-terminus, on the C-terminus, or on both the N- and C-termini.

Aspect 38A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 36A to 37A, wherein the IL-2Rβ ligand comprises an amino acid sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NO: 4 to SEQ ID NO: 163, wherein each amino acid independently comprises one or more of the following conservative substitutions: amino acids having a small hydrophobic side chain comprising alanine (A), glycine (G), proline (P), serine (S), or threonine (T); amino acids having a hydroxyl-containing side chain comprising serine (S), threonine (T), or tyrosine (Y); amino acids having an acidic side chain comprising aspartate (D) or glutamate (E); amino acids having a polar-neutral side chain comprising histidine (H), asparagine (N), glutamine (Q), serine (S), threonine (T), or tyrosine (Y); amino acids having a basic side chain comprising arginine (R), lysine (K), or histidine (H); amino acids having a large hydrophobic side chain comprising isoleucine (I), leucine (L), methionine (M), valine (V), phenylalanine (F), tyrosine (Y), or tryptophan (W); and amino acids having an aromatic side chain comprising phenylalanine (F), histidine (H), tryptophan (W), or tyrosine (Y).

Aspect 39A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 1A to 9A, wherein the IL-2Rβ ligand comprises the amino acid sequence of Formula (2) (SEQ ID NO: 164), the amino acid sequence of Formula (2a) (SEQ ID NO: 165), or the amino acid sequence of Formula (2b) (SEQ ID NO: 166):

-X¹⁵-X¹⁶-X¹⁷-X¹⁸-X¹⁹-X²⁰-X²¹-X²²-  (2)

-X¹⁴-C-X¹⁵-X¹⁶-X¹⁷-X¹⁸-X¹⁹-X²⁰-X²¹-X²²-C-X²³-  (2a)

-X¹³-X¹⁴-C-X¹⁵-X¹⁶-X¹⁷-X¹⁸-X¹⁹-X²⁰-X²¹-X²²-C-X²³-X²⁴-  (2b)

wherein, X¹³ is selected from A, D, E, G, N, Q, R, and V; X¹⁴ is selected from E, F, I, L, M, and Q; X¹⁵ is selected from D, G, L, and N; X¹⁶ is selected from L, P, V, and Y; X¹⁷ is selected from F, G, and M; X¹⁸ is selected from A, D, N, and Q; X¹⁹ is selected from F, I, L, S, V, W, and Y; X²⁰ is selected from D and W; X²¹ is selected from P and Y; X²² is selected from A, D, Q, and S; X²³ is selected from I, L, Q, W, and Y; and X²⁴ is selected from E, F, I, L, T, V, and W.

Aspect 40A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of aspect 39A, wherein X¹⁶ is V.

Aspect 41A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 39A to 40A, wherein X¹⁷ is G.

Aspect 42A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 39A to 41A, wherein X²⁰ is W.

Aspect 43A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 39A to 42A, wherein X²¹ is P.

Aspect 44A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of aspect 39A, wherein, X¹³ is selected from E, N, and Q; X¹⁴ is selected from I and M; X¹⁵ is selected from D, L, and N; X¹⁶ is V; X¹⁷ is G; X¹⁸ is selected from D and Q; X¹⁹ is selected from V, W, and Y; X²⁰ is W; X²¹ is P; X²² is selected from D and S; X²³ is selected from L and Q; and X²⁴ is selected from I, L, and V.

Aspect 45A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of aspect 39A, wherein the IL-2Rβ ligand comprises an amino acid sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NO: 167 to SEQ ID NO: 182.

Aspect 46A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of aspect 45A, wherein the IL-2Rβ ligand comprises an amino acid sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NO: 167 to SEQ ID NO: 182, wherein the amino acid sequence is terminated with amino acids -G-G- on the N-terminus, on the C-terminus, or on both the N- and C-termini.

Aspect 47A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 45A to 46A, wherein the IL-2Rβ ligand comprises an amino acid sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NO: 167 to SEQ ID NO: 182, wherein each amino acid independently comprises one or more of the following conservative substitutions: amino acids having a small hydrophobic side chain comprising alanine (A), glycine (G), proline (P), serine (S), or threonine (T); amino acids having a hydroxyl-containing side chain comprising serine (S), threonine (T), or tyrosine (Y); amino acids having an acidic side chain comprising aspartate (D) or glutamate (E); amino acids having a polar-neutral side chain comprising histidine (H), asparagine (N), glutamine (Q), serine (S), threonine (T), or tyrosine (Y); amino acids having a basic side chain comprising arginine (R), lysine (K), or histidine (H); amino acids having a large hydrophobic side chain comprising isoleucine (I), leucine (L), methionine (M), valine (V), phenylalanine (F), tyrosine (Y), or tryptophan (W); and amino acids having an aromatic side chain comprising phenylalanine (F), histidine (H), tryptophan (W), or tyrosine (Y).

Aspect 48A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 1A to 9A, wherein the IL-2Rβ ligand comprises the amino acid sequence of Formula (2) (SEQ ID NO: 164), the amino acid sequence of Formula (2a) (SEQ ID NO: 165), or the amino acid sequence of Formula (2b) (SEQ ID NO: 166):

-X¹⁵-X¹⁶-X¹⁷-X¹⁸-X¹⁹-X²⁰-X²¹-X²²-  (2)

-X¹⁴-C-X¹⁵-X¹⁶-X¹⁷-X¹⁸-X¹⁹-X²⁰-X²¹-X²²-C-X²³-  (2a)

-X¹³-X¹⁴-C-X¹⁵-X¹⁶-X¹⁷-X¹⁸-X¹⁹-X²⁰-X²¹-X²²-C-X²³-X²⁴-  (2b)

wherein, X¹³ is selected from an amino acid; X¹⁴ is selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain; X¹⁵ is selected from an amino acid; X¹⁶ is selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain; X²⁷ is selected from an amino acid comprising a small hydrophobic side chain; X¹⁸ is selected from an amino acid; X¹⁹ is selected from an amino acid; X²⁰ is selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain; X²¹ is elected from an amino acid comprising a small hydrophobic side chain; X²² is selected from an amino acid; X²³ is selected from an amino acid; and X²⁴ is selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain.

Aspect 49A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of aspect 48A, wherein, X¹³ is selected from an amino acid; X¹⁴ is selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain; X¹⁵ is selected from an amino acid; X¹⁶ is selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain; X¹⁷ is selected from an amino acid comprising a small hydrophobic side chain; X¹⁸ is selected from an amino acid comprising a polar-neutral or an acidic side chain; X¹⁹ is selected from an amino acid comprising large hydrophobic or neutral side chain; X²⁰ is selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain; X²¹ is selected from an amino acid comprising a small hydrophobic side chain; X²² is selected from an amino acid; X²³ is selected from an amino acid; and X²⁴ is selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain.

Aspect 50A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 48A to 49A, wherein, X¹³ is selected from an amino acid; X¹⁴ is selected from I, L, M, V, F, W, and Y; X¹⁵ is selected from D, E, I, L, M, V, F, Y, and W; X¹⁶ is selected from I, L, M, N, V, F, Y, and W; X¹⁷ is selected from A, G, P, S, and T; X¹⁸ is selected from H, N, Q, S, T, Y, D, and E; X¹⁹ is selected from I, L, M, V, F, W, and Y; X²⁰ is selected from I, L, M, N, V, F, Y, and W; X²¹ is selected from A, G, P, S, and T; X²² is selected from an amino acid; X²³ is selected from an amino acid; and X²⁴ is selected from I, L, M, V, F, W, and Y.

Aspect 51A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of aspect 50A, wherein X¹⁴ is selected from I and M.

Aspect 52A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 50A to 51A, wherein X¹⁶ is V.

Aspect 53A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 50A to 52A, wherein X¹⁷ is G.

Aspect 54A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 50A to 53A, wherein X¹⁸ is selected from D and Q.

Aspect 55A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 50A to 54A, wherein X²⁰ is W.

Aspect 56A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 50A to 55A, wherein X²¹ is P.

Aspect 57A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 50A to 56A, wherein X²³ is selected from F, I, L, and V.

Aspect 58A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of aspect 50A, wherein, X¹³ is selected from an amino acid; X¹⁴ is selected from I and M; X¹⁵ is selected from an amino acid; X¹⁶ is V; X¹⁷ is G; X¹⁸ is selected from D and Q; X¹⁹ is selected from I, L, M, V, F, W, and Y; X²⁰ is W; X²¹ is P; X²² is selected from an amino acid; X²³ is selected from an amino acid; and X²⁴ is selected from F, I, L, and V.

Aspect 59A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 1A to 9A, wherein the IL-2Rβ ligand comprises the amino acid sequence of Formula (3) (SEQ ID NO: 183) or the amino acid sequence of Formula (3a) (SEQ ID NO: 184):

-X²⁶-X²⁷-X²⁸-X²⁹-X³⁰-X³¹-X³²-X³³-X³⁴-X³⁵-  (3)

-X²⁵-C-X²⁶-X²⁷-X²⁸-X²⁹-X³⁰-X³¹-X³²-X³³-X³⁴-X³⁵-C-X³⁶-  (3a)

wherein, X²⁵ is selected from an amino acid; X²⁶ is selected from an amino acid; X²⁷ is selected from I and V; X²⁸ is G; X²⁹ is selected from D, E, and N; X³⁰ is selected from F, L, and Y; X³¹ is selected from F, I, and V; X³² is selected from D and Q; X³³ is selected from an amino acid; X³⁴ is selected from an amino acid; X³⁵ is selected from an amino acid; and X³⁶ is selected from an amino acid.

Aspect 60A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of aspect 59A, wherein, X²⁵ is selected from L, S, T, and Y; X²⁶ is selected from H and Q; X²⁷ is selected from I and V; X²⁸ is G; X²⁹ is selected from D, E, and N; X³⁰ is selected from F, L, and Y; X³¹ is selected from F, I, and V; X³² is selected from D and Q; X³³ is selected from D, L, and W; X³⁴ is selected from G, L, and T; X³⁵ is selected from D, I, and S; and X³⁶ is selected from A and M.

Aspect 61A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 1A to 9A, wherein the IL-2Rβ ligand comprises the amino acid sequence of Formula (3) (SEQ ID NO: 183) or the amino acid sequence of Formula (3a) (SEQ ID NO: 184):

-X²⁶-X²⁷-X²⁸-X²⁹-X³⁰-X³¹-X³²-X³³-X³⁴-X³⁵-  (3)

-X²⁵-C-X²⁶-X²⁷-X²⁸-X²⁹-X³⁰-X³¹-X³²-X³³-X³⁴-X³⁵-C-X³⁶-  (3a)

wherein, X²⁵ is selected from an amino acid; X²⁶ is selected from an amino acid; X²⁷ is selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain; X²⁸ is selected from an amino acid comprising a small hydrophobic side chain; X²⁹ is selected from an amino acid comprising an acidic side chain or a polar neutral side chain; X³⁰ is selected from an amino acid; X³¹ is selected from an amino acid; X³² is selected from an amino acid comprising a polar-neutral side chain or an acidic side chain; X³³ is selected from an amino acid; X³⁴ is selected from an amino acid; X³⁵ is selected from an amino acid; and X³⁶ is selected from an amino acid.

Aspect 62A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of aspect 61A, wherein X²⁵ is selected from an amino acid; X²⁶ is selected from an amino acid; X²⁷ is selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain; X²⁸ is selected from an amino acid comprising a small hydrophobic side chain; X²⁹ is selected from an amino acid comprising an acidic side chain or a polar neutral side chain; X³⁰ is selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain; X³¹ is selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain; X³² is selected from an amino acid comprising a polar-neutral side chain or an acidic side chain; and X³³ is selected from an amino acid; X³⁴ is selected from an amino acid; X³⁵ is selected from an amino acid; and X³⁶ is selected from an amino acid.

Aspect 63A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 1A to 9A, wherein the IL-2Rβ ligand comprises the amino acid sequence of Formula (3) (SEQ ID NO: 183) or the amino acid sequence of Formula (3a) (SEQ ID NO: 184):

-X²⁶-X²⁷-X²⁸-X²⁹-X³⁰-X³¹-X³²-X³³-X³⁴-X³⁵-  (3)

-X²⁵-C-X²⁶-X²⁷-X²⁸-X²⁹-X³⁰-X³¹-X³²-X³³-X³⁴-X³⁵-C-X³⁶-  (3a)

wherein, X²⁵ is selected from an amino acid; X²⁶ is selected from an amino acid; X²⁷ is selected from I, L, M, V, F, Y, and W; X²⁸ is selected from A, G, P, S, and T; X²⁹ is selected from D, E, H, N, Q, S, T, and Y; X³⁰ is selected from I, L, M, V, F, Y, and W; X³¹ is selected from I, L, M, V, F, Y, and W; X³² is selected from D, E, H, N, Q, T, and Y; X³³ is selected from an amino acid; X³⁴ is selected from an amino acid; X³⁵ is selected from an amino acid; and X³⁶ is selected from an amino acid.

Aspect 64A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of aspect 63A, wherein X²⁷ is selected from V and I.

Aspect 65A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 63A to 64A, wherein X²⁸ is G.

Aspect 66A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 63A to 65A, wherein X²⁹ is selected from D and E.

Aspect 67A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 63A to 66A, wherein X³⁰ is selected from V, L, F, and Y.

Aspect 68A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 63A to 67A, wherein X³¹ is selected from I, V, and F.

Aspect 69A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 63A to 68A, wherein X³² is selected from Q and D.

Aspect 70A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of aspect 63A, wherein, X²⁵ is selected from an amino acid; X²⁶ is selected from an amino acid; X²⁷ is selected from V and I; X²⁸ is G; X²⁹ is selected from D and E; X³⁰ is selected from V, L, F, and Y; X³¹ is selected from I, V, and F; X³² is selected from Q and D; X³³ is selected from an amino acid; X³⁴ is selected from an amino acid; X³⁵ is selected from an amino acid; and X³⁶ is selected from an amino acid.

Aspect 71A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of aspect 63A, wherein the IL-2Rβ ligand comprises an amino acid sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NO: 185 to SEQ ID NO: 193:

Aspect 72A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of aspect 71A, wherein the IL-2Rβ ligand comprises an amino acid sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NO: 185 to SEQ ID NO: 193, wherein the amino acid sequence is terminated with amino acids -G-G- on the N-terminus, on the C-terminus, or on both the N- and C-termini.

Aspect 73A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 71A to 72A, wherein the IL-2Rβ ligand comprises an amino acid sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NO: 185 to SEQ ID NO: 193, wherein each amino acid independently comprises one or more of the following conservative substitutions: amino acids having a small hydrophobic side chain comprising alanine (A), glycine (G), proline (P), serine (S), or threonine (T); amino acids having a hydroxyl-containing side chain comprising serine (S), threonine (T), or tyrosine (Y); amino acids having an acidic side chain comprising aspartate (D) or glutamate (E); amino acids having a polar-neutral side chain comprising histidine (H), asparagine (N), glutamine (Q), serine (S), threonine (T), or tyrosine (Y); amino acids having a basic side chain comprising arginine (R), lysine (K), or histidine (H); and amino acids having a large hydrophobic side chain comprising isoleucine (I), leucine (L), methionine (M), valine (V), phenylalanine (F), tyrosine (Y), or tryptophan (W); and amino acids having an aromatic side chain comprising phenylalanine (F), histidine (H), tryptophan (W), or tyrosine (Y).

Aspect 74A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 1A to 9A, wherein the IL-2Rβ ligand comprises the amino acid sequence of Formula (13) (SEQ ID NO: 1028):

-X²⁰¹-X²⁰²-X²⁰³-X²⁰⁴-X²⁰⁵-X²⁰⁶-X²⁰⁷-X²⁰⁸-X²⁰⁹-X²¹⁰-X²¹¹-X²¹²-  (13)

wherein, X²⁰¹ is selected from an amino acid; X²⁰² is selected from an amino acid; X²⁰³ is selected from an amino acid comprising an acidic side chain; X²⁰⁴ is selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain; X²⁰⁵ is selected from an amino acid comprising a small hydrophobic side chain; X²⁰⁶ is selected from an amino acid comprising an acidic side chain; X²⁰⁷ is selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain; X²⁰⁸ is selected from an amino acid; X²⁰⁹ is selected from an amino acid comprising an acidic side chain; X²¹⁰ is selected from an amino acid; X²¹¹ is selected from an amino acid; and X²¹² is selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain.

Aspect 75A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of aspect 74A, wherein, X²⁰¹ is selected from an amino acid; X²⁰² is selected from an amino acid; X²⁰³ is selected from D and E; X²⁰⁴ is selected from I, L, M, V, F, Y, and W; X²⁰⁵ is selected from A, G, P, S, and T; X²⁰⁶ is selected from D and E; X²⁰⁷ is selected from I, L, M, V, F, Y, and W; X²⁰⁸ is selected from an amino acid; X²⁰⁹ is selected from D and E; X²¹⁰ is selected from an amino acid; X²¹¹ is selected from an amino acid; and X²¹² is selected from I, L, M, V, F, Y, and W.

Aspect 76A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of aspect 74A, wherein, X²⁰¹ is selected from C, F, L, S, and W; X²⁰² is selected from C, D, F, G, L, M, Q, S, V, W, and Y; X²⁰³ is selected from A, C, D, E, L, M, N, S, W, and Y; X²⁰⁴ is selected from A, D, I, M, V, and W; X²⁰⁵ is selected from D, E, G, and I; X²⁰⁶ is selected from C, D, G, H, L, Q, S, and T; X²⁰⁷ is selected from C, D, I, L, V, W, and Y; X²⁰⁸ is selected from C, D, L, V, and W; X²⁰⁹ is selected from C, D, G, I, M, N, P, Q, and W; X²¹⁰ is selected from D. F. L. M. P, S, T, and Y; X²¹¹ is selected from C, F, L, V, and W; and X²¹² is selected from L, N, S, T, and V.

Aspect 77A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of aspect 76A, wherein X²⁰¹ is selected from C, F, L, S, and W.

Aspect 78A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 76A to 77A, wherein X²⁰² is selected from C, D, F, G, L, M, Q, S, V, W, and Y.

Aspect 79A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 76A to 78A, wherein X²⁰³ is selected from D and E.

Aspect 80A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 76A to 79A, wherein X²⁰⁴ is V.

Aspect 81A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 76A to 80A, wherein X²⁰⁵ is G.

Aspect 82A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 76A to 81A, wherein X²⁰⁶ is D.

Aspect 83A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 76A to 82A, wherein X²⁰⁷ is selected from I, W, and Y.

Aspect 84A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 76A to 83A, wherein X²⁰⁸ is selected from C, D, L, V, and W.

Aspect 85A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 76A to 84A, wherein X²⁰⁹ is D.

Aspect 86A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 76A to 85A, wherein X²¹⁰ is selected from D, F, L, M, P, S, T, and Y.

Aspect 87A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 76A to 86A, wherein X²¹¹ is selected from C, F, L, V, and W.

Aspect 88A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 76A to 87A, wherein X²¹² is selected from L and V.

Aspect 89A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of aspect 76A, wherein, X²⁰¹ is selected from an amino acid; X²⁰² is selected from an amino acid; X²⁰³ is selected from D and E; X²⁰⁴ is V; X²⁰⁵ is G; X²⁰⁶ is D; X²⁰⁷ is selected from I, Y, and W; X²⁰⁸ is selected from an amino acid; X²⁰⁹ is D; X²¹⁰ is selected from an amino acid; X²¹¹ is selected from an amino acid; and X²¹² is selected from I, L, M, V, F, Y, and W.

Aspect 90A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of aspect 76A, wherein the IL-2Rβ ligand comprises an amino acid sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NO: 1028 to SEQ ID NO: 1042.

Aspect 91A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of aspect 90A, wherein the IL-2Rβ ligand comprises an amino acid sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NO: 1028 to SEQ ID NO: 1042, wherein the amino acid sequence is terminated with amino acids -G-G- on the N-terminus, on the C-terminus, or on both the N- and C-termini.

Aspect 92A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 90A to 91A, wherein the IL-2Rβ ligand comprises an amino acid sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NO: 1028 to SEQ ID NO: 1042, wherein each amino acid independently comprises one or more of the following conservative substitutions: amino acids having a small hydrophobic side chain comprising alanine (A), glycine (G), proline (P), serine (S), or threonine (T); amino acids having a hydroxyl-containing side chain comprising serine (S), threonine (T), or tyrosine (Y); amino acids having an acidic side chain comprising aspartate (D) or glutamate (E); amino acids having a polar-neutral side chain comprising histidine (H), asparagine (N), glutamine (Q), serine (S), threonine (T), or tyrosine (Y); amino acids having a basic side chain comprising arginine (R), lysine (K), or histidine (H); and amino acids having a large hydrophobic side chain comprising isoleucine (I), leucine (L), methionine (M), valine (V), phenylalanine (F), tyrosine (Y), or tryptophan (W); and amino acids having an aromatic side chain comprising phenylalanine (F), histidine (H), tryptophan (W), or tyrosine (Y).

Aspect 93A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 1A to 9A, wherein the IL-2Rβ ligand comprises an amino acid sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NO: 1044 to SEQ ID NO: 1050.

Aspect 94A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of aspect 93A, wherein the IL-2Rβ ligand comprises an amino acid sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NO: 1044 to SEQ ID NO: 1050, wherein the amino acid sequence is terminated with amino acids -G-G- on the N-terminus, on the C-terminus, or on both the N- and C-termini.

Aspect 95A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 93A to 94A, wherein the IL-2Rβ ligand comprises an amino acid sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NO: 1044 to SEQ ID NO: 1050, wherein each amino acid independently comprises one or more of the following conservative substitutions: amino acids having a small hydrophobic side chain comprising alanine (A), glycine (G), proline (P), serine (S), or threonine (T); amino acids having a hydroxyl-containing side chain comprising serine (S), threonine (T), or tyrosine (Y); amino acids having an acidic side chain comprising aspartate (D) or glutamate (E); amino acids having a polar-neutral side chain comprising histidine (H), asparagine (N), glutamine (Q), serine (S), threonine (T), or tyrosine (Y); amino acids having a basic side chain comprising arginine (R), lysine (K), or histidine (H); and amino acids having a large hydrophobic side chain comprising isoleucine (I), leucine (L), methionine (M), valine (V), phenylalanine (F), tyrosine (Y), or tryptophan (W); and amino acids having an aromatic side chain comprising phenylalanine (F), histidine (H), tryptophan (W), or tyrosine (Y).

Aspect 96A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 1A to 9A, wherein the IL-2Rβ ligand comprises the amino acid sequence of Formula (10) (SEQ ID NO: 578):

-X¹⁹¹-X¹⁹²-X¹⁹³-X¹⁹⁴-X¹⁹⁵-C-X¹⁹⁶-X¹⁹⁷-X¹⁹⁸-X¹⁹⁹-X²⁰⁰-X²⁰¹-X²⁰²-X²⁰³-C-X²⁰⁴-X²⁰⁵-X²⁰⁶-X²⁰⁷-X²⁰⁸-  (10)

wherein, X¹⁹¹ is selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain or an aromatic side chain; X¹⁹² is selected from an amino acid; X¹⁹³ is selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain or an aromatic side chain; X¹⁹⁴ is selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain or a basic side chain; X¹⁹⁵ is selected from an amino acid comprising an acidic side chain or a small hydrophobic side chain; X¹⁹⁶ is selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain or a basic side chain; X¹⁹⁷ is selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain; X¹⁹⁸ is selected from an amino acid comprising a small hydrophobic side chain; X¹⁹⁹ is selected from an amino acid comprising a polar/neutral side chain or a basic side chain; X²⁰⁰ is selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain; X²⁰¹ is selected from an amino acid comprising a small hydrophobic side chain; X²⁰² is selected from an amino acid comprising an acidic side chain or a polar/neutral side chain; X²⁰³ is selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain; X²⁰⁴ is selected from an amino acid comprising an acidic side chain; X²⁰⁵ is selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain; X²⁰⁶ is selected from an amino acid comprising an acidic side chain or an aromatic side chain; X²⁰⁷ is selected from an amino acid comprising an amino acid; and X²⁰⁸ is selected from an amino acid comprising an acidic side chain.

Aspect 97A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of aspect 96A, wherein, X¹⁹¹ is selected from F, H, I, L, M, V, W, and Y; X¹⁹² is selected from an amino acid; X¹⁹³ is selected from F, H, I, L, M, V, W, and Y; X¹⁹⁴ is selected from F, I, L, M, V, W, Y, H, K, and R; X¹⁹⁵ is selected from D, E, A, G, P, S, and T; X¹⁹⁶ is selected from F, I, L, M, V, W, Y, H, K, and R; X¹⁹⁷ is selected from F, I, L, M, V, W, and Y; X¹⁹⁸ is selected from A, G, P, S, and T; X¹⁹⁹ is selected from H, N, Q, S, T, Y, H, K, and R; X²⁰⁰ is selected from F, I, L, M, V, W, and Y; X²⁰¹ is selected from A, G, P, S, and T; X²⁰² is selected from D, E, H, N, Q, S, T, and Y; X²⁰³ is selected from F, I, L, M, V, W, and Y; X²⁰⁴ is selected from D and E; X²⁰⁵ is selected from F, I, L, M, V, W, and Y; X²⁰⁶ is selected from D, E, F, H, I, L, M, V, W, and Y; X²⁰⁷ is selected from an amino acid; and X²⁰⁸ is selected from D and E.

Aspect 98A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of aspect 97A, wherein X¹⁹¹ is selected from F, H, W, and Y.

Aspect 99A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 97A to 98A, wherein X¹⁹¹ is W.

Aspect 100A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 97A to 99A, wherein X¹⁹² is selected from an amino acid.

Aspect 101A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 97A to 100A, wherein X¹⁹³ is selected from F, H, W, and Y.

Aspect 102A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 97A to 100A, wherein X¹⁹³ is selected from F, W, and Y.

Aspect 103A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 97A to 102A, wherein X¹⁹⁴ is selected from H, L, and Y.

Aspect 104A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 97A to 102A, wherein X¹⁹⁴ is L.

Aspect 105A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 97A to 102A, wherein X¹⁹⁴ is Y.

Aspect 106A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 97A to 105A, wherein X¹⁹⁵ is selected from D and P.

Aspect 107A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 97A to 105A, wherein X¹⁹⁵ is D.

Aspect 108A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 97A to 105A, wherein X¹⁹⁵ is P.

Aspect 109A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 97A to 108A, wherein X¹⁹⁶ is selected from H and W.

Aspect 110A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 97A to 108A, wherein X¹⁹⁶ is H.

Aspect 111A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 97A to 108A, wherein X¹⁹⁶ is W.

Aspect 112A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 97A to 111A, wherein X¹⁹⁷ is M.

Aspect 113A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 97A to 112A, wherein X¹⁹⁸ is A.

Aspect 114A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 97AA to 113, wherein X¹⁹⁹ is selected from H, K, R, and Q.

Aspect 115A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 97A to 113A, wherein X¹⁹⁹ is Q.

Aspect 116A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 97A to 113A, wherein X¹⁹⁹ is selected from H, K, and R.

Aspect 117A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 97A to 116A, wherein X²⁰⁰ is selected from L and V.

Aspect 118A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 97A to 116A, wherein X²⁰⁰ is L.

Aspect 119A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 97A to 118A, wherein X²⁰¹ is G.

Aspect 120A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 97A to 119A, wherein X²⁰² is selected from D, E, and Q.

Aspect 121A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 97A to 119A, wherein X²⁰² is E.

Aspect 122A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 97A to 121A, wherein X²⁰³ is L.

Aspect 123A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 97A to 122A, wherein X²⁰⁴ is selected from D and E.

Aspect 124A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 97A to 122A, wherein X²⁰⁴ is D.

Aspect 125A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 97A to 124A, wherein X²⁰⁵ is L.

Aspect 126A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 97A to 125A, wherein X²⁰⁶ is selected from D and E.

Aspect 127A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 97A to 126A, wherein X²⁰⁷ is selected from an amino acid.

Aspect 128A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 97A to 127A, wherein X²⁰⁸ is selected from D and E.

Aspect 129A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of aspect 97A, wherein, X¹⁹¹ is selected from F, H, W, and Y; X¹⁹² is selected from an amino acid; X¹⁹³ is selected from F, H, W, and Y; X¹⁹⁴ is selected from H, L, and Y; X¹⁹⁵ is selected from D and P; X¹⁹⁶ is selected from H, R, and W; X¹⁹⁷ is M; X¹⁹⁸ is A; X¹⁹⁹ is selected from H, K, R, and Q; X²⁰⁰ is selected from L and V; X²⁰¹ is G; X²⁰² is selected from D, E, and Q; X²⁰³ is L; X²⁰⁴ is selected from D and E; X²⁰⁵ is L; X²⁰⁶ is selected from D, E, H, F, W, and Y; X²⁰⁷ is selected from an amino acid; and X²⁰⁸ is selected from D and E.

Aspect 130A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of aspect 96A, wherein, X¹⁹¹ is selected from F, H, W, and Y; X¹⁹² is selected from an amino acid; X¹⁹³ is Y; X¹⁹⁴ is selected from H, L, and Y; X¹⁹⁵ is D; X¹⁹⁶ is W; X¹⁹⁷ is M; X¹⁹⁸ is A; X¹⁹⁹ is Q; X²⁰⁰ is selected from L and V; X²⁰¹ is G; X²⁰² is selected from D, E, and Q; X²⁰³ is L; X²⁰⁴ is selected from D and E; X²⁰⁵ is L; X²⁰⁶ is selected from D and E; X²⁰⁷ is selected from an amino acid; and X²⁰⁸ is selected from D and E.

Aspect 131A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of aspect 96A, wherein, X¹⁹¹ is selected from F, H, W, and Y; X¹⁹² is selected from an amino acid; X¹⁹³ is Y; X¹⁹⁴ is selected from H, L, and Y; X¹⁹⁵ is D; X¹⁹⁶ is H; X¹⁹⁷ is M; X¹⁹⁸ is A; X¹⁹⁹ is Q; X²⁰⁰ is selected from L and V; X²⁰¹ is G; X²⁰² is selected from D, E, and Q; X²⁰³ is L; X²⁰⁴ is selected from D and E; X²⁰⁵ is L; X²⁰⁶ is selected from D and E; X²⁰⁷ is selected from an amino acid; and X²⁰⁸ is selected from D and E.

Aspect 132A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of aspect 96A, wherein, X¹⁹¹ is selected from F, H, W, and Y; X¹⁹² is selected from an amino acid; X¹⁹³ is Y; X¹⁹⁴ is selected from H, L, and Y; X¹⁹⁵ is D; X¹⁹⁶ is R; X¹⁹⁷ is M; X¹⁹⁸ is A; X¹⁹⁹ is Q; X²⁰⁰ is selected from L and V; X²⁰¹ is G; X²⁰² is selected from D, E, and Q; X²⁰³ is L; X²⁰⁴ is selected from D and E; X²⁰⁵ is L; X²⁰⁶ is selected from D and E; X²⁰⁷ is selected from an amino acid; and X²⁰⁸ is selected from D and E.

Aspect 133A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of aspect 96A, wherein, X¹⁹¹ is selected from F, H, W, and Y; X¹⁹² is selected from an amino acid; X¹⁹³ is Y; X¹⁹⁴ is selected from H, L, and Y; X¹⁹⁵ is P; X¹⁹⁶ is W; X¹⁹⁷ is M; X¹⁹⁸ is A; X¹⁹⁹ is Q; X²⁰⁰ is selected from L and V; X²⁰¹ is G; X²⁰² is selected from D, E, and Q; X²⁰³ is L; X²⁰⁴ is selected from D and E; X²⁰⁵ is L; X²⁰⁶ is selected from D and E; X²⁰⁷ is selected from an amino acid; and X²⁰⁸ is selected from D and E.

Aspect 134A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of aspect 96A, wherein, X¹⁹¹ is selected from F, H, W, and Y; X¹⁹² is selected from an amino acid; X¹⁹³ is Y; X¹⁹⁴ is selected from H, L, and Y; X¹⁹⁵ is D; X¹⁹⁶ is W; X¹⁹⁷ is M; X¹⁹⁸ is A; X¹⁹⁹ is selected from H, K, and R; X²⁰⁰ is selected from L and V; X²⁰¹ is G; X²⁰² is selected from D, E, and Q; X²⁰³ is L; X²⁰⁴ is selected from D and E; X²⁰⁵ is L; X²⁰⁶ is selected from D and E; X²⁰⁷ is selected from an amino acid; and X²⁰⁸ is selected from D and E.

Aspect 135A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of aspect 96A, wherein, X¹⁹¹ is selected from F, H, W, and Y; X¹⁹² is selected from an amino acid; X¹⁹³ is Y; X¹⁹⁴ is selected from H, L, and Y; X¹⁹⁵ is D; X¹⁹⁶ is W; X¹⁹⁷ is M; X¹⁹⁸ is A; X¹⁹⁹ is Q; X²⁰⁰ is selected from L and V; X²⁰¹ is G; X²⁰² is selected from D, E, and Q; X²⁰³ is L; X²⁰⁴ is selected from D and E; X²⁰⁵ is L; X²⁰⁶ is selected from F, H, W, and Y; X²⁰⁷ is selected from an amino acid; and X²⁰⁸ is selected from D and E.

Aspect 136A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of aspect 96A, wherein, X¹⁹¹ is selected from A, D, E, F, G, H, I, K, L, N, M, P, Q, R, S, T, V, W, and Y; X¹⁹² is selected from A, D, E, F, G, H, I, K, L, M, N, P, Q, R, S, T, V, W, and Y; X¹⁹³ is selected from A, C, D, F, G, H, I, L, M, N P, R, S, T, V, W, and Y; X¹⁹⁴ is selected from F, H, I, K, L, N, P, Q, R, S, T, V, W, and Y; X¹⁹⁵ is selected from A, D, E, F, G, H, K, L, M, N, P, Q, S, W, and Y; X¹⁹⁶ is selected from A, E, F, G, H, Q, R, S, W, and Y; X¹⁹⁷ is selected from A, D, E, F, I, K, L, M, N, Q, R, S, T, V, W, and Y; X¹⁹⁸ is A; X¹⁹⁹ is selected from A, D, H, K, L, N, P, Q, R, S, and Y; X²⁰⁰ is selected from I, L, M, P, and V; X²⁰¹ is selected from G, H, and W; X²⁰² is selected from D, E, and Q; X²⁰³ is L; X²⁰⁴ is selected from A, D, E, H, I, L, T, V, and Y; X²⁰⁵ is selected from F, I, L, M, V, W, and Y; X²⁰⁶ is selected from A, D, E, F, G, H, I, K, L, M, N, P, Q, R, S, T, V, W, and Y; X²⁰⁷ is selected from A, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, L, M, N, P, Q, R, S, T, V, W, and Y; and X²⁰⁸ is selected from A, D, E, F, G, H, K, L, M, N, P, Q, R, S, T, V, W, and Y.

Aspect 137A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of aspect 136A, wherein, X¹⁹¹ is selected from F, H, W, and Y; X¹⁹² is selected from A, D, E, F, G, H, I, K, L, M, N, P, Q, R, S, T, V, W, and Y; X¹⁹³ is selected from F, H, W, and Y; X¹⁹⁴ is selected from F, H, I, L, V W, and Y; X¹⁹⁵ is selected from D, E, and P; X¹⁹⁶ is selected from F, H, R, S, W, and Y; X¹⁹⁷ is selected from F, I, L, M, and V; X¹⁹⁸ is A; X¹⁹⁹ is selected from H, K, N, Q, and R; X²⁰⁰ is selected from I, L, and V; X²⁰¹ is G; X²⁰² is selected from D, E, and Q; X²⁰³ is selected from F, I, L, M, V, and Y; X²⁰⁴ is selected from D and E; X²⁰⁵ is L; X²⁰⁶ is selected from D, E, N, and Q; X²⁰⁷ is selected from A, D, E, F, G, H, I, L, M, N, P, Q, R, S, T, V, W, and Y; and X²⁰⁸ is selected from D and E.

Aspect 138A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of aspect 136A, wherein, X¹⁹¹ is W; X¹⁹² is selected from A, D, E, F, G, H, I, K, L, M, N, P, Q, R, S, T, V, W, and Y; X¹⁹³ is selected from F, H, W, and Y; X¹⁹⁴ is Y; X¹⁹⁵ is selected from D, E, and P; X¹⁹⁶ is selected from H, R, and W; X¹⁹⁷ is selected from I and M; X¹⁹⁸ is A; X¹⁹⁹ is selected from K, Q, and R; X²⁰⁰ is selected from I, L, and V; X²⁰¹ is G; X²⁰² is E; X²⁰³ is L; X²⁰⁴ is D; X²⁰⁵ is L; X²⁰⁶ is selected from D and E; X²⁰⁷ is selected from A, D, E, F, G, H, I, L, M, N, P, Q, R, S, T, V, W, and Y; and X²⁰⁸ is selected from D and E.

Aspect 139A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of aspect 136A, wherein, X¹⁹¹ is selected from A, D, E, F, G, H, I, K, L, N, M, P, Q, R, S, T, V, W, and Y; X¹⁹² is selected from A, D, E, F, G, H, I, K, L, M, N, P, Q, R, S, T, V, W, and Y; X¹⁹³ is selected from F, H, W, and Y; X¹⁹⁴ is selected from F, H, L, W, and Y; X¹⁹⁵ is selected from D, E, and P; X¹⁹⁶ is selected from F, H, R, S, W, and Y; X¹⁹⁷ is selected from F, I, L, M, and V; X¹⁹⁸ is A; X¹⁹⁹ is selected from H, K, Q, N, and R; X²⁰⁰ is selected from I, L, and V; X²⁰¹ is G; X²⁰² is selected from D, E, and Q; X²⁰³ is L; X²⁰⁴ is selected from D and E; X²⁰⁵ is selected from F, I, L, M, V, and W; X²⁰⁶ is selected from D, E, F, I, L, M, V, W, and Y; X²⁰⁷ is selected from A, D, E, F, G, H, I, L, M, N, P, Q, R, S, T, V, W, and Y; and X²⁰⁸ is selected from D and E.

Aspect 140A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of aspect 139A, wherein X¹⁹¹ is selected from A, D, E, F, G, H, I, K, L, N, M, P, Q, R, S, T, V, W, and Y.

Aspect 141A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 139A to 140A, wherein X¹⁹¹ is selected from A, G, P, S, and T.

Aspect 142A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 139A to 140A, wherein X¹⁹¹ is selected from F, H, I, L, M, V, W, and Y.

Aspect 143A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 139A to 140A, wherein X¹⁹¹ is selected from F, H, W, and Y.

Aspect 144A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 139A to 143A, wherein X¹⁹² is selected from A, D, E, F, G, H, I, K, L, M, N, P, Q, R, S, T, V, W, and Y.

Aspect 145A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 139A to 143A, wherein X¹⁹² is selected from A, G, P, S, and T.

Aspect 146A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 139A to 143A, wherein X¹⁹² is selected from F, H, I, L, M, V, W, and Y.

Aspect 147A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 139A to 146A, wherein X¹⁹³ is selected from F, H, W, and Y.

Aspect 148A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 139A to 146A, wherein X¹⁹³ is W.

Aspect 149A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 139A to 148A, wherein X¹⁹⁴ is selected from F, H, L, W, and Y.

Aspect 150A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 139A to 148A, wherein X¹⁹⁴ is selected from H, L, and Y.

Aspect 151A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 139A to 148A, wherein X¹⁹⁴ is Y.

Aspect 152A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 139A to 151A, wherein X¹⁹⁵ is selected from D, E, and P.

Aspect 153A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 139A to 151A, wherein X¹⁹⁵ is D.

Aspect 154A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 139A to 151A, wherein X¹⁹⁵ is P.

Aspect 155A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 139A to 154A, wherein X¹⁹⁶ is selected from F, H, R, S, W, and Y.

Aspect 156A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 139A to 154A, wherein X¹⁹⁶ is selected from H, R, and W.

Aspect 157A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 139A to 154A, wherein X¹⁹⁶ is W.

Aspect 158A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 139A to 157A, wherein X¹⁹⁷ is selected from F, I, L, M, and V.

Aspect 159A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 139A to 157A, wherein X¹⁹⁷ is selected from I and M.

Aspect 160A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 139A to 157A, wherein X¹⁹⁷ is M.

Aspect 161A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 139A to 160A, wherein X¹⁹⁸ is A.

Aspect 162A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 139A to 161A, wherein X¹⁹⁹ is selected from H, K, Q, N, and R.

Aspect 163A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 139A to 161A, wherein X¹⁹⁹ is selected from H, K, and R.

Aspect 164A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 139A to 161A, wherein X¹⁹⁹ is Q.

Aspect 165A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 139A to 164A, wherein X²⁰⁰ is selected from I, L, and V.

Aspect 166A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 139A to 164A, wherein X²⁰⁰ is selected from L and V.

Aspect 167A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 139A to 166A, wherein X²⁰¹ is G.

Aspect 168A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 139A to 167A, wherein X²⁰² is selected from D, E, and Q.

Aspect 169A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 139A to 167A, wherein X²⁰² is E.

Aspect 170A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 139A to 169A, wherein X²⁰³ is L.

Aspect 171A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 139A to 170A, wherein X²⁰⁴ is selected from D and E.

Aspect 172A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 139A to 170A, wherein X²⁰⁴ is D.

Aspect 173A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 139A to 171A, wherein X²⁰⁵ is selected from F, I, L, M, V, and W.

Aspect 174A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 139A to 171A, wherein X²⁰⁵ is L.

Aspect 175A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 139A to 174A, wherein X²⁰⁶ is selected from D and E.

Aspect 176A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 139A to 174A, wherein X²⁰⁶ is D.

Aspect 177A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 139A to 174A, wherein X²⁰⁶ is selected from F, I, L, M, V, W, and Y.

Aspect 178A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 139A to 177A, wherein X²⁰⁷ is selected from A, D, E, F, G, H, I, L, M, N, P, Q, R, S, T, V, W, and Y.

Aspect 179A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 139A to 177A, wherein X²⁰⁷ is selected from A, G, P, S, and T.

Aspect 180A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 139A to 177A, wherein X²⁰⁷ is selected from F, I, L, M, V, W, and Y.

Aspect 181A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 139A to 180A, wherein X²⁰⁸ is selected from D and E.

Aspect 182A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of aspect 139A, wherein, X¹⁹¹ is selected from F, I, L, M, V, W, and Y; X¹⁹² is selected from A, D, E, F, G, H, I, K, L, M, N, P, Q, R, S, T, V, W, and Y; X¹⁹³ is selected from F, H, W, and Y; X¹⁹⁴ is selected from H, L, and Y; X¹⁹⁵ is selected from D and P; X¹⁹⁶ is selected from H, R, and W; X¹⁹⁷ is selected from I and M; X¹⁹⁸ is A; X¹⁹⁹ is selected from H, K, Q, and R; X²⁰⁰ is selected from L and V; X²⁰¹ is G; X²⁰² is selected from D, E, and Q; X²⁰³ is L; X²⁰⁴ is selected from D and E; X²⁰⁵ is L; X²⁰⁶ is selected from D, E, F, I, L, M, V, W, and Y; X²⁰⁷ is selected from A, D, E, F, G, H, I, L, M, N, P, Q, R, S, T, V, W, and Y; and X²⁰⁸ is selected from D and E.

Aspect 183A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of aspect 139A, wherein, X¹⁹¹ is selected from F, I, L, M, V, W, and Y; X¹⁹² is selected from A, D, E, F, G, H, I, K, L, M, N, P, Q, R, S, T, V, W, and Y; X¹⁹³ is W; X¹⁹⁴ is Y; X¹⁹⁵ is selected from D and P; X¹⁹⁶ is W; X¹⁹⁷ is M; X¹⁹⁸ is A; X¹⁹⁹ is Q; X¹⁹⁹ is selected from H, K, and R; X²⁰⁰ is selected from L and V; X²⁰¹ is G; X²⁰² is E; X²⁰³ is L; X²⁰⁴ is selected from D and E; X²⁰⁵ is L; X²⁰⁶ is D; X²⁰⁷ is selected from A, D, E, F, G, H, I, L, M, N, P, Q, R, S, T, V, W, and Y; and X²⁰⁸ is selected from D and E.

Aspect 184A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of aspect 139A, wherein, X¹⁹¹ is selected from F, I, L, M, V, W, and Y; X¹⁹³ is W; X¹⁹⁴ is Y; X¹⁹⁵ is selected from D and P; X¹⁹⁶ is selected from H, R, and W; X¹⁹⁷ is M; X¹⁹⁸ is A; X¹⁹⁹ is selected from H, K, Q, and R; X²⁰⁰ is selected from L and V; X²⁰¹ is G; X²⁰² is E; X²⁰³ is L; X²⁰⁴ is D; X²⁰⁵ is L; X²⁰⁶ is D; X²⁰⁷ is selected from A, D, E, F, G, H, I, L, M, N, P, Q, R, S, T, V, W, and Y; and X²⁰⁸ is selected from D and E.

Aspect 185A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of aspect 97A, wherein the IL-2Rβ ligand comprises an amino acid sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NO: 579 to SEQ ID NO: 808.

Aspect 186A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of aspect 185A, wherein the IL-2Rβ ligand comprises an amino acid sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NO: 579 to SEQ ID NO: 808, wherein the amino acid sequence is terminated with amino acids -G-G- on the N-terminus, on the C-terminus, or on both the N- and C-termini.

Aspect 187A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 185A to 186A, wherein the IL-2Rβ ligand comprises an amino acid sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NO: 579 to SEQ ID NO: 808, wherein each amino acid independently comprises one or more of the following conservative substitutions: amino acids having a small hydrophobic side chain comprising alanine (A), glycine (G), proline (P), serine (S), or threonine (T); amino acids having a hydroxyl-containing side chain comprising serine (S), threonine (T), or tyrosine (Y); amino acids having an acidic side chain comprising aspartate (D) or glutamate (E); amino acids having a polar-neutral side chain comprising histidine (H), asparagine (N), glutamine (Q), serine (S), threonine (T), or tyrosine (Y); amino acids having a basic side chain comprising arginine (R), lysine (K), or histidine (H); and amino acids having a large hydrophobic side chain comprising isoleucine (I), leucine (L), methionine (M), valine (V), phenylalanine (F), tyrosine (Y), or tryptophan (W); and amino acids having an aromatic side chain comprising phenylalanine (F), histidine (H), tryptophan (W), or tyrosine (Y).

Aspect 188A. The IL-2J3 ligand of any one of aspects 1A to 9A, wherein the IL-23 ligand comprises the amino acid sequence of Formula (11) (SEQ ID NO: 809):

-X²¹¹-X²¹²-X²¹³-X²¹⁴-C-X²¹⁵-X²¹⁶-X²¹⁷-X²¹⁸-X²¹⁹-X²²⁰-X²²¹-X²²²-C-X²²³-X²²⁴-X²²⁵-  (11)

wherein, X²¹¹ is selected from an amino acid; X²¹² is selected from an amino acid comprising an aromatic side chain; X²¹³ is selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain or an aromatic side chain; X²¹⁴ is P; X²¹⁵ is selected from an amino acid comprising an aromatic side chain; X²¹⁶ is selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain; X²¹⁷ is A; X²¹⁸ is selected from an amino acid comprising a basic side chain or a polar/neutral side chain; X²¹⁹ is selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain; X²²⁰ is G; X²²¹ is selected from an amino acid comprising an acidic side chain or a polar/neutral side chain; X²²² is L; X²²³ is D; X²²⁴ is selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain; and X²²⁵ is selected from an amino acid comprising an acidic side chain.

Aspect 189A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of aspect 188A, wherein, X²¹¹ is selected from an amino acid; X²¹² is selected from F, H, W, and Y; X²¹³ is selected from F, H, I, L, M, V, W, and Y; X²¹⁴ is P; X²¹⁵ is selected from F, H, W, and Y; X²¹⁶ is selected from F, I, L, M, V, W, and Y; X²¹⁷ is A; X²¹⁸ is selected from K, R, H, N, Q, S, T, and Y; X²¹⁹ is selected from F, I, L, M, V, W, and Y; X²²⁰ is G; X²²¹ is selected from D, E, H, N, Q, S, T, and Y; X²²² is L; X²²³ is D; X²²⁴ is selected from F, I, L, M, V, W, and Y; and X²²⁵ is selected from D and E.

Aspect 190A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of aspect 189A, wherein X²¹¹ is selected from an amino acid.

Aspect 191A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 189A to 190A, wherein X²¹¹ is selected from H, K, and R.

Aspect 192A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 189A to 190A, wherein X²¹¹ is selected from H and R.

Aspect 193A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 189A to 192A, wherein X²¹² is selected from F, H, W, and Y.

Aspect 194A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 189A to 192A, wherein X²¹² is W.

Aspect 195A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 189A to 194A, wherein X²¹³ is selected from F, H, I, L, M, V, W, and Y.

Aspect 196A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 189A to 194A, wherein X²¹³ is L.

Aspect 197A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 189A to 194A, wherein X²¹³ is Y.

Aspect 198A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 189A to 197A, wherein X²¹⁴ is P.

Aspect 199A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 189A to 198A, wherein X²¹⁵ is selected from F, H, W, and Y.

Aspect 200A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 189A to 198A, wherein X²¹⁵ is W.

Aspect 201A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 189A to 200A, wherein X²¹⁶ is selected from F, I, L, M, V, W, and Y.

Aspect 202A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 189A to 200A, wherein X²¹⁶ is M.

Aspect 203A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 189A to 202A, wherein X²¹⁷ is A.

Aspect 204A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 189A to 203A, wherein X²¹⁸ is selected from K, R, H, N, Q, S, T, and Y.

Aspect 205A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 189A to 203A, wherein X²¹⁸ is selected from K and R.

Aspect 206A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 189A to 203A, wherein X²¹⁸ is Q.

Aspect 207A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 189A to 206A, wherein X²¹⁹ is selected from F, I, L, M, V, W, and Y.

Aspect 208A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 189A to 206A, wherein X²¹⁹ is L.

Aspect 209A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 189A to 208A, wherein X²²⁰ is G.

Aspect 210A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 189A to 209A, wherein X²²¹ is selected from D, E, H, N, Q, S, T, and Y.

Aspect 211A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 189A to 209A, wherein X²²¹ is E.

Aspect 212A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 189A to 211A, wherein X²²² is L.

Aspect 213A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 189A to 212A, wherein X²²³ is D.

Aspect 214A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 189A to 213A, wherein X²²⁴ is selected from F, I, L, M, V, W, and Y.

Aspect 215A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 189A to 213A, wherein X²²⁴ is L.

Aspect 216A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 189A to 215A, wherein X²²⁵ is selected from D and E.

Aspect 217A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of aspect 188A, wherein, X²¹¹ is selected from H, K, and R; X²¹² is W; X²¹³ is Y; X²¹⁴ is P; X²¹⁵ is W; X²¹⁶ is M; X²¹⁷ is A; X²¹⁸ is selected N and Q; X²¹⁹ is selected from L and V; X²²⁰ is G; X²²¹ is selected from E, D, and Q; X²²² is L; X²²³ is D; X²²⁴ is selected from L and M; and X²²⁵ is selected from D and E.

Aspect 218A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of aspect 188A, wherein, X²¹¹ is selected from A, D, E, G, H, L, M, N, Q, R, S, T, and V; X²¹² is selected from C, F, W, and Y; X²¹³ is selected from F, H, K, L, N, Q, R, S, W, and Y; X²¹⁴ is P; X²¹⁵ is selected from W and Y; X²¹⁶ is selected from F, I, K, L, M, R, S, T, and V; X²¹⁷ is A; X²¹⁸ is selected from D, E, G, H, K, L, N, Q, R, S, and Y; X²¹⁹ is selected from L, P, and V; X²²⁰ is selected from G, H, and W; X²²¹ is selected from D, E, and Q; X²²² is selected from L and M; X²²³ is D; X²²⁴ is selected from L, M, Q, and V; and X²²⁵ is selected from A, D, E, F, G, H, L, N, Q, T, and V.

Aspect 219A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of aspect 218A, wherein, X²¹¹ is selected from H an R; X²¹² is selected from F and W; X²¹³ is selected from F, L, W, and Y; X²¹⁴ is P; X²¹⁵ is selected from W and Y; X²¹⁶ is selected from F, I, L, M, and V; X²¹⁷ is A; X²¹⁸ is selected D, E, H, K, N, Q, and R; X²¹⁹ is selected from L and V; X²²⁰ is G; X²²¹ is selected from D, E, and Q; X²²² is selected from L and M; X²²³ is D; X²²⁴ is selected L, M, and V; and X²²⁵ is selected from D and E.

Aspect 220A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of aspect 218A, wherein, X²¹¹ is selected from H and R; X²¹² is W; X²¹³ is Y; X²¹⁴ is P; X²¹⁵ is W; X²¹⁶ is M; X²¹⁷ is A; X²¹⁸ is Q; X²¹⁹ is L; X²²⁰ is G; X²²¹ is Q; X²²² is L; X²²³ is D; X²²⁴ is L; and X²²⁵ is selected from D and E.

Aspect 221A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of aspect 218A, wherein, X²¹¹ is selected from H and R; X²¹² is W; X²¹³ is L; X²¹⁴ is P; X²¹⁵ is W; X²¹⁶ is M; X²¹⁷ is A; X²¹⁸ is Q; X²¹⁹ is L; X²²⁰ is G; X²²¹ is Q; X²²² is L; X²²³ is D; X²²⁴ is L; and X²²⁵ is selected from D and E.

Aspect 222A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of aspect 218A, wherein, X²¹¹ is selected from H and R; X²¹² is W; X²¹³ is Y; X²¹⁴ is P; X²¹⁵ is W; X²¹⁶ is M; X²¹⁷ is A; X²¹⁸ is selected from K and R; X²¹⁹ is L; X²²⁰ is G; X²²¹ is Q; X²²² is L; X²²³ is D; X²²⁴ is L; and X²²⁵ is selected from D and E.

Aspect 223A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of aspect 188A, wherein the IL-2Rβ ligand comprises an amino acid sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NO: 810 to SEQ ID NO: 903.

Aspect 224A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of aspect 223A, wherein the IL-2Rβ ligand comprises an amino acid sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NO: 810 to SEQ ID NO: 903, wherein the amino acid sequence is terminated with amino acids -G-G- on the N-terminus, on the C-terminus, or on both the N- and C-termini.

Aspect 225A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 223A to 224A, wherein the IL-2Rβ ligand comprises an amino acid sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NO: 810 to SEQ ID NO: 903, wherein each amino acid independently comprises one or more of the following conservative substitutions: amino acids having a small hydrophobic side chain comprising alanine (A), glycine (G), proline (P), serine (S), or threonine (T); amino acids having a hydroxyl-containing side chain comprising serine (S), threonine (T), or tyrosine (Y); amino acids having an acidic side chain comprising aspartate (D) or glutamate (E); amino acids having a polar-neutral side chain comprising histidine (H), asparagine (N), glutamine (Q), serine (S), threonine (T), or tyrosine (Y); amino acids having a basic side chain comprising arginine (R), lysine (K), or histidine (H); and amino acids having a large hydrophobic side chain comprising isoleucine (I), leucine (L), methionine (M), valine (V), phenylalanine (F), tyrosine (Y), or tryptophan (W); and amino acids having an aromatic side chain comprising phenylalanine (F), histidine (H), tryptophan (W), or tyrosine (Y).

Aspect 226A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of aspect 1A, wherein the IL-2Rβ ligand comprises an amino acid sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NO: 1 to SEQ ID NO: 193, SEQ ID NO: 578 to SEQ ID NO: 903, and SEQ ID NO: 1028 to SEQ ID NO: 1043.

Aspect 227A. The IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 1A to 226A, wherein the IL-2Rβ ligand does not comprise the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 268 and to SEQ ID NO: 374.

Aspect 228A. A compound comprising at least one IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 1A to 227A.

Aspect 229A. The compound of aspect 228A, wherein the compound further comprises at least one IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of SEQ ID NO: 194 to SEQ ID NO: 267 and SEQ ID NO: 904 to SEQ ID NO: 1027.

Aspect 230A. The compound of any one of aspects 228A to 229A, wherein the compound comprises a least one IL-2Rγc ligand.

Aspect 231A. The compound of any one of aspects 228A to 230A, wherein the compound comprises an IL-2Rγc ligand, a linker, and an IL-2Rβ ligand.

Aspect 232A. The compound of aspect 231A, wherein the linker comprises a peptide linker.

Aspect 233A. The compound of aspect 231A, wherein the C-terminus of the IL-2Rγc ligand is covalently bound to the linker and the C-terminus of the IL-2Rβ ligand is bound to the linker.

Aspect 234A. The compound of aspect 231A, wherein the N-terminus of the IL-2Rγc ligand is covalently bound to the linker and the C-terminus of the IL-2Rβ ligand is bound to the linker.

Aspect 235A. The compound of aspect 231A, wherein the C-terminus of the IL-2Rγc ligand is covalently bound to the linker and the N-terminus of the IL-2Rβ ligand is bound to the linker.

Aspect 236A. The compound of aspect 231A, wherein the N-terminus of the IL-2Rγc ligand is covalently bound to the linker and the N-terminus of the IL-2Rβ ligand is bound to the linker.

Aspect 237A. The compound of any one of aspects 228A to 236A, wherein the compound is selected from a peptide, a conjugate, a fusion protein, and a single chain peptide.

Aspect 238A. The compound of any one of aspects 228A to 237A, wherein the compound comprises at least one moiety configured to modify a property of the conjugate.

Aspect 239A. The compound of aspect 238A, wherein the property is selected from aqueous solubility, polarity, lipophilicity, pharmacokinetic profile, targeting, bioavailability, pH-dependent binding, bioactivity, pharmacodynamics, cellular activity, metabolism, efficacy, caging (reversible incapacitation), and a combination of any of the foregoing.

Aspect 240A. The compound of any one of aspects 238A to 239A, wherein the at least one moiety comprises a small molecule, a polymer, a peptide, or an antibody.

Aspect 241A. The compound of any one of aspects 228A to 240A, comprising a pharmacokinetic moiety.

Aspect 242A. The compound of aspect 241A, wherein the pharmacokinetic moiety comprises a polyethylene glycol.

Aspect 243A. The compound of any one of aspects 228A to 242A, comprising a tumor-targeting moiety.

Aspect 244A. The compound of aspect 243A, wherein the tumor-targeting moiety comprises a tumor-specific antibody, a tumor-specific antibody fragment, a tumor-specific protein, or a tumor-specific peptide.

Aspect 245A. The compound of any one of aspects 228A to 244A, comprising an immune cell-targeting moiety.

Aspect 246A. The compound of any one of aspects 228A to 245A, wherein the compound is an IL-2R agonist.

Aspect 247A. The compound of any one of aspects 228A to 246A, wherein the compound is an IL-2R antagonist.

Aspect 248A. The compound of any one of aspects 228A to 247A, wherein the compound comprises a fusion protein, wherein the IL-2Rβ ligand is bound to a fusion partner.

Aspect 249A. The compound of aspect 248A, wherein the fusion protein partner comprises an IgG molecule, an IgG FAb fragment, or an Fc fragment,

Aspect 250A. The compound of aspect 248A, wherein the protein fusion partner comprises an IL-2, a variant of IL-2, a mutant of IL-2, or an IL-2R agonist.

Aspect 251A. The compound of any one of aspects 228A to 250A, wherein the compound comprises a label.

Aspect 252A. The compound of aspect 251A, wherein the label is selected from a radioisotope, a fluorophore, or a combination thereof.

Aspect 253A. The compound of any one of aspects 228A to 252A, wherein the compound comprises a cage to protect peripheral tissues from toxicity of IL-2R activation.

Aspect 254A. The compound of any one of aspects 228A to 253A, wherein the compound comprises a moiety configured to target IL-2R-directed immuno-stimulation of the effector immune cells in the tumor.

Aspect 255A. The compound of any one of aspects 228A to 254A, wherein the compound comprises a cleavable moiety.

Aspect 256A. The compound of any one of aspects 228A to 240A, wherein the compound comprises a moiety that is toxic to cells expressing high levels of the IL-2Rβ subunit.

Aspect 257A. The compound of aspect 256A, wherein the cells expressing high levels of the IL-2Rβ subunit comprise cancer cells.

Aspect 258A. The compound of any one of aspects 228A to 257A, wherein the compound comprises an imaging agent, a diagnostic agent, a targeting agent, a therapeutic agent, or a combination of any of the foregoing.

Aspect 259A. The compound of any one of aspects 228A to 258A, wherein the compound comprises a moiety configured to target IL-2R-directed immuno-stimulation of effector immune cells in a tumor.

Aspect 260A. A pharmaceutical composition comprising; an IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 1A to 227A; a compound of any one of aspects 228A to 259A; or a combination thereof.

Aspect 261A. The pharmaceutical composition of aspect 260A, further comprising: an IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of SEQ ID NO: 194 to SEQ ID NO: 267 and SEQ ID NO: 904 to SEQ ID NO: 1027; a compound comprising an IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of SEQ ID NO: 194 to SEQ ID NO: 267 and SEQ ID NO: 904 to SEQ ID NO: 1027; or a combination thereof.

Aspect 262A. A method of treating cancer in a patient, comprising administering to a patient in need of such treatment, a therapeutically effective amount of the pharmaceutical composition of aspect 260A.

Aspect 263A. The method of aspect 262A, wherein the cancer comprises a solid tumor.

Aspect 264A. A method of treating an autoimmune disease in a patient, comprising administering to a patient in need of such treatment, a therapeutically effective amount of the pharmaceutical composition of any one of aspects 260A to 261A.

Aspect 265A. A method of screening compounds for IL-2Rβ activity, comprising: contacting a cell with, the IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 1A to 227A; the compound of any one of aspects 228A to 259A; or a combination of any of the foregoing; wherein the cell expresses the IL-2Rβ subunit; and contacting the cell with a test compound; and determining the activity of the test compound.

Aspect 266A. A method of activating the human IL-2 receptor, comprising contacting a cell expressing the human IL-2 receptor in vivo with a compound comprising: the IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 1A to 227A and an IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of SEQ ID NO: 194 to SEQ ID NO: 267 and SEQ ID NO: 904 to SEQ ID NO: 1027, or a compound of any one of aspects 228A to 259A.

Aspect 267A. A method of activating the human IL-2 receptor in a patient, comprising contacting a cell expressing the human IL-2 receptor in vivo with a compound comprising: the IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 1A to 227A and an IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of SEQ ID NO: 194 to SEQ ID NO: 267 and SEQ ID NO: 904 to SEQ ID NO: 1027, or a compound of any one of aspects 228A to 259A.

Aspect 268A. A method of treating a disease in a patient, wherein the IL-2 receptor signaling pathway is associated with the etiology of the disease, comprising administering to a patient in need of such treatment a therapeutically effective amount of a compound comprising the IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 1A to 227A, or a compound of any one of aspects 228A to 259A.

Aspect 269A. A method of treating a disease in a patient, wherein activation of the IL-2 receptor is effective in treating the disease, comprising administering to a patient in need of such treatment a therapeutically effective amount of a compound comprising the IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 1A to 227A, or a compound of any one of aspects 228A to 259A.

Aspect 270A. A method of treating a disease in a patient, wherein inhibition of the IL-2 receptor is effective in treating the disease, comprising administering to a patient in need of such treatment a therapeutically effective amount of a compound comprising the IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 1A to 227A, or a compound of any one of aspects 228A to 259A.

Aspect 271A. A method of treating a disease in a patient, wherein cells expressing the IL-2Rβ subunit are associated with the etiology of the disease, comprising administering to a patient in need of such treatment a therapeutically effective amount of a compound comprising the IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 1A to 227A, or a compound of any one of aspects 228A to 259A.

Aspect 272A. A method of treating a disease in a patient, wherein activation of IL-2R is effective in treating the disease, comprising administering to a patient in need of such treatment a therapeutically effective amount of a compound comprising the IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 1A to 227A, or a compound of any one of aspects 228A to 259A.

Aspect 273A. A method of treating a disease in a patient, wherein inhibiting IL-2R is effective in treating the disease, comprising administering to a patient in need of such treatment a therapeutically effective amount of a compound comprising the IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 1A to 227A, or a compound of any one of aspects 228A to 259A.

Aspect 274A. A method of treating a disease in a patient, wherein reducing the sensitivity of Treg cells to IL-2 is effective in treating the disease, comprising administering to a patient in need of such treatment a therapeutically effective amount of a compound comprising the IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 1A to 227A, or a compound of any one of aspects 228A to 259A.

Aspect 275A. A method of imaging cells expressing the IL-2Rβ subunit comprising administering to a patient an effective amount of a compound comprising the IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 1A to 227A, or a compound of any one of aspects 228A to 259A.

Aspect 276A. A method of diagnosing a disease in a patient wherein the disease is associated with cells expressing the IL-2Rβ subunit comprising: administering to a patient an effective amount of a compound comprising the IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 1A to 227A, or a compound of any one of aspects 228A to 259A; and determining a biodistribution of the compound comprising the IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 1A to 227A, or a compound of any one of aspects 228A to 259A.

Aspect 277A. A method of treating a disease in a patient, comprising: contacting a biological sample from a patient with an IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 1A to 227A or a compound comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 1A to 227A; determining at least one property associated with binding of the IL-2Rβ ligand to cells of the biological sample; and administering to the patient having the disease a compound comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 1A to 227A based on the at least one determined property.

Aspect 278A. The method of aspect 277A, wherein the at least one property comprises: an expression level of the IL-2Rβ subunit in cells of the biological sample; a characterization of cells of the biological sample expressing the IL-2Rβ subunit; and/or a binding affinity (IC₅₀) of cells of the biological sample expressing the IL-2Rβ subunit.

Aspect 279A. A method of targeting a compound to cells expressing the IL-2Rβ subunit comprising administering to a patient an effective amount of a compound comprising: the IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 1A to 227A; and a targeting moiety.

Aspect 280A. A method of delivering a cytotoxic compound to cells expressing the IL-2Rγc subunit comprising administering to a patient an effective amount of a compound comprising: an IL-2Rβ ligand of any one of aspects 1A to 227A; and cytotoxic moiety.

Aspect 281A. A binding site of the IL-2Rβ subunit, wherein the group of IL-2Rβ ligands having amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOS: 1-163, 164-182, 578-808, and 1028-1043, competitively bind to the binding site with each of the other IL-2Rβ ligands within the group; an IL-2Rβ ligand having amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1044 does not compete for binding to the binding site with the group of IL-2Rβ ligands; and IL-2 does not compete for binding to the binding site with the group of IL-2Rβ ligands.

Aspect 282A. The binding site of aspect 281A, wherein each IL-2Rβ ligand of the group of IL-2Rβ ligands has a binding affinity (IC₅₀) to the IL-2Rβ subunit of less than 100 μM.

Aspect 283A. The binding site of any one of aspects 281A to 282A, wherein each IL-2Rβ ligand of the group of IL-2Rβ ligands has a binding affinity (IC₅₀) to the IL-2Rγc subunit of greater than 100 μM.

Aspect 284A. The binding site of any one of aspects 281A to 283A, wherein an IL-2Rγc ligand having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 224 does not compete for binding to the binding site with the group of IL-2Rβ ligands.

Aspect 285A. The binding site of any one of aspects 281A to 284A, wherein the group of IL-2Rβ ligands comprises IL-2Rβ ligands having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOS: 58, 83, 142, 169, 170, and 1042.

Aspect 1B. An IL-2Rγc ligand, wherein the IL-2Rγc ligand exhibits a binding affinity (IC₅₀) to the human IL-2Rγc subunit of less than 100 μM.

Aspect 2B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of aspect 1B, wherein the IL-2Rγc ligand comprises from 5 to 30 amino acids.

Aspect 3B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 1B to 2B, wherein the IL-2Rγc ligand exhibits a binding affinity (IC₅₀) to the human IL-2Rγc subunit in a range from 1 μM to 100 μM.

Aspect 4B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 1B to 2B, wherein the IL-2Rγc ligand exhibits a binding affinity (IC₅₀) to the human IL-2Rγc subunit in a range from 0.1 M to 50 M.

Aspect 5B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 1B to 2B, wherein the IL-2Rγc ligand exhibits a binding affinity (IC₅₀) to the human IL-2Rγc subunit of less than 100 μM.

Aspect 6B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 1B to 2B, wherein the IL-2Rγc ligand exhibits a binding affinity (IC₅₀) to each of the human IL-2Rβ subunit and to the human IL-2Rγc subunit of less than 100 μM.

Aspect 7B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 1B to 2B, wherein the IL-2Rγc ligand exhibits a binding affinity (IC₅₀) to the human IL-2Rα subunit of greater than 100 M.

Aspect 8B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 1B to 2B, wherein the IL-2Rγc ligand exhibits a binding affinity (IC₅₀) to the human IL-2Rγc subunit that is at least 10 times greater than the binding affinity (IC₅₀) of the IL-2Rγc ligand to the human IL-2Rα subunit.

Aspect 9B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 1B to 8B, wherein the IL-2Rγc ligand comprises the amino acid sequence of Formula (4) (SEQ ID NO: 194) or the amino acid sequence of Formula (4a) (SEQ ID NO: 195):

-X⁵³-X⁵⁴-X⁵⁵-X⁵⁶-X⁵⁷-X⁵⁸-X⁵⁹-X⁶⁰-  (4)

-X⁵¹-X⁵²-C-X⁵³-X⁵⁴-X⁵⁵-X⁵⁶-X⁵⁷-X⁵⁸-X⁵⁹-X⁶⁰-C-X⁶¹-X⁶²-  (4a)

wherein, X⁵¹ is selected from G, I, K, L, Q, R, T, Y, and V; X⁵² is selected from A, D, E, H, I, L, M, R, S, T, V, and W; X⁵³ is selected from D, E, F, N, Q, S, and T; X⁵⁴ is selected from A, D, E, G, I, M, N, Q, R, S, and T; X⁵⁵ is selected from D, E, F, S, T, W, and Y; X⁵⁶ is selected from D, E, F, G, L, M, N, Q, and Y; X⁵⁷ is selected from E, G, N, S, and Q; X⁵⁸ is selected from I, K, M, P, T, and V; X⁵⁹ is selected from I, L, M, S, T, and V; X⁶⁰ is selected from F, I, and L; X⁶¹ is selected from F, T, and W; and X⁶² is selected from, E, F, G, I, K, L, M, N, P, Q, S, T, V, W, and Y.

Aspect 10B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of aspect 9B, wherein X⁵¹ is selected from I, L, and V.

Aspect 11B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 9B to 10B, wherein X⁵² is selected from S and T.

Aspect 12B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 9B to 11B, wherein X⁵³ is selected from D, E, N, and Q.

Aspect 13B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 9B to 12B, wherein X⁵⁴ is selected from D, E, N, and Q.

Aspect 14B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 9B to 13B, wherein X⁵⁵ is selected from F, W, and Y.

Aspect 15B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 9B to 14B, wherein X⁵⁶ is selected from D, E, N, and Q.

Aspect 16B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 9B to 15B, wherein X⁵⁷ is G.

Aspect 17B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 9B to 16B, wherein X⁵⁸ is selected from I and V.

Aspect 18B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 9B to 17B, wherein X⁵⁹ is selected from I, L, M, and V.

Aspect 19B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 9B to 18B, wherein X⁶⁰ is selected from F, I, and L.

Aspect 20B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 9B to 19B, wherein X⁶¹ is W.

Aspect 21B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 9B to 20B, wherein X⁶² is selected from N and Q.

Aspect 22B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of aspect 9B, wherein, X⁵¹ is selected from I, L, and V; X⁵² is selected from S and T; X⁵³ is selected from D, E, N, and Q; X⁵⁴ is selected from D and N; X⁵⁵ is selected from F, W, and Y; X⁵⁶ is selected from D, E, N, and Q; X⁵⁷ is G; X⁵⁸ is selected from I and V; X⁵⁹ is selected from I, L, M, and V; X⁶⁰ is selected from F, I, and L; X⁶¹ is W; and X⁶² is selected from N and Q.

Aspect 23B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of aspect 9B, wherein the IL-2Rγc ligand comprises an amino acid sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NO: 196 to SEQ ID NO: 210 and SEQ ID NO: 904 to SEQ ID NO: 913.

Aspect 24B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of aspect 23B, wherein the IL-2Rγc ligand comprises an amino acid sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NO: 196 to SEQ ID NO: 210 and SEQ ID NO: 904 to SEQ ID NO: 913, wherein the amino acid sequence is terminated with amino acids -G-G- on the N-terminus, on the C-terminus, or on both the N- and C-termini.

Aspect 25B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of aspect 23B, wherein the IL-2Rγc ligand comprises an amino acid sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NO: 196 to SEQ ID NO: 210 and SEQ ID NO: 904 to SEQ ID NO: 913, wherein each amino acid independently comprises one or more of the following conservative substitutions: amino acids having a small hydrophobic side chain comprising alanine (A), glycine (G), proline (P), serine (S), or threonine (T); amino acids having a hydroxyl-containing side chain comprising serine (S), threonine (T), or tyrosine (Y); amino acids having an acidic side chain comprising aspartate (D) or glutamate (E); amino acids having a polar-neutral side chain comprising histidine (H), asparagine (N), glutamine (Q), serine (S), threonine (T), or tyrosine (Y); amino acids having a basic side chain comprising arginine (R), lysine (K), or histidine (H); amino acids having a large hydrophobic side chain comprising isoleucine (I), leucine (L), methionine (M), valine (V), phenylalanine (F), tyrosine (Y), or tryptophan (W); and amino acids having an aromatic side chain comprising phenylalanine (F), histidine (H), tryptophan (W), or tyrosine (Y).

Aspect 26B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 1B to 8B, wherein the IL-2Rγc ligand comprises the amino acid sequence of Formula (4) (SEQ ID NO: 194) or the amino acid sequence of Formula (4a) (SEQ ID NO: 195):

-X⁵³-X⁵⁴-X⁵⁵-X⁵⁶-X⁵⁷-X⁵⁸-X⁵⁹-X⁶⁰-  (4)

-X⁵¹-X⁵²-C-X⁵³-X⁵⁴-X⁵⁵-X⁵⁶-X⁵⁷-X⁵⁸-X⁵⁹-X⁶⁰-C-X⁶¹-X⁶²-  (4a)

wherein, X⁵¹ is selected from an amino acid; X⁵² is selected from an amino acid; X⁵³ is selected from an amino acid comprising a polar-neutral side chain or an acidic side chain; X⁵⁴ is selected from an amino acid comprising a polar-neutral side chain or an acidic side chain; X⁵⁵ is selected from an amino acid; X⁵⁶ is selected from an amino acid; X⁵⁷ is selected from an amino acid comprising a small hydrophobic side chain; X⁵⁸ is selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain; X⁵⁹ is selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain; X⁶⁰ is selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain; X⁶¹ is selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain; and X⁶² is selected from an amino acid.

Aspect 27B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of aspect 26B, wherein, X⁵¹ is selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain and a basic side chain; X⁵² is selected from an amino acid comprising a hydroxyl-containing side chain and a large hydrophobic side chain; X⁵³ is selected from an amino acid comprising a polar-neutral side chain or an acidic side chain; X⁵⁴ is selected from an amino acid comprising a polar-neutral side chain or an acidic side chain; X⁵⁵ is selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain; X⁵⁶ is selected from an amino acid comprising a polar-neutral side chain or an acidic side chain; X⁵⁷ is selected from an amino acid comprising a small hydrophobic side chain; X⁵⁸ is selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain; X⁵⁹ is selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain; X⁶⁰ is selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain; X⁶¹ is selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain; and X⁶² is selected from an amino acid comprising a polar-neutral side chain.

Aspect 28B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 26B to 27B, wherein, X⁵¹ is selected from R, K, H, F, I, L, M, V, Y, and W; X⁵² is selected from S, T, F, I, L, M, V, Y, and W; X⁵³ is selected from D, E, H, N, Q, S, T, and Y; X⁵⁴ is selected from D, E, H, N, Q, S, T, and Y; X⁵⁵ is selected from F, I, L, M, V, Y, and W; X⁵⁶ is selected from D, E, H, N, Q, S, T, and Y; X⁵⁷ is selected from A, G, P, S, and T; X⁵⁸ is selected from F, I, L, M, V, Y, and W; X⁵⁹ is selected from F, I, L, M, V, Y, and W; X⁶⁰ is selected from F, I, L, M, V, Y, and W; X⁶¹ is selected from F, I, L, M, V, Y, and W; and X⁶² is selected from H, N, Q, S, T, and Y.

Aspect 29B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of aspect 28B, wherein X⁵¹ is selected from I, L, and V.

Aspect 30B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 28B to 29B, wherein X⁵² is selected from S and T.

Aspect 31B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 28B to 30B, wherein X⁵³ is selected from D, E, and Q.

Aspect 32B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 28B to 31B, wherein X⁵⁴ is selected from D, E, and N.

Aspect 33B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 28B to 32B, wherein X⁵⁵ is selected from F, Y, and W.

Aspect 34B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 28B to 33B, wherein X⁵⁶ is selected from D, E, N, and Q.

Aspect 35B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 28B to 34B, wherein X⁵⁷ is G.

Aspect 36B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 28B to 35B, wherein X⁵⁸ is selected from I and V.

Aspect 37B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 28B to 36B, wherein X⁵⁹ is selected from I, L, M, and V.

Aspect 38B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 28B to 37B, wherein X⁶⁰ is selected from F, I, and L.

Aspect 39B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 28B to 38B, wherein X⁶¹ is W.

Aspect 40B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 28B to 39B, wherein X⁶² is selected from N and Q.

Aspect 41B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of aspect 28B, wherein, X⁵¹ is selected from I, L, and V; X⁵² is selected from S and T; X⁵³ is selected from D, E, and Q; X⁵⁴ is selected from D, E, and N; X⁵⁵ is selected from F, Y, and W; X⁵⁶ is selected from D, E, N, and Q; X⁵⁷ is G; X⁵⁸ is selected from I and V; X⁵⁹ is selected from I, L, M, and V; X⁶⁰ is selected from F, I, and L; X⁶¹ is W; and X⁶² is selected from N and Q.

Aspect 42B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of aspect 1B, wherein the IL-2Rγc ligand comprises the amino acid sequence of Formula (5) (SEQ ID NO: 211) or Formula (5α) (SEQ ID NO: 212):

-X⁷³-X⁷⁴-X⁷⁵-X⁷⁶-X⁷⁷-X⁷⁸-X⁷⁹-X⁸⁰-  (5)

-X⁷¹-X⁷²-C-X⁷³-X⁷⁴-X⁷⁵-X⁷⁶-X⁷⁷-X⁷⁸-X⁷⁹-X⁸⁰-C-X⁸¹-X⁸²-  (5a)

-   -   wherein, X⁷¹ is selected from F, G, I, L, P, Q, R, T, and V; X⁷²         is selected from A, D, E, I, M, R, S, T, and V; X⁷³ is selected         from D, E, F, M, N, Q, S T, V, W, and Y; X⁷⁴ is selected from D,         E, F, G, I, L, M, P, R, S, T, and V; X⁷⁵ is selected from F, H,         L, W, and Y; X⁷⁶ is selected from D, E, H, L, N, Q, S, and T;         X⁷⁷ is selected from G, T, Q, and E; X⁷⁸ is selected from I, L,         M, Q, and V; X⁷⁹ is selected from D, E, N, Q, and R; X⁸⁰ is         selected from D, F, I, and L; X⁸¹ is selected from F, I, L, R,         T, W, and Y; and X⁸² is selected from A, F, G, H, I, L, N, P, Q,         S, T, and W.

Aspect 43B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of aspect 42B, wherein X⁷¹ is selected from I, L, and V.

Aspect 44B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 42B to 43B, wherein X⁷² is selected from A, D, E, I, M, and V.

Aspect 45B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 42B to 44B, wherein X⁷³ is selected from E, Q, and N.

Aspect 46B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 42B to 45B, wherein X⁷⁴ is selected from D and E.

Aspect 47B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 42B to 46B, wherein X⁷⁵ is selected from F, W, and Y.

Aspect 48B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 42B to 47B, wherein X⁷⁶ is selected from D, E, L, N, and Q.

Aspect 49B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 42B to 48B, wherein X⁷⁷ is G.

Aspect 50B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 42B to 49B, wherein X⁷⁸ is selected from I, M, and V.

Aspect 51B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 42B to 50B, wherein X⁷⁹ is selected from D, E, Q, and R.

Aspect 52B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 42B to 51B, wherein X⁸⁰ is selected from F, I, and L.

Aspect 53B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 42B to 52B, wherein X⁸¹ is W.

Aspect 54B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 42B to 53B, wherein X⁸² is selected from N and Q.

Aspect 55B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of aspect 42B, wherein, X⁷¹ is selected from I, L, and V; X⁷² is selected from A, D, E, I, M, and V; X⁷³ is selected from E, Q, and N; X⁷⁴ is selected from D and E; X⁷⁵ is selected from F, W, and Y; X⁷⁶ is selected from D, E, L, N, and Q; X⁷⁷ is G; X⁷⁸ is selected from I, M, and V; X⁷⁹ is selected from D, E, Q, and R; X⁸⁰ is selected from F, I, and L; X⁸¹ is W; and X⁸² is selected from N and Q.

Aspect 56B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of aspect 1B, wherein the IL-2Rγc ligand comprises the amino acid sequence of Formula (5) (SEQ ID NO: 211) or Formula (5α) (SEQ ID NO: 212):

-X⁷³-X⁷⁴-X⁷⁵-X⁷⁶-X⁷⁷-X⁷⁸-X⁷⁹-X⁸⁰-  (5)

-X⁷¹-X⁷²-C-X⁷³-X⁷⁴-X⁷⁵-X⁷⁶-X⁷⁷-X⁷⁸-X⁷⁹-X⁸⁰-C-X⁸¹-X⁸²-  (5a)

wherein, X⁶¹ is selected from an amino acid; X⁶² is selected from an amino acid; X⁶³ is selected from an amino acid; X⁶⁴ is selected from an amino acid; X⁶⁵ is selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain; X⁶⁶ is selected from an amino acid; X⁶⁷ is selected from a small hydrophobic side chain; X⁶⁸ is selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain; X⁶⁹ is selected from an amino acid comprising a basic side chain, an acidic side chain, or a polar-neutral side chain; X⁷⁰ is selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain; X⁷¹ is selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain; and X⁷² is selected from an amino acid.

Aspect 57B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of aspect 56B, wherein, X⁷¹ is selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain; X⁷² is selected from an amino acid comprising an acidic side chain or a large hydrophobic side chain; X⁷³ is selected from an amino acid comprising an acidic side chain, a hydroxyl-containing side chain, or a polar neutral side chain; X⁷⁴ is selected from an amino acid comprising an acidic side chain, a hydroxyl-containing side chain, or a large hydrophobic side chain; X⁷⁵ is selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain; X⁷⁶ is selected from an amino acid comprising an acidic side chain, a hydroxyl-containing side chain, or a polar neutral side chain; X⁷⁷ is selected from a small hydrophobic side chain; X⁷⁸ is selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain; X⁷⁹ is selected from an amino acid comprising a basic side chain, an acidic side chain, or a polar-neutral side chain; X⁸⁰ is selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain; X⁸¹ is selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain; and X⁸² is selected from an amino acid comprising a polar neutral side chain.

Aspect 58B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 56B to 57B, wherein, X⁷¹ is selected from F, I, L, M, V, Y, and W; X⁷² is selected from D, E, F, I, L, M, V, Y, and W; X⁷³ is selected from D, E, S, T, H, N, Q, S, T, and Y; X⁷⁴ is selected from D, E, S, T, F, I, L, M, V, Y, and W; X⁷⁵ is selected from F, I, L, M, V, Y, and W; X⁷⁶ is selected from D, E, S, T, H, N, Q, S, T, and Y; X⁷⁷ is selected from A, G, P, S, and T; X⁷⁸ is selected from F, I, L, M, V, Y, and W; X⁷⁹ is selected from R, K, H, D, E, H, N, Q, S, T, and Y; X⁸⁰ is selected from F, I, L, M, V, Y, and W; X⁸¹ is selected from F, I, L, M, V, Y, and W; and X⁸² is selected from H, N, Q, S, T, and Y.

Aspect 59B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of aspect 58B, wherein X⁷¹ is selected from I, L, and V.

Aspect 60B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 58B to 59B, wherein X⁷² is selected from D, E, I, M, and V.

Aspect 61B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 58B to 60B, wherein X⁷³ is selected from E, N, and Q.

Aspect 62B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 58B to 61B, wherein X⁷⁴ is selected from D and E.

Aspect 63B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 58B to 62B, wherein X⁷⁵ is selected from F, W, and Y.

Aspect 64B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 58B to 63B, wherein X⁷⁶ is selected from D, E, and N.

Aspect 65B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 58B to 64B, wherein X⁷⁷ is selected from G.

Aspect 66B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 58B to 65B, wherein X⁷⁸ is selected from I, M, and V.

Aspect 67B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 58B to 66B, wherein X⁷⁹ is selected from D, E, N, Q, and R.

Aspect 68B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 58B to 67B, wherein X⁸⁰ is selected from F, I, and L.

Aspect 69B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 58B to 68B, wherein X⁸¹ is W.

Aspect 70B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 58B to 69B, wherein X⁸² is selected from N and Q.

Aspect 71B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of aspect 58B, wherein, X⁷¹ is selected from I, L, and V; X⁷² is selected from D, E, I, M, and V; X⁷³ is selected from E, N, and Q; X⁷⁴ is selected from D and E; X⁷⁵ is selected from F, W, and Y; X⁷⁶ is selected from D, E, and N; X⁷⁷ is selected from G; X⁷⁸ is selected from I, M, and V; X⁷⁹ is selected from D, E, N, Q, and R; X⁸⁰ is selected from F, I, and L; X⁸¹ is W; and X⁸² is selected from N and Q.

Aspect 72B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of aspect 56B, wherein the IL-2Rγc ligand comprises an amino acid sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NO: 213 to SEQ ID NO: 233 and SEQ ID NO: 914 to SEQ ID NO: 920.

Aspect 73B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of aspect 72B, wherein the IL-2Rγc ligand comprises an amino acid sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NO: 213 to SEQ ID NO: 233 and SEQ ID NO: 914 to SEQ ID NO: 920, wherein the amino acid sequence is terminated with amino acids -G-G- on the N-terminus, on the C-terminus, or on both the N- and C-termini.

Aspect 74B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of aspect 72B, wherein the IL-2Rγc ligand comprises an amino acid sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NO: 213 to SEQ ID NO: 233 and SEQ ID NO: 914 to SEQ ID NO: 920, wherein each amino acid independently comprises one or more of the following conservative substitutions: amino acids having a small hydrophobic side chain comprising alanine (A), glycine (G), proline (P), serine (S), or threonine (T); amino acids having a hydroxyl-containing side chain comprising serine (S), threonine (T), or tyrosine (Y); amino acids having an acidic side chain comprising aspartate (D) or glutamate (E); amino acids having a polar-neutral side chain comprising histidine (H), asparagine (N), glutamine (Q), serine (S), threonine (T), or tyrosine (Y); amino acids having a basic side chain comprising arginine (R), lysine (K), or histidine (H); amino acids having a large hydrophobic side chain comprising isoleucine (I), leucine (L), methionine (M), valine (V), phenylalanine (F), tyrosine (Y), or tryptophan (W); and amino acids having an aromatic side chain comprising phenylalanine (F), histidine (H), tryptophan (W), or tyrosine (Y).

Aspect 75B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of aspect 1B, wherein the IL-2Rγc ligand comprises the amino acid sequence of Formula (6) (SEQ ID NO: 234) or Formula (6a) (SEQ ID NO: 235):

-X⁹³-X⁹⁴-X⁹⁵-X⁹⁶-X⁹⁷-X⁹⁸-X⁹⁹-X¹⁰⁰-X¹⁰¹-  (6)

-X⁹¹-X⁹²-X⁹³-X⁹⁴-X⁹⁵-X⁹⁶-X⁹⁷-X⁹⁸-X⁹⁹-X¹⁰⁰-X¹⁰¹-X¹⁰²-X¹⁰³-  (6a)

wherein, X⁹¹ is selected from C, D, E, and L; X⁹² is selected from C, L, M, R, S, V, and W; X⁹³ is selected from C, D, F, P, and R; X⁹⁴ is selected from A, D, L, Q, S, and W; X⁹⁵ is selected from D, E, F, L, and V; X⁹⁶ is selected from A, D, E, F, G, K, Q, and S; X⁹⁷ is selected from E, L, M, and W; X⁹⁸ is selected from G, I, L, W, and Y; X⁹⁹ is selected from E, I, R, T, and V; X¹⁰⁰ is W; X¹¹ is selected from C, A, I, L, P, and V; X¹⁰² is selected from C, D, G, H; and X¹⁰³ is selected from C, D, E, H, S, and T.

Aspect 76B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of aspect 75B, wherein X⁹¹ is selected from D and E.

Aspect 77B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 75B to 76B, wherein X⁹² is selected from L, M, R, S, V, and W.

Aspect 78B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 75B to 77B, wherein X⁹³ is selected from D and F.

Aspect 79B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 75B to 78B, wherein X⁹⁴ is S.

Aspect 80B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 75B to 79B, wherein X⁹⁵ is selected from D and E.

Aspect 81B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 75B to 80B, wherein X⁹⁶ is selected from D and E.

Aspect 82B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 75B to 81B, wherein X⁹⁷ is selected from L, M, and W.

Aspect 83B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 75B to 82B, wherein X⁹⁸ is G.

Aspect 84B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 75B to 83B, wherein X⁹⁹ is E.

Aspect 85B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 75B to 84B, wherein X¹⁰⁰ is W.

Aspect 86B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 75B to 85B, wherein X¹⁰¹ is selected from I, L, and V.

Aspect 87B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 75B to 86B, wherein X¹⁰² is selected from D and G.

Aspect 88B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 75B to 87B, wherein X¹⁰³ is selected from S and T.

Aspect 89B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of aspect 75B, wherein, X⁹¹ is selected from D and E; X⁹² is selected from L, M, R, S, V, and W; X⁹³ is selected from D and F; X⁹⁴ is S; X⁹⁵ is selected from D and E; X⁹⁶ is selected from D and E; X⁹⁷ is selected from L, M, and W; X⁹⁸ is G; X⁹⁹ is E; X¹⁰⁰ is W; X¹⁰¹ is selected from I, L, and V; X¹⁰² is selected from D and G; and X¹⁰³ is selected from S and T.

Aspect 90B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of aspect 75B, wherein the IL-2Rγc ligand comprises an amino acid sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NO: 236 to SEQ ID NO: 245:

Aspect 91B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of aspect 90B, wherein the IL-2Rγc ligand comprises an amino acid sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NO: 236 to SEQ ID NO: 245, wherein the amino acid sequence is terminated with amino acids -G-G- on the N-terminus, on the C-terminus, or on both the N- and C-termini.

Aspect 92B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of aspect 90B, wherein the IL-2Rγc ligand comprises an amino acid sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NO: 236 to SEQ ID NO: 245, wherein each amino acid independently comprises one or more of the following conservative substitutions: amino acids having a small hydrophobic side chain comprising alanine (A), glycine (G), proline (P), serine (S), or threonine (T); amino acids having a hydroxyl-containing side chain comprising serine (S), threonine (T), or tyrosine (Y); amino acids having an acidic side chain comprising aspartate (D) or glutamate (E); amino acids having a polar-neutral side chain comprising histidine (H), asparagine (N), glutamine (Q), serine (S), threonine (T), or tyrosine (Y); amino acids having a basic side chain comprising arginine (R), lysine (K), or histidine (H); amino acids having a large hydrophobic side chain comprising isoleucine (I), leucine (L), methionine (M), valine (V), phenylalanine (F), tyrosine (Y), or tryptophan (W); and amino acids having an aromatic side chain comprising phenylalanine (F), histidine (H), tryptophan (W), or tyrosine (Y).

Aspect 93B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of aspect 1B, wherein the IL-2Rγc ligand comprises the amino acid sequence of Formula (6) (SEQ ID NO: 234) or Formula (6a) (SEQ ID NO: 235):

-X⁹³-X⁹⁴-X⁹⁵-X⁹⁶-X⁹⁷-X⁹⁸-X⁹⁹-X¹⁰⁰-X¹⁰¹-  (6)

-X⁹¹-X⁹²-X⁹³-X⁹⁴-X⁹⁵-X⁹⁶-X⁹⁷-X⁹⁸-X⁹⁹-X¹⁰⁰-X¹⁰¹-X¹⁰²-X¹⁰³-  (6a)

-   -   wherein, X⁹¹ is selected from an amino acid comprising an acidic         side chain or cysteine; X⁹² is selected from an amino acid; X⁹³         is selected from an amino acid comprising an acidic side chain         or large hydrophobic side chain; X⁹⁴ is selected from an amino         acid; X⁹⁵ is selected from an amino acid; X⁹⁶ is selected from         an amino acid; X⁹⁷ is selected from an amino acid comprising a         large hydrophobic side chain; X⁹⁸ is selected from an amino acid         comprising a small hydrophobic side chain or a large hydrophobic         side chain; X⁹⁹ is selected from an amino acid; X¹⁰⁰ is selected         from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain;         X¹⁰¹ is selected from an amino acid comprising a large         hydrophobic side chain; X¹⁰² is selected from an amino acid         comprising a small hydrophobic side chain or an acidic side         chain or cysteine; and X¹⁰³ is selected from an amino acid         comprising an acidic side chain or a hydroxyl-containing side         chain or cysteine.

Aspect 94B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of aspect 93B, wherein, X⁹¹ is selected from an amino acid comprising an acidic side chain; X⁹² is selected from an amino acid; X⁹³ is selected from an amino acid comprising an acidic side chain or large hydrophobic side chain; X⁹⁴ is selected from an amino acid comprising an acidic side chain or a hydroxyl-containing side chain; X⁹⁵ is selected from an amino acid comprising an acidic side chain; X⁹⁶ is selected from an amino acid; X⁹⁷ is selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain; X⁹⁸ is selected from an amino acid comprising a small hydrophobic side chain or a large hydrophobic side chain; X⁹⁹ is selected from an amino acid comprising an acidic side chain or large hydrophobic side chain; X¹⁰⁰ is selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain; X¹⁰¹ is selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain; X¹⁰² is selected from an amino acid comprising a small hydrophobic side chain or an acidic side chain; and X¹⁰³ is selected from an amino acid comprising an acidic side chain or a hydroxyl-containing side chain.

Aspect 95B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 93B to 94B, wherein, X⁹¹ is selected from D and E; X⁹² is selected from an amino acid; X⁹³ is selected from D, E, F, I, L, M, V, Y, and W; X⁹⁴ is selected from D, E, S, and T; X⁹⁵ is selected from D and E; X⁹⁶ is selected from an amino acid; X⁹⁷ is selected from F, I, L, M, V, Y, and W; X⁹⁸ is selected from A, G, P, S, T, F, I, L, M, V, Y, and W; X⁹⁹ is selected from D, E, F, I, L, M, V, Y, and W; X¹⁰⁰ is selected from F, I, L, M, V, Y, and W; X¹⁰⁰ is selected from F, I, L, M, V, Y, and W; X¹⁰² is selected from D, E, A, G, P, S, and T; and X¹⁰³ is selected from D, E, S, and T.

Aspect 96B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of aspect 95B, wherein X⁹¹ is selected from D and E.

Aspect 97B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 95B to 96B, wherein X⁹² is selected from an amino acid.

Aspect 98B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 95B to 97B, wherein X⁹³ is selected from D and F.

Aspect 99B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 95B to 98B, wherein X⁹⁴ is S.

Aspect 100B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 95B to 99B, wherein X⁹⁵ is selected from D and E.

Aspect 101B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 95B to 100B, wherein X⁹⁶ is selected from an amino acid.

Aspect 102B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 95B to 101B, wherein X⁹⁷ is selected from L, M, and W.

Aspect 103B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 95B to 102B, wherein X⁹⁸ is G.

Aspect 104B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 95B to 103B, wherein X⁹⁹ is E.

Aspect 105B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 95B to 104B, wherein X¹⁰⁰ is W.

Aspect 106B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 95B to 105B, wherein X¹⁰¹ is selected from I, L, and V.

Aspect 107B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 95B to 106B, wherein X¹⁰² is selected from D and G.

Aspect 108B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 95B to 107B, wherein X¹⁰³ is selected from S and T.

Aspect 109B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of aspect 95B, wherein, X⁹¹ is selected from D and E; X⁹² is selected from an amino acid; X⁹³ is selected from D and F; X⁹⁴ is S; X⁹⁵ is selected from D and E; X⁹⁶ is selected from an amino acid; X⁹⁷ is selected from L, M, and W; X⁹⁸ is G; X⁹⁹ is E; X¹⁰⁰ is W; X¹⁰¹ is selected from I, L, and V; X¹⁰² is selected from D and G; and X¹⁰³ is selected from S and T.

Aspect 110B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of aspect 1B, wherein the IL-2Rγc ligand comprises the amino acid sequence of Formula (7) (SEQ ID NO: 246) or Formula (7a) (SEQ ID NO: 247):

-X¹¹⁴-X¹¹⁵-C-X¹¹⁶-X¹¹⁷-X¹¹⁸-  (7)

-X¹¹¹-X¹¹²-X¹¹³-X¹¹⁴-X¹¹⁵-C-X¹¹⁶-X¹¹⁷-X¹¹⁸-X¹¹⁹-X¹²⁰-X¹²¹-  (7a)

wherein, X¹¹¹ is selected from D, G, I, and Q; X¹¹² is selected from D, I, and L; X¹¹³ is selected from G, L, M, Q, R, S, and Y; X¹¹⁴ is selected from D, E, G, L, S, T, and Y; X¹¹⁵ is selected from E, L, P, and Q; X¹¹⁶ is selected from D, E, K, L, S, and T; X¹¹⁷ is selected from D, F, S, and W; X¹¹⁸ is selected from F, N, W, and Y; X¹¹⁹ is selected from F, I, L, R and W; X¹²⁰ is selected from A, E, L, and S; and X¹²¹ is selected from H, L, K, N, Q, and V.

Aspect 111B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of aspect 110B, wherein X¹¹¹ is selected from D and Q.

Aspect 112B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 110B to 111B, wherein X¹¹² is selected from I and L.

Aspect 113B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 110B to 112B, wherein X¹¹³ is selected from G, L, M, R, S, and Y.

Aspect 114B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 110B to 113B, wherein X¹¹⁴ is L.

Aspect 115B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 110B to 114B, wherein X¹¹⁵ is selected from E and Q.

Aspect 116B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 110B to 115B, wherein X¹¹⁶ is selected from D and E.

Aspect 117B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 110B to 116B, wherein X¹¹⁷ is selected from F and W.

Aspect 118B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 110B to 117B, wherein X¹¹⁸ is selected from F, W, and Y.

Aspect 119B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 110B to 118B, wherein X¹¹⁹ is selected from F, I, and L.

Aspect 120B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 110B to 119B, wherein X¹²⁰ is S.

Aspect 121B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 110B to 120B, wherein X¹²¹ is selected from N and Q.

Aspect 122B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of aspect 110B, wherein, X¹¹¹ is selected from D and Q; X¹¹² is selected from I and L; X¹¹³ is selected from G, L, M, R, S, and Y; X¹¹⁴ is L; X¹¹⁵ is selected from E and Q; X¹¹⁶ is selected from D and E; X¹¹⁷ is selected from F and W; X¹¹⁸ is selected from F, W, and Y; X¹¹⁹ is selected from F, I, and L; X¹²⁰ is S; and X¹²¹ is selected from N and Q.

Aspect 123B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of aspect 110B, wherein the IL-2Rγc ligand comprises an amino acid sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NO: 248 to SEQ ID NO: 254 and SEQ ID NO: 921 to SEQ ID NO: 922.

Aspect 124B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of aspect 123B, wherein the IL-2Rγc ligand comprises an amino acid sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NO: 248 to SEQ ID NO: 254 and SEQ ID NO: 921 to SEQ ID NO: 922, wherein the amino acid sequence is terminated with amino acids -G-G- on the N-terminus, on the C-terminus, or on both the N- and C-termini.

Aspect 125B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of aspect 123B, wherein the IL-2Rγc ligand comprises an amino acid sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NO: 248 to SEQ ID NO: 254 and SEQ ID NO: 921 to SEQ ID NO: 922, wherein each amino acid independently comprises one or more of the following conservative substitutions: amino acids having a small hydrophobic side chain comprising alanine (A), glycine (G), proline (P), serine (S), or threonine (T); amino acids having a hydroxyl-containing side chain comprising serine (S), threonine (T), or tyrosine (Y); amino acids having an acidic side chain comprising aspartate (D) or glutamate (E); amino acids having a polar-neutral side chain comprising histidine (H), asparagine (N), glutamine (Q), serine (S), threonine (T), or tyrosine (Y); amino acids having a basic side chain comprising arginine (R), lysine (K), or histidine (H); amino acids having a large hydrophobic side chain comprising isoleucine (I), leucine (L), methionine (M), valine (V), phenylalanine (F), tyrosine (Y), or tryptophan (W); and amino acids having an aromatic side chain comprising phenylalanine (F), histidine (H), tryptophan (W), or tyrosine (Y).

Aspect 126B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of aspect 1B, wherein the IL-2Rγc ligand comprises the amino acid sequence of Formula (7) (SEQ ID NO: 246) or Formula (7a) (SEQ ID NO: 247):

-X¹¹⁴-X¹¹⁵-C-X¹¹⁶-X¹¹⁷-X¹¹⁸-  (7)

-X¹¹¹-X¹¹²-X¹¹³-X¹¹⁴-X¹¹⁵-C-X¹¹⁶-X¹¹⁷-X¹¹⁸-X¹¹⁹-X¹²⁰-X¹²¹-  (7a)

wherein, X¹¹¹ is selected from an amino acid; X¹¹² is selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain or an acidic side chain; X¹¹³ is selected from an amino acid; X¹¹⁴ is selected from an amino acid comprising an acidic side chain or a hydroxyl-containing side chain; X¹¹⁵ is selected from an amino acid; X¹¹⁶ is selected from an amino acid; X¹¹⁷ is selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain; X¹¹⁸ is selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain; X¹¹⁹ is selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain; X¹²⁰ is selected from an amino acid; and X¹²¹ is selected from an amino acid.

Aspect 127B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of aspect 125B, wherein, X¹¹¹ is selected from an amino acid; X¹¹² is selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain or an acidic side chain; X¹¹³ is selected from an amino acid; X¹¹⁴ is selected from an amino acid comprising an acidic side chain or a hydroxyl-containing side chain; X¹¹⁵ is selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain; X¹¹⁶ is selected from an amino acid comprising an acidic side chain; X¹¹⁷ is selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain; X¹¹⁸ is selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain; X¹¹⁹ is selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain; X¹²⁰ is selected from an amino acid; and X¹²¹ is selected from an amino acid comprising a polar-neutral side chain.

Aspect 128B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 126B to 127B, wherein, X¹¹¹ is selected from an amino acid; X¹¹² is selected from D, E, F, I, L, M, V, Y, and W; X¹¹³ is selected from an amino acid; X¹¹⁴ is selected from D, E, S, T, and Y; X¹¹⁵ is selected from F, I, L, M, V, Y, and W; X¹¹⁶ is selected from D and E; X¹¹⁷ is selected from F, I, L, M, V, Y, and W; X¹¹⁸ is selected from F, I, L, M, V, Y, and W; X¹¹⁹ is selected from F, I, L, M, V, Y, and W; X¹²⁰ is selected from an amino acid; and X¹²¹ is selected from H, N, Q, S, T, and Y.

Aspect 129B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of aspect 128B, wherein X¹¹¹ is selected from an amino acid.

Aspect 130B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 128B to 129B, wherein X¹¹² is selected from I and L.

Aspect 131B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 128B to 130B, wherein X¹¹³ is selected from an amino acid.

Aspect 132B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 128B to 131B, wherein X¹¹⁴ is selected from D, E, and S.

Aspect 133B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 128B to 132B, wherein X¹¹⁵ is L.

Aspect 134B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 128B to 133B, wherein X¹¹⁶ is selected from D and E.

Aspect 135B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 128B to 134B, wherein X¹¹⁷ is selected from F and W.

Aspect 136B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 128B to 135B, wherein X¹¹⁸ is selected from F, W and Y.

Aspect 137B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 128B to 136B, wherein X¹¹⁹ is selected from F, I, and L.

Aspect 138B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 128B to 137B, wherein X¹²⁰ is selected from an amino acid.

Aspect 139B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 128B to 138B, wherein X¹²¹ is selected from Q and N.

Aspect 140B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of aspect 128B, wherein, X¹¹¹ is selected from an amino acid; X¹¹² is selected from I and L; X¹¹³ is selected from an amino acid; X¹¹⁴ is selected from D, E, and S; X¹¹⁵ is L; X¹¹⁶ is selected from D and E; X¹¹⁷ is selected from F and W; X¹¹⁸ is selected from F, W and Y; X¹¹⁹ is selected from F, I, and L; X¹²⁰ is selected from an amino acid; and X¹²¹ is selected from Q and N.

Aspect 141B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of aspect 126B, wherein the IL-2Rγc ligand comprises an amino acid sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NO: 255 to SEQ ID NO: 267 and SEQ ID NO: 923 to SEQ ID NO: 930.

Aspect 142B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of aspect 141B, wherein the IL-2Rγc ligand comprises an amino acid sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NO: 255 to SEQ ID NO: 264 and SEQ ID NO: 923 to SEQ ID NO: 930, wherein the amino acid sequence is terminated with amino acids -G-G- on the N-terminus, on the C-terminus, or on both the N- and C-termini.

Aspect 143B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of aspect 141B, wherein the IL-2Rγc ligand comprises an amino acid sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NO: 255 to SEQ ID NO: 264 and SEQ ID NO: 923 to SEQ ID NO: 930, wherein each amino acid independently comprises one or more of the following conservative substitutions: amino acids having a small hydrophobic side chain comprising alanine (A), glycine (G), proline (P), serine (S), or threonine (T); amino acids having a hydroxyl-containing side chain comprising serine (S), threonine (T), or tyrosine (Y); amino acids having an acidic side chain comprising aspartate (D) or glutamate (E); amino acids having a polar-neutral side chain comprising histidine (H), asparagine (N), glutamine (Q), serine (S), threonine (T), or tyrosine (Y); amino acids having a basic side chain comprising arginine (R), lysine (K), or histidine (H); amino acids having a large hydrophobic side chain comprising isoleucine (I), leucine (L), methionine (M), valine (V), phenylalanine (F), tyrosine (Y), or tryptophan (W); and amino acids having an aromatic side chain comprising phenylalanine (F), histidine (H), tryptophan (W), or tyrosine (Y).

Aspect 144B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of aspect 1B, wherein the IL-2Rγc ligand comprises an amino acid sequence of Formula (8) (SEQ ID NO: 931):

-C-X¹³¹-X¹³²-X¹³³-X¹³⁴-X¹³⁵-X¹³⁶-X¹³⁷-X¹³⁸-X¹³⁹-X¹⁴⁰-X¹¹-X¹⁴²-C-  (8)

wherein, X¹³¹ is selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain; X¹³² is selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain; X¹³³ is selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain; X¹³⁴ is selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain; X¹³⁵ is selected from an amino acid comprising a basic side chain and an acidic or polar neutral side chain; X¹³⁶ is selected from an amino acid; X¹³⁷ is selected from an amino acid comprising a small hydrophobic side chain; X¹³⁸ is selected from an amino acid comprising an acidic or a polar neutral side chain; X¹³⁹ is selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain; X¹⁴⁰ is selected from an amino acid comprising a small hydrophobic side chain or a hydroxyl-containing side chain; X¹⁴¹ is selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain; and X¹⁴² is selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain.

Aspect 145B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of aspect 144B, wherein, X¹³¹ is selected from F, I, L, M, V, Y, and W; X¹³² is selected from F, I, L, M, V, Y, and W; X¹³³ is selected from F, I, L, M, V, Y, and W; X¹³⁴ is selected from F, I, L, M, V, Y, and W; X¹³⁵ is selected from R, K, H, D, E, N, and Q; X¹³⁶ is selected from an amino acid; X¹³⁷ is selected from A, G, P, S, and T; X¹³⁸ is selected from D, E, N, and Q; X¹³⁹ is selected from F, I, L, M, V, Y, and W; X¹⁴⁰ is selected from A, G, P, S, and T; X¹⁴¹ is selected from F, I, L, M, V, Y, and W; and X¹⁴² is selected from F, I, L, M, V, Y, and W.

Aspect 146B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 144B to 145B, wherein, X¹³¹ is selected from G, G, A, E, F, G, L, and Y; X¹³² is selected from I, S, N, L, I, and V; X¹³³ is selected from A, M, L, Y, R, M, A, Y, and I; X¹³⁴ is selected from Y, L, H, T, Y, F, K; X¹³⁵ is selected from R, Q, D, G, P, Y, L, I, K, and E; X¹³⁶ is selected from S, G, T, I, F, Q, R, H, N, and L; X¹³⁷ is selected from G, P, Q, T, D, G, N, and K; X¹³⁸ is selected from E, D, K, F, T; X¹³⁹ is selected from F, R, W, Y, V, L, and A; X¹⁴⁰ is selected from T, W, N, E, D, S, T, and L; X¹⁴¹ is selected from M, W, Y, F, A, L, and I; and X¹⁴² is selected from I, V, Y, L, V, Y, I, E, and M.

Aspect 147B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of aspect 146B, wherein X¹³¹ is selected from F and Y.

Aspect 148B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 146B to 147B, wherein X¹³² is selected from I, V, and L.

Aspect 149B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 146B to 147B, wherein X¹³² is I.

Aspect 150B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 146B to 149B, wherein X¹³³ is selected from M, L, Y, and I.

Aspect 151B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 146B to 150B, wherein X¹³⁴ is selected from F, H, and Y.

Aspect 152B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 146B to 150B, wherein X¹³⁴ is Y.

Aspect 153B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 146B to 152B, wherein X¹³⁵ is selected from R, K, D, and E.

Aspect 154B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 146B to 152B, wherein X¹³⁵ is R.

Aspect 155B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 146B to 154B, wherein X¹³⁶ is selected from an amino acid.

Aspect 156B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 146B to 155B, wherein X¹³⁷ is G.

Aspect 157B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 146B to 156B, wherein X¹³⁸ is selected from D and E.

Aspect 158B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 146B to 156B, wherein X¹³⁸ is E.

Aspect 159B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 146B to 158B, wherein X¹³⁹ is selected from F, Y, and W.

Aspect 160B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 146B to 158B, wherein X¹³⁹ is F.

Aspect 161B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 146B to 160B, wherein X¹⁴⁰ is selected from S and T.

Aspect 162B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 146B to 161B, wherein X¹⁴¹ is selected from F, I, L, M, V, Y, and W.

Aspect 163B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 146B to 161B, wherein X¹⁴¹ is Y.

Aspect 164B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 146B to 163B, wherein X¹⁴² is selected from I, L, M, V, and Y.

Aspect 165B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of aspect 146B, wherein, X¹³¹ is selected from F and Y; X¹³² is I; X¹³³ is selected from M, L, Y, and I; X¹³⁴ is Y; X¹³⁵ is R; X¹³⁶ is selected from an amino acid; X¹³⁷ is G; X¹³⁸ is E; X¹³⁹ is F; X¹⁴⁰ is selected from S and T; X¹⁴¹ is Y; and X¹⁴² is selected from F, I, L, M, V, Y, and W.

Aspect 166B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of aspect 146B, wherein X¹³¹ is F, X¹³² is I, X¹³⁴ is Y, X¹²⁵ is R, X¹³⁷ is G, X¹³⁸ is E, X¹³⁹ is F, and X¹⁴¹ is Y.

Aspect 167B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of aspect 144B, wherein the IL-2Rγc ligand comprises an amino acid sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NO: 265 to SEQ ID NO: 267 and SEQ ID NO: 932 to SEQ ID NO: 940.

Aspect 168B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of aspect 167B, wherein the IL-2Rγc ligand comprises an amino acid sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NO: 265 to SEQ ID NO: 267 and SEQ ID NO: 932 to SEQ ID NO: 940, wherein the amino acid sequence is terminated with amino acids -G-G- on the N-terminus, on the C-terminus, or on both the N- and C-termini.

Aspect 169B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of aspect 167B, wherein the IL-2Rγc ligand comprises an amino acid sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NO: 265 to SEQ ID NO: 267 and SEQ ID NO: 932 to SEQ ID NO: 940, wherein each amino acid independently comprises one or more of the following conservative substitutions: amino acids having a small hydrophobic side chain comprising alanine (A), glycine (G), proline (P), serine (S), or threonine (T); amino acids having a hydroxyl-containing side chain comprising serine (S), threonine (T), or tyrosine (Y); amino acids having an acidic side chain comprising aspartate (D) or glutamate (E); amino acids having a polar-neutral side chain comprising histidine (H), asparagine (N), glutamine (Q), serine (S), threonine (T), or tyrosine (Y); amino acids having a basic side chain comprising arginine (R), lysine (K), or histidine (H); amino acids having a large hydrophobic side chain comprising isoleucine (I), leucine (L), methionine (M), valine (V), phenylalanine (F), tyrosine (Y), or tryptophan (W); and amino acids having an aromatic side chain comprising phenylalanine (F), histidine (H), tryptophan (W), or tyrosine (Y).

Aspect 170B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of aspect 1B, wherein the IL-2Rγc ligand comprises the amino acid sequence of Formula (9) (SEQ ID NO: 941) or the amino acid sequence of Formula (9a) (SEQ ID NO: 942):

-X¹⁵⁵-X¹⁵⁶-X¹⁵⁷-X¹⁵⁸-X¹⁵⁹-  (9)

-X¹⁵¹-X¹⁵²-X¹⁵³-X¹⁵⁴-C-X¹⁵⁵-X¹⁵⁶-X¹⁵⁷-X¹⁵⁸-X¹⁵⁹-C-X¹⁶⁰-X¹⁶¹-X¹⁶²-X¹⁶³-  (9a)

-   -   wherein, X¹⁵¹ is selected from an amino acid comprising a small         hydrophobic side chain or a hydroxyl-containing side chain; X¹⁵²         is selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic         side chain; X¹⁵³ is selected from an amino acid comprising an         acidic or polar neutral side chain; X¹⁵⁴ is selected from an         amino acid comprising a basic side chain; X¹⁵⁵ is selected from         an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain; X¹⁵⁶ is         selected from an amino acid comprising a small hydrophobic side         chain or a hydroxyl-containing side chain; X¹⁵⁷ is selected from         an amino acid comprising a small hydrophobic side chain; X¹⁵⁸ is         selected from an amino acid comprising a small hydrophobic side         chain or a hydroxyl-containing side chain; X¹⁵⁹ is selected from         an amino acid comprising a small hydrophobic side chain or a         hydroxyl-containing side chain; X¹⁶⁰ is selected from an amino         acid comprising a small hydrophobic side chain or a         hydroxyl-containing side chain; X¹⁶¹ is selected from an amino         acid; X¹⁶² is selected from an amino acid comprising a large         hydrophobic side chain or a basic side chain; and X¹⁶³ is         selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side         chain.

Aspect 171B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of aspect 170B, wherein, X¹⁵¹ is selected from A, G, P, S, and T; X¹⁵² is selected from F, I, L, M, V, Y, and W; X¹⁵³ is selected from D, E, N, and Q; X¹⁵⁴ is selected from H, K, and R; X¹⁵⁵ is selected from F, I, L, M, V, Y, and W; X¹⁵⁶ is selected from A, G, P, S, T, and Y; X¹⁵⁷ is selected from A, G, P, S, and T; X¹⁵⁸ is selected from A, G, P, S, T, and Y; X¹⁵⁹ is selected from A, G, P, S, T, and Y; X¹⁶⁰ is selected from A, G, P, S, T, and Y; X¹⁶¹ is selected from an amino acid; X¹⁶² is selected from F, I, L, M, V, Y, W, R, K, and H; and X¹⁶³ is selected from F, I, L, M, V, Y, and W.

Aspect 172B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 170B to 171B, wherein, X¹⁵¹ is selected from K, M, N, and K; X¹⁵² is selected from M, L, and Y; X¹⁵³ is selected from N, Y, and L; X¹⁵⁴ is K; X¹⁵⁵ is selected from A, W, R, Y, and N; X¹⁵⁶ is selected from T, N, and S; X¹⁵⁷ is selected from P and A; X¹⁵⁸ is selected from S, R, F, and L; X¹⁵⁹ is selected from Q, S, E, and T; X¹⁶⁰ is selected from S, Q, and A; X¹⁶¹ is selected from V, S, G, L, and N; X¹⁶² is selected from I, K, R, and V; and X¹⁶³ is selected from F and L.

Aspect 173B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of aspect 172B, wherein X¹⁵¹ is selected from S and T.

Aspect 174B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 172B to 173B, wherein X¹⁵² is selected from L and M.

Aspect 175B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 172B to 173B, wherein X¹⁵² is L.

Aspect 176B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 172B to 175B, wherein X¹⁵³ is N.

Aspect 177B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 172B to 176B, wherein X¹⁵⁴ is K.

Aspect 178B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 172B to 177B, wherein X¹⁵⁵ is selected from W and Y.

Aspect 179B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 172B to 178B, wherein X¹⁵⁶ is selected from S and T.

Aspect 180B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 172B to 178B, wherein X¹⁵⁶ is S.

Aspect 181B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 172B to 180B, wherein X¹⁵⁷ is P.

Aspect 182B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 172B to 181B, wherein X¹⁵⁸ is S.

Aspect 183B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 172B to 182B, wherein X¹⁵⁹ is selected from S and T.

Aspect 184B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 172B to 182B, wherein X¹⁵⁹ is S.

Aspect 185B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 172B to 183B, wherein X¹⁶⁰ is S.

Aspect 186B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 172B to 184B, wherein X¹⁶¹ is selected from an amino acid.

Aspect 187B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 172B to 185B, wherein X¹⁶² is selected from I, V, R, and K.

Aspect 188B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 172B to 185B, wherein X¹⁶² is selected from I and V.

Aspect 189B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 172B to 185B, wherein X¹⁶² is selected from R and K.

Aspect 190B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 172B to 186B, wherein X¹⁶³ is selected from F and L.

Aspect 191B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 172B to 186B, wherein X¹⁶³ is L.

Aspect 192B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of aspect 172B, wherein, X¹⁵¹ is selected from S and T; X¹⁵² is L; X¹⁵³ is N; X¹⁵⁴ is K; X¹⁵⁵ is selected from W and Y; X¹⁵⁶ is S; X¹⁵⁷ is P; X¹⁵⁸ is S; X¹⁵⁹ is S; X¹⁶⁰ is S T; X¹⁶¹ is selected from an amino acid; X¹⁶² is I; and X¹⁶³ is F.

Aspect 193B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of aspect 172B, wherein X¹⁵² is L, X¹⁵³ is N, X¹⁵⁴ is K, X¹⁵⁶ is S, X¹⁵⁷ is P, X¹⁵⁸ is S, X¹⁵⁹ is S, X¹⁶⁰ is S, X¹⁶² is I, and X¹⁶³ is F.

Aspect 194B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of aspect 170B, wherein the IL-2Rγc ligand comprises an amino acid sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NO: 943 to SEQ ID NO: 948:

Aspect 195B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of aspect 194B, wherein the IL-2Rγc ligand comprises an amino acid sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NO: 943 to SEQ ID NO: 948, wherein the amino acid sequence is terminated with amino acids -G-G- on the N-terminus, on the C-terminus, or on both the N- and C-termini.

Aspect 196B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of aspect 194B, wherein the IL-2Rγc ligand comprises an amino acid sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NO: 943 to SEQ ID NO: 948, wherein each amino acid independently comprises one or more of the following conservative substitutions: amino acids having a small hydrophobic side chain comprising alanine (A), glycine (G), proline (P), serine (S), or threonine (T); amino acids having a hydroxyl-containing side chain comprising serine (S), threonine (T), or tyrosine (Y); amino acids having an acidic side chain comprising aspartate (D) or glutamate (E); amino acids having a polar-neutral side chain comprising histidine (H), asparagine (N), glutamine (Q), serine (S), threonine (T), or tyrosine (Y); amino acids having a basic side chain comprising arginine (R), lysine (K), or histidine (H); amino acids having a large hydrophobic side chain comprising isoleucine (I), leucine (L), methionine (M), valine (V), phenylalanine (F), tyrosine (Y), or tryptophan (W); and amino acids having an aromatic side chain comprising phenylalanine (F), histidine (H), tryptophan (W), or tyrosine (Y).

Aspect 197B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of aspect 1B, wherein the IL-2Rγc ligand comprises the amino acid sequence of Formula (12) (SEQ ID NO: 949):

-X¹⁷¹-X¹⁷²-X¹⁷³-X¹⁷⁴-X¹⁷⁵-C-X¹⁷⁶-X¹⁷⁷-X¹⁷⁸-X¹⁷⁹-X¹⁸⁰-X¹⁸¹-X¹⁸²-X¹⁸³-C-X¹⁸⁴-X¹⁸⁵-X¹⁸⁶-X¹⁸⁷-X¹⁸⁸-   (12)

wherein, X¹⁷¹ is selected from an amino acid comprising a basic side chain; X¹⁷² is selected from an amino acid comprising a hydroxyl-containing side chain; X¹⁷³ is selected from an amino acid comprising an acidic side chain or a large hydrophobic side chain; X¹⁷⁴ is selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain; X¹⁷⁵ is selected from an amino acid comprising an acidic side chain or a large hydrophobic side chain; X¹⁷⁶ is selected from an amino acid comprising an acidic side chain or a polar/neutral side chain; X¹⁷⁷ is selected from an amino acid comprising an acidic side chain; X¹⁷⁸ is selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain or an aromatic side chain; X¹⁷⁹ is selected from an amino acid comprising an acidic side chain or a polar/neutral side chain; X¹⁸⁰ is G; X¹⁸¹ is V; X¹⁸² is E; X¹⁸³ is L; X¹⁸⁴ is W; X¹⁸⁵ is selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain; X¹⁸⁶ is E; X¹⁸⁷ is selected from an amino acid; and X¹⁸⁸ is selected from an amino acid comprising an acidic side chain.

Aspect 198B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of aspect 196B, wherein, X¹⁷¹ is selected from H, K, and R; X¹⁷² is selected from S, T, and Y; X¹⁷³ is selected from D, E, F, I, and V; X¹⁷⁴ is selected from I and V; X¹⁷⁵ is selected from E, I, L, M, and V; X¹⁷⁶ is selected from D, E, and Q; X¹⁷⁷ is selected from D and E; X¹⁷⁸ is selected from F and W; X¹⁷⁹ is selected from D, E, N, and Q; X⁸⁰ is G; X¹⁸¹ is V; X¹⁸² is selected from D and E; X¹⁸³ is L; X¹⁸⁴ is W; X¹⁸⁵ is selected from I, L, Q, and V; X¹⁸⁶ is selected from D and E; X¹⁸⁷ is selected from A, D, E, F, G, I, M, N, P, Q, R, S, T, V, W, and Y; and X¹⁸⁸ is selected from D, E, N, and Q.

Aspect 199B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of aspect 198B, wherein X¹⁷¹ is selected from H, K, and R.

Aspect 200B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 198B to 199B, wherein X¹⁷² is selected from S, T, and Y.

Aspect 201B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 198B to 200B, wherein X¹⁷³ is selected from D, E, F, I, L, M, V, W, and Y.

Aspect 202B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 198B to 200B, wherein X¹⁷³ is selected from D and E.

Aspect 203B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 198B to 200B, wherein X¹⁷³ is selected from F, I, L, M, V, W, and Y.

Aspect 204B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 198B to 203B, wherein X¹⁷⁴ is selected from F, I, L, M, V, W, and Y.

Aspect 205B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 198B to 203B, wherein X¹⁷⁴ is V.

Aspect 206B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 198B to 205B, wherein X¹⁷⁵ is selected from D, E, F, I, L, M, V, W, and Y.

Aspect 207B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 198B to 205B, wherein X¹⁷⁵ is selected from D and E.

Aspect 208B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 198B to 205B, wherein X¹⁷⁵ is selected from F, I, L, M, V, W, and Y.

Aspect 209B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 198B to 208B, wherein X¹⁷⁶ is selected from D, E, H, N, Q, S, T, and Y.

Aspect 210B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 198B to 208B, wherein X¹⁷⁶ is selected from E and Q.

Aspect 21lB. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 198B to 210B, wherein X¹⁷⁷ is selected from D and E.

Aspect 212B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 198B to 211B, wherein X¹⁷⁸ is selected from F, H, I, L, M, V, W, and Y.

Aspect 213B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 198B to 211B, wherein X¹⁷⁸ is selected from F, H, W, and Y.

Aspect 214B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 198B to 211B, wherein X¹⁷⁸ is W.

Aspect 215B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 198B to 214B, wherein X¹⁷⁹ is selected from D, E, H, N, Q, S, T, and Y.

Aspect 216B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 198B to 214B, wherein X¹⁷⁹ is selected from D, E, and Q.

Aspect 217B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 198B to 216B, wherein X¹⁸⁰ is G.

Aspect 218B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 198B to 217B, wherein X¹⁸¹ is V.

Aspect 219B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 198B to 218B, wherein X¹⁸² is E.

Aspect 220B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 198B to 219B, wherein X¹⁸³ is L.

Aspect 221B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 198B to 220B, wherein X¹⁸⁴ is W.

Aspect 222B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 198B to 221B, wherein X¹⁸⁵ is selected from F, I, L, M, V, W, and Y.

Aspect 223B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 198B to 221B, wherein X¹⁸⁵ is L.

Aspect 224B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 198B to 223B, wherein X¹⁸⁶ is E.

Aspect 225B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 198B to 224B, wherein X¹⁸⁷ is selected from an amino acid.

Aspect 226B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 198B to 225B, wherein X¹⁸⁸ is selected from D and E.

Aspect 227B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of aspect 198B, wherein, X¹⁷¹ is selected from H, K, and R; X¹⁷² is selected from S, T, and Y; X¹⁷³ is selected from D, E, F, I, L, M, V, W, and Y; X¹⁷⁴ is selected from F, I, L, M, V, W, and Y; X¹⁷⁵ is selected from D, E, F, I, L, M, V, W, and Y; X¹⁷⁶ is selected from D, E, H, N, Q, S, T, and Y; X¹⁷⁷ is selected from D and E; X¹⁷⁸ is selected from F, H, I, L, M, V, W, and Y; X¹⁷⁹ is selected from D, E, H, N, Q, S, T, and Y; X¹⁸⁰ is G; X¹⁸¹ is V; X¹⁸² is E; X¹⁸³ is L; X¹⁸⁴ is selected from W; X¹⁸⁵ is selected from F, I, L, M, V, W, and Y; X¹⁸⁶ is E; X¹⁸⁷ is selected from an amino acid; and X¹⁸⁸ is selected from D and E.

Aspect 228B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of aspect 198B, wherein, X¹⁷¹ is selected from H, K, and R; X¹⁷² is selected from S, T, and Y; X¹⁷³ is selected from D, E, F, I, L, M, V, W, and Y; X¹⁷⁴ is V; X¹⁷⁵ is selected from D, E, F, I, L, M, V, W, and Y; X¹⁷⁶ is selected from D, E, H, N, Q, S, T, and Y; X¹⁷⁶ is selected from E and Q; X¹⁷⁷ is selected from D and E; X¹⁷⁸ is W; X¹⁷⁹ is selected from D, E, and Q; X¹⁸⁰ is G; X¹⁸¹ is V; X¹⁸² is E; X¹⁸³ is L; X¹⁸⁴ is W; X¹⁸⁵ is selected from F, I, L, M, V, W, and Y; X¹⁸⁶ is E; X¹⁸⁷ is selected from an amino acid; and X¹⁸⁸ is selected from D and E.

Aspect 229B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of aspect 196B, wherein the IL-2Rγc ligand comprises the amino acid sequence any one of SEQ ID NO: 950 to SEQ ID NO: 1027.

Aspect 230B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of aspect 229B, wherein the IL-2Rγc ligand comprises an amino acid sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NO: 950 to SEQ ID NO: 1027, wherein the amino acid sequence is terminated with amino acids -G-G- on the N-terminus, on the C-terminus, or on both the N- and C-termini.

Aspect 231B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of aspect 229B, wherein the IL-2Rγc ligand comprises an amino acid sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NO: 950 to SEQ ID NO: 1027, wherein each amino acid independently comprises one or more of the following conservative substitutions: amino acids having a small hydrophobic side chain comprising alanine (A), glycine (G), proline (P), serine (S), or threonine (T); amino acids having a hydroxyl-containing side chain comprising serine (S), threonine (T), or tyrosine (Y); amino acids having an acidic side chain comprising aspartate (D) or glutamate (E); amino acids having a polar-neutral side chain comprising histidine (H), asparagine (N), glutamine (Q), serine (S), threonine (T), or tyrosine (Y); amino acids having a basic side chain comprising arginine (R), lysine (K), or histidine (H); amino acids having a large hydrophobic side chain comprising isoleucine (I), leucine (L), methionine (M), valine (V), phenylalanine (F), tyrosine (Y), or tryptophan (W); and amino acids having an aromatic side chain comprising phenylalanine (F), histidine (H), tryptophan (W), or tyrosine (Y).

Aspect 232B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of aspect 1B, wherein the IL-2Rγc ligand comprises an amino acid sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NO: 194 to SEQ ID NO: 267 and SEQ ID NO: 904 to SEQ ID NO: 1027.

Aspect 233B. The IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 1B to 232B, wherein the IL-2Rγc ligand does not comprise the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 375 and to SEQ ID NO: 376.

Aspect 234B. A compound comprising at least one IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 1B to 233B.

Aspect 235B. The compound of aspect 234B, wherein the compound further comprises at least one IL-2Rβ ligand selected from any one of SEQ ID NO: 1 to SEQ ID NO: 193, SEQ ID NO. 578 to SEQ ID NO: 903, and SEQ ID NO: 1028 to SEQ ID NO: 1043.

Aspect 236B. The compound of any one of aspects 234B to 235B, wherein the compound comprises a least one IL-2Rγc ligand.

Aspect 237B. The compound of any one of aspects 234B to 235B, wherein the compound comprises a linker, wherein the linker couples the at least one IL-2Rγc ligand, at least one other IL-2Rγc ligand, at least one IL-2Rβ ligand, and/or a least one IL-2Rγc ligand.

Aspect 238B. The compound of any one of aspects 234B to 235B, wherein the compound comprises an IL-2Rγc ligand, a linker, and an IL-2Rβ ligand.

Aspect 239B. The compound of aspect 238B, wherein the linker comprises a peptide linker.

Aspect 240B. The compound of any one of aspects 238B to 239B, wherein the C-terminus of the IL-2Rγc ligand is covalently bound to the linker and the C-terminus of the IL-2Rβ ligand is bound to the linker.

Aspect 241B. The compound of any one of aspects 238B to 239B, wherein the N-terminus of the IL-2Rγc ligand is covalently bound to the linker and the C-terminus of the IL-2Rβ ligand is bound to the linker.

Aspect 242B. The compound of any one of aspects 238B to 239B, wherein the C-terminus of the IL-2Rγc ligand is covalently bound to the linker and the N-terminus of the IL-2Rβ ligand is bound to the linker.

Aspect 243B. The compound of any one of aspects 238B to 239B, wherein the N-terminus of the IL-2Rγc ligand is covalently bound to the linker and the N-terminus of the IL-2Rβ ligand is bound to the linker.

Aspect 244B. The compound of any one of aspects 234B to 243B, wherein the compound is selected from a peptide, a conjugate, a fusion protein, and a single chain peptide.

Aspect 245B. The compound of any one of aspects 234B to 244B, wherein the compound comprises at least one moiety configured to modify a property of the conjugate.

Aspect 246B. The compound of aspect 245B, wherein the property is selected from aqueous solubility, polarity, lipophilicity, pharmacokinetic profile, targeting, bioavailability, pH-dependent binding, bioactivity, pharmacodynamics, cellular activity, metabolism, efficacy, caging (reversible incapacitation), and a combination of any of the foregoing.

Aspect 247B. The compound of any one of aspects 245B to 246B, wherein the at least one moiety comprises a small molecule, a polymer, a peptide, or an antibody.

Aspect 248B. The compound of any one of aspects 234B to 247B, comprising a pharmacokinetic moiety.

Aspect 249B. The compound of aspect 248B, wherein the pharmacokinetic moiety comprises a polyethylene glycol.

Aspect 250B. The compound of any one of aspects 234B to 249B, comprising a tumor-targeting moiety.

Aspect 251B. The compound of aspect 250B, wherein the tumor-targeting moiety comprises a tumor-specific antibody, a tumor-specific antibody fragment, a tumor-specific protein, or a tumor-specific peptide.

Aspect 252B. The compound of any one of aspects 234B to 251B, comprising an immune cell-targeting moiety.

Aspect 253B. The compound of any one of aspects 234B to 252B, wherein the compound is an IL-2R agonist.

Aspect 254B. The compound of any one of aspects 234B to 253B, wherein the compound is an IL-2R antagonist.

Aspect 255B. The compound of any one of aspects 234B to 254B, wherein the compound comprises a fusion protein, wherein the IL-2Rα ligand is bound to a fusion partner.

Aspect 256B. The compound of aspect 255B, wherein the fusion protein partner comprises an IgG molecule, an IgG FAb fragment, or an Fc fragment,

Aspect 257B. The compound of any one of aspects 255B to 256B, wherein the protein fusion partner comprises an IL-2, a variant of IL-2, a mutant of IL-2, or an IL-2R agonist.

Aspect 258B. The compound of any one of aspects 234B to 257B, wherein the compound comprises a label.

Aspect 259B. The compound of aspect 258B, wherein the label is selected from a radioisotope, a fluorophore, or a combination thereof.

Aspect 260B. The compound of any one of aspects 234B to 259B, wherein the compound comprises a cage to protect peripheral tissues from toxicity of IL-2R activation.

Aspect 261B. The compound of any one of aspects 234B to 260B, wherein the compound comprises a moiety configured to target IL-2R-directed immuno-stimulation of the effector immune cells in the tumor.

Aspect 262B. The compound of any one of aspects 234B to 261B, wherein the compound comprises a cleavable moiety.

Aspect 263B. The compound of any one of aspects 234B to 262B, wherein the compound comprises a moiety that is toxic to cells expressing high levels of the IL-2Rγc subunit.

Aspect 264B. The compound of aspect 263B, wherein the cells expressing high levels of the IL-2Rγc subunit comprise cancer cells.

Aspect 265B. The compound of any one of aspects 234B to 264B, wherein the compound comprises an imaging agent, a diagnostic agent, a targeting agent, a therapeutic agent, or a combination of any of the foregoing.

Aspect 266B. The compound of any one of aspects 234B to 265B, wherein the compound comprises a moiety configured to target IL-2R-directed immuno-stimulation of effector immune cells in a tumor.

Aspect 267B. A pharmaceutical composition comprising; an IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 1B to 233B; a compound of any one of aspects 234B to 266B; or a combination thereof.

Aspect 268B. The pharmaceutical composition of aspect 267B, further comprising: an IL-2Rβ ligand selected from any one of SEQ ID NO: 1 to SEQ ID NO: 193, SEQ ID NO: 578 to SEQ ID NO: 903, and SEQ ID NO: 1028 to SEQ ID NO: 1043; a compound comprising an IL-2Rβ ligand selected from any one of SEQ ID NO: 1 to SEQ ID NO: 193, SEQ ID NO: 578 to SEQ ID NO: 903, and SEQ ID NO: 1028 to SEQ ID NO: 1043; or a combination thereof.

Aspect 269B. A method of treating cancer in a patient, comprising administering to a patient in need of such treatment, a therapeutically effective amount of the pharmaceutical composition of any one of aspects 267B to 268B.

Aspect 270B. The method of aspect 269B, wherein the cancer comprises a solid tumor.

Aspect 271B. A method of treating an autoimmune disease in a patient, comprising administering to a patient in need of such treatment, a therapeutically effective amount of the pharmaceutical composition of any one of aspects 267B to 268B.

Aspect 272B. A method of screening compounds for IL-2Rγc activity, comprising: contacting a cell with, the IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 1B to 233B; the compound of any one of aspects 234B to 266B; or a combination of any of the foregoing; wherein the cell expresses the IL-2Rγc subunit; and contacting the cell with a test compound; and determining the activity of the test compound.

Aspect 273B. A method of activating the human IL-2 receptor, comprising contacting a cell expressing the human IL-2 receptor in vivo with a compound comprising: the IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 1B to 233B and an IL-2Rβ ligand selected from any one of SEQ ID NO: 1 to SEQ ID NO: 193, SEQ ID NO: 578 to SEQ ID NO: 903, and SEQ ID NO: 1028 to SEQ ID NO: 1043, or a compound of any one of aspects 234B to 266B.

Aspect 274B. A method of activating the human IL-2 receptor in a patient, comprising contacting a cell expressing the human IL-2 receptor in vivo with a compound comprising: the IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 1B to 233B and an IL-2Rβ ligand selected from any one of SEQ ID NO: 1 to SEQ ID NO: 193, SEQ ID NO: 578 to SEQ ID NO: 903, and SEQ ID NO: 1028 to SEQ ID NO: 1043, or a compound of any one of aspects 234B to 266B.

Aspect 275B. A method of treating a disease in a patient, wherein the IL-2 receptor signaling pathway is associated with the etiology of the disease, comprising administering to a patient in need of such treatment a therapeutically effective amount of a compound comprising the IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 1B to 233B, or a compound of any one of aspects 234B to 266B.

Aspect 276B. A method of treating a disease in a patient, wherein activation of the IL-2 receptor is effective in treating the disease, comprising administering to a patient in need of such treatment a therapeutically effective amount of a compound comprising the IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 1B to 233B, or a compound of any one of aspects 234B to 266B.

Aspect 277B. A method of treating a disease in a patient, wherein inhibition of the IL-2 receptor is effective in treating the disease, comprising administering to a patient in need of such treatment a therapeutically effective amount of a compound comprising the IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 1B to 233B, or a compound of any one of aspects 234B to 266B.

Aspect 278B. A method of treating a disease in a patient, wherein cells expressing the IL-2Rγc subunit are associated with the etiology of the disease, comprising administering to a patient in need of such treatment a therapeutically effective amount of a compound comprising the IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 1B to 233B, or a compound of any one of aspects 234B to 266B.

Aspect 279B. A method of treating a disease in a patient, wherein activation of IL-2R is effective in treating the disease, comprising administering to a patient in need of such treatment a therapeutically effective amount of a compound comprising the IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 1B to 233B, or a compound of any one of aspects 234B to 266B.

Aspect 280B. A method of treating a disease in a patient, wherein inhibiting IL-2R is effective in treating the disease, comprising administering to a patient in need of such treatment a therapeutically effective amount of a compound comprising the IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 1B to 233B, or a compound of any one of aspects 234B to 266B.

Aspect 281B. A method of treating a disease in a patient, wherein reducing the sensitivity of Treg cells to IL-2 is effective in treating the disease, comprising administering to a patient in need of such treatment a therapeutically effective amount of a compound comprising the IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 1B to 233B, or a compound of any one of aspects 234B to 266B.

Aspect 282B. A method of imaging cells expressing the IL-2Rγc subunit comprising administering to a patient an effective amount of a compound comprising the IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 1B to 233B, or a compound of any one of aspects 234B to 266B.

Aspect 283B. A method of diagnosing a disease in a patient wherein the disease is associated with cells expressing the IL-2Rγc subunit comprising: administering to a patient an effective amount of a compound comprising the IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 1B to 233B, or a compound of any one of aspects 234B to 266B; and determining a biodistribution of the compound comprising the IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 1B to 233B, or a compound of any one of aspects 234B to 266B.

Aspect 284B. A method of treating a disease in a patient, comprising: contacting a biological sample from a patient with an IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 1B to 233B or a compound comprising an IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 1B to 233B; determining at least one property associated with binding of the IL-2Rγc ligand to cells of the biological sample; and administering to the patient having the disease a compound comprising an IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 1B to 233B based on the at least one determined property.

Aspect 285B. The method of aspect 284B, wherein the at least one property comprises: an expression level of the IL-2Rγc subunit in cells of the biological sample; a characterization of cells of the biological sample expressing the IL-2Rγc subunit; and/or a binding affinity (IC₅₀) of cells of the biological sample expressing the IL-2Rγc subunit.

Aspect 286B. A method of targeting a compound to cells expressing the IL-2Rγc subunit comprising administering to a patient an effective amount of a compound comprising: the IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 1B to 233B; and a targeting moiety.

Aspect 287B. A method of delivering a cytotoxic compound to cells expressing the IL-2Rγc subunit comprising administering to a patient an effective amount of a compound comprising: an IL-2Rγc ligand of any one of aspects 1B to 233B; and cytotoxic moiety.

Aspect 288B. A binding site of the IL-2Rγc subunit, wherein, the group of IL-2Rγc ligands having amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NO: 194-210, 904-913, 211-233, 914-920, 234-245, 246-254, 921-922, 265-267, and 932-940, competitively bind to the binding site with each of the other IL-2Rγc ligands within the group; an IL-2Rγc ligand having amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 948 does not compete for binding to the binding sites with the group of IL-2Rγc ligands; and IL-2 does not compete for binding to the binding site with the group of IL-2Rγc ligands.

Aspect 289B. The binding site of aspect 288B, wherein each IL-2Rγc ligand of the group of IL-2Rγc ligands has a binding affinity (IC₅₀) to the IL-2Rγc subunit of less than 100 μM.

Aspect 290B. The binding site of any one of aspects 288B to 289B, wherein each IL-2Rγc ligand of the group of IL-2Rγc ligands has a binding affinity (IC₅₀) to the IL-2Rβ subunit of greater than 100 μM.

Aspect 291B. The binding site of any one of aspects 288B to 290B, wherein an IL-2Rβ ligand having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 58 does not compete for binding to the binding site with the group of IL-2Rγc ligands.

Aspect 292B. The binding site of any one of aspects 288B to 291B, wherein the group of IL-2Rγc ligands consists of peptides having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOS: 198, 202, 224, 236, and 248.

Finally, it should be noted that there are alternative ways of implementing the embodiments disclosed herein. Accordingly, the present embodiments are to be considered as illustrative and not restrictive, and the claims are not to be limited to the details given herein but may be modified within the scope and equivalents thereof. 

What is claimed is:
 1. An IL-2Rγc ligand comprising an amino acid sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NOS: 954, 965, 991, 1007, and 1024: SEQ ID NO: 954 L A L R K E V V C Q E Y Y G V E L C W I SEQ ID NO: 965 V V C Q D W E G V E L C W Q SEQ ID NO: 991 R P Q I E C Q E W Q G V E L C W T R E E SEQ ID NO: 1007 T D E V S C Q E W E G V E L C W I E R Q SEQ ID NO: 1024 R T G V E C Q D W H G V E L C W P V W E

wherein each amino acid sequence independently comprises 1 to 5 of the following conservative substitutions: amino acids having a small hydrophobic side chain comprising alanine (A), glycine (G), proline (P), serine (S), or threonine (T); amino acids having a hydroxyl-containing side chain comprising serine (S), threonine (T), or tyrosine (Y); amino acids having an acidic side chain comprising aspartate (D) or glutamate (E); amino acids having a polar-neutral side chain comprising histidine (H), asparagine (N), glutamine (Q), serine (S), threonine (T), or tyrosine (Y); amino acids having a basic side chain comprising arginine (R), lysine (K), or histidine (H); amino acids having a large hydrophobic side chain comprising isoleucine (I), leucine (L), methionine (M), valine (V), phenylalanine (F), tyrosine (Y), or tryptophan (W); and amino acids having an aromatic side chain comprising phenylalanine (F), histidine (H), tryptophan (W), or tyrosine (Y).
 2. The IL-2β ligand of claim 1, wherein the IL-2Rβ ligand exhibits a binding affinity (IC₅₀) to the human IL-2Rβ subunit of less than 100 μM.
 3. The IL-2Rγc ligand of claim 1, wherein the amino acid sequence is terminated with amino acids -G-G- on the N-terminus, on the C-terminus, or on both the N- and C-termini.
 4. A compound comprising at least one IL-2Rγc ligand of claim
 1. 5. The compound of claim 4, wherein the compound is selected from a peptide, a conjugate, and a fusion protein.
 6. The compound of claim 4, wherein the compound comprises an IL-2Rα ligand, an IL-2Rβ ligand, or both an IL-2Rα ligand and an IL-2Rβ ligand.
 7. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the IL-2Rγc ligand of claim
 1. 8. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the compound of claim
 4. 9. An IL-2Rγc ligand comprising an amino acid sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NOS: 950-953, 955-964, 966-990, 992-1006, 1008-1023, and 1025-1027: SEQ ID NO: 950 I E C D T S Y G V Y I C W Q SEQ ID NO: 951 I E C E E W R G V E L C W Q SEQ ID NO: 952 P E G R E V V V C R D W Y G V E L C W Q SEQ ID NO: 953 I W G R T V V E C Q D W E G V E L C W Q SEQ ID NO: 955 H E A R E V V V C Q D W Y G V E L C W Q SEQ ID NO: 956 M V N R E V V V C E D W Y G V E L C W Q SEQ ID NO: 957 T A N Q T V V E C Q V W G G V E L C W Q SEQ ID NO: 958 V E C Q E W G G V E L C W C SEQ ID NO: 959 D V E C V D W G G V E L C W H SEQ ID NO: 960 I V C E E W R G V E L C W L SEQ ID NO: 961 D F E R S Y V V C Q D W D G V E L C W I SEQ ID NO: 962 A H S R Q E V V C E E W Y G V E L C W I SEQ ID NO: 963 S A P E R W V E C E D W Q G V E L C W V SEQ ID NO: 964 Y S R E L Y V Q C E D W E G V E L C W I SEQ ID NO: 966 D V V C Q N W E G V D L C W H SEQ ID NO: 967 S A G R Q E V V C Q D W N G V E L C W I SEQ ID NO: 968 G Q G R E V V V C H D W Y G V E L C W Q SEQ ID NO: 969 D W R R S V V E C Q D W Y G V E L C W Q SEQ ID NO: 970 D V V C Q N W D G V D L C W H SEQ ID NO: 971 T L G R T V V E C Q D W G G V E L C W Q SEQ ID NO: 972 R L L N S V V E C L D W E G V E L C W Q SEQ ID NO: 973 I V C E D W R G V E L C W I SEQ ID NO: 974 V V C Q E W E G V E L C W C SEQ ID NO: 975 G D R P K E V V C E D W K G V E L C W I SEQ ID NO: 976 E R P R S F I E C Q E W E G V E L C W L SEQ ID NO: 977 E G S T T T I E C E E W A G V E L C W L SEQ ID NO: 978 A N Q N T V V E C Q D W H G V E L C W Q SEQ ID NO: 979 R S D D E V V V C Q E W E G V E L C W Q SEQ ID NO: 980 I E C E E W A G V E L C W L SEQ ID NO: 981 T W N M S E L E C Q D W N G V E I C W H SEQ ID NO: 982 G N D D S Y I V C E E W K G V E L C W I SEQ ID NO: 983 F A H H G V V E C Q E W Y G V E L C W Q SEQ ID NO: 984 L N R S V W I E C E E Y E G V E L C W L SEQ ID NO: 985 W S K K A E V V C E E W G G V E F C W I SEQ ID NO: 986 R S N Q T V V E C Q D W E G V E L C W Q SEQ ID NO: 987 V V C Q E W E G V E L C W Y A G E C M Q SEQ ID NO: 988 I L C Q E F E G V E L C W L E E S L A E SEQ ID NO: 989 K S Q V E C Q D W E G V E L C W V V S E SEQ ID NO: 990 K I T V E C Q D W D G V E L C W P T W I SEQ ID NO: 992 V S C Q E W D G V E L C W V D G D L A A SEQ ID NO: 993 I M C Q E W D G V E L C W L E R D K A N SEQ ID NO: 994 G L E I A C E D W Y G V E L C W L R R A SEQ ID NO: 995 G Y G V L C Q E W Q G V E L C W P V Q R E A G V SEQ ID NO: 996 P Y G V V C Q D W A G V E L C W V E N R SEQ ID NO: 997 K L T V E C Q D W D G V E L C W V G V E SEQ ID NO: 998 I N C Q T W N G V E L C W V D E G L Y Q SEQ ID NO: 999 V V C Q E W E G V E L C W V E P P L L P SEQ ID NO: 1000 R V Q V E C E D W N G V E L C W P V R V SEQ ID NO: 1001 D R Q V V C E E W D G V E L C W I E E S SEQ ID NO: 1002 K T T V A C Q D W G G V E L C W V E R V SEQ ID NO: 1003 R P E V V C Q E W E G V E L C W I S P L SEQ ID NO: 1004 R L G V E C Q E W E G V D L C W I S A F SEQ ID NO: 1005 K P V V V C E E W Q G V E L C W L E I Q SEQ ID NO: 1006 V V C E V F Q G V E L C W C E N E E F T SEQ ID NO: 1008 P V E V R C Q E W E G V E L C W V V G I SEQ ID NO: 1009 G P E V V C E E F N R V E L C W V E Y N SEQ ID NO: 1010 K Y I V E C Q E W G G V E L C W P E M V SEQ ID NO: 1011 V T C Q E Y E G V E L C W T V G C A Y S SEQ ID NO: 1012 V V C Q E W E G V E L C W Q T G P G A H A SEQ ID NO: 1013 I V C E E Y N G V E L C W V E T S V K P SEQ ID NO: 1014 E Q Q V V C Q E W N G V E L C W I E A G SEQ ID NO: 1015 Q L G V E C Q N W R G V E L C W V S E I  SEQ ID NO: 1016 T A E V V C Q E W D G V E L C W I E V L SEQ ID NO: 1017 S P S I V C E E W A G V E L C W V D Y S SEQ ID NO: 1018 A V C Q D W Y G V E L C W C M Q D I L D SEQ ID NO: 1019 V E C E E W G G V E L C W L A D E V M W SEQ ID NO: 1020 H S T V I C Q D W D G V E L C W I E N D SEQ ID NO: 1021 K K I V V C Q D W G G V E L C W T E D D SEQ ID NO: 1022 S V E V V C E E W H G V E L C W P V F I SEQ ID NO: 1023 R W A V S C Q D W Q G I E L C W P E W D SEQ ID NO: 1025 G Y G V V C E D F R G V E L C W L E R K SEQ ID NO: 1026 R T E V E C E D W E G V E L C W L SEQ ID NO: 1027 I L C E E W Q G V E L C W L E G G G S


10. The IL-2Rγc ligand of claim 9, wherein the amino acid sequence is terminated with amino acids -G-G- on the N-terminus, on the C-terminus, or on both the N- and C-termini.
 11. The IL-2Rγc ligand of claim 9, wherein each amino acid sequence independently comprises from 1 to of the following conservative substitutions: amino acids having a small hydrophobic side chain comprising alanine (A), glycine (G), proline (P), serine (S), or threonine (T); amino acids having a hydroxyl-containing side chain comprising serine (S), threonine (T), or tyrosine (Y); amino acids having an acidic side chain comprising aspartate (D) or glutamate (E); amino acids having a polar-neutral side chain comprising histidine (H), asparagine (N), glutamine (Q), serine (S), threonine (T), or tyrosine (Y); amino acids having a basic side chain comprising arginine (R), lysine (K), or histidine (H); amino acids having a large hydrophobic side chain comprising isoleucine (I), leucine (L), methionine (M), valine (V), phenylalanine (F), tyrosine (Y), or tryptophan (W); and amino acids having an aromatic side chain comprising phenylalanine (F), histidine (H), tryptophan (W), or tyrosine (Y).
 12. The IL-2β ligand of claim 11, wherein the IL-2Rβ ligand exhibits a binding affinity (IC₅₀) to the human IL-2Rβ subunit of less than 100 μM.
 13. A compound comprising at least one IL-2Rγc ligand of claim
 9. 14. The compound of claim 13, wherein the compound is selected from a peptide, a conjugate, and a fusion protein.
 15. The compound of claim 13, wherein the compound comprises an IL-2Rα ligand, an IL-2Rβ ligand, or both an IL-2Rα ligand and an IL-2Rβ ligand.
 16. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the IL-2Rγc ligand of claim
 9. 17. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the compound of claim
 13. 18. An IL-2Rγc ligand comprising the amino acid sequence of Formula (12) (SEQ ID NO: 949): -X¹⁷¹-X¹⁷²-X¹⁷³-X¹⁷⁴-X¹⁷⁵-C-X¹⁷⁶-X¹⁷⁷-X¹⁷⁸-X¹⁷⁹-X¹⁸⁰-X¹⁸¹-X¹⁸²-X¹⁸³-C-X¹⁸⁴-X¹⁸⁵-X¹⁸⁶-X¹⁸⁷-X¹⁸⁸-  (12) wherein, X¹⁷¹ is selected from an amino acid comprising a basic side chain; X¹⁷² is selected from an amino acid comprising a hydroxyl-containing side chain; X¹⁷³ is selected from an amino acid comprising an acidic side chain or a large hydrophobic side chain; X¹⁷⁴ is selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain; X¹⁷⁵ is selected from an amino acid comprising an acidic side chain or a large hydrophobic side chain; X¹⁷⁶ is selected from an amino acid comprising an acidic side chain or a polar/neutral side chain; X¹⁷⁷ is selected from an amino acid comprising an acidic side chain; X¹⁷⁸ is selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain or an aromatic side chain; X¹⁷⁹ is selected from an amino acid comprising an acidic side chain or a polar/neutral side chain; X¹⁸⁰ is G; X¹⁸¹ is V; X¹⁸² is E; X¹⁸³ is L; X¹⁸⁴ is W; X¹⁸⁵ is selected from an amino acid comprising a large hydrophobic side chain; X¹⁸⁶ is E; X¹⁸⁷ is selected from an amino acid; and X¹⁸⁸ is selected from an amino acid comprising an acidic side chain.
 19. The IL-2Rγc ligand of claim 18, wherein, X¹⁷¹ is selected from H, K, and R; X¹⁷² is selected from S, T, and Y; X¹⁷³ is selected from D, E, F, I, L, M, V, W, and Y; X¹⁷⁴ is selected from F, I, L, M, V, W, and Y; X¹⁷⁵ is selected from D, E, F, I, L, M, V, W, and Y; X¹⁷⁶ is selected from D, E, H, N, Q, S, T, and Y; X¹⁷⁷ is selected from D and E; X¹⁷⁸ is selected from F, H, I, L, M, V, W, and Y; X¹⁷⁹ is selected from D, E, H, N, Q, S, T, and Y; X¹⁸⁰ is G; X¹⁸¹ is V; X¹⁸² is E; X¹⁸³ is L; X¹⁸⁴ is selected from W; X¹⁸⁵ is selected from F, I, L, M, V, W, and Y; X¹⁸⁶ is E; X¹⁸⁷ is selected from an amino acid; and X¹⁸⁸ is selected from D and E.
 20. The IL-2Rγc ligand of claim 18, wherein, X¹⁷¹ is selected from H, K, and R; X¹⁷² is selected from S, T, and Y; X¹⁷³ is selected from D and E; X¹⁷⁴ is V; X¹⁷⁵ is selected from D and E; X¹⁷⁶ is selected from E and Q; X¹⁷⁷ is selected from D and E; X¹⁷⁸ is selected from F, H, W, and Y; X¹⁷⁹ is selected from D, E, and Q; X¹⁸⁰ is G; X¹⁸¹ is V; X¹⁸² is E; X¹⁸³ is L; X¹⁸⁴ is W; X¹⁸⁵ is selected from F, I, L, M, V, W, and Y; X¹⁸⁶ is E; X¹⁸⁷ is selected from an amino acid; and X¹⁸⁸ is selected from D and E.
 21. The IL-2Rγc ligand of claim 18, wherein, X¹⁷¹ is selected from H, K, and R; X¹⁷² is selected from S, T, and Y; X¹⁷³ is selected from F, I, L, M, V, W, and Y; X¹⁷⁴ is V; X¹⁷⁵ is selected from F, I, L, M, V, W, and Y; X¹⁷⁶ is selected from E and Q; X¹⁷⁷ is selected from D and E; X¹⁷⁸ is selected from F, H, W, and Y; X¹⁷⁹ is selected from D, E, and Q; X¹⁸⁰ is G; X¹⁸¹ is V; X¹⁸² is E; X¹⁸³ is L; X¹⁸⁴ is W; X¹⁸⁵ is selected from F, I, L, M, V, W, and Y; X¹⁸⁶ is E; X¹⁸⁷ is selected from an amino acid; and X¹⁸⁸ is selected from D and E.
 22. The IL-2Rγc ligand of claim 18, wherein, X¹⁷¹ is selected from H, K, and R; X¹⁷² is selected from S, T, and Y; X¹⁷³ is selected from D, E, F, I, L, M, V, W, and Y; X¹⁷⁴ is V; X¹⁷⁵ is selected from D, E, F, I, L, M, V, W, and Y; X¹⁷⁶ is selected from D, E, H, N, Q, S, T, and Y; X¹⁷⁶ is selected from E and Q; X¹⁷⁷ is selected from D and E; X¹⁷⁸ is W; X¹⁷⁹ is selected from D, E, and Q; X¹⁸⁰ is G; X¹⁸¹ is V; X¹⁸² is E; X¹⁸³ is L; X¹⁸⁴ is W; X¹⁸⁵ is selected from F, I, L, M, V, W, and Y; X¹⁸⁶ is E; X¹⁸⁷ is selected from an amino acid; and X¹⁸⁸ is selected from D and E.
 23. The IL-2Rγc ligand of claim 18, wherein the IL-2Rγc ligand exhibits a binding affinity (IC₅₀) to the human IL-2Rγc subunit of less than 100 μM.
 24. A compound comprising at least one IL-2Rγc ligand of claim
 18. 25. The compound of claim 24, wherein the compound is selected from a peptide, a conjugate, and a fusion protein.
 26. The compound of claim 24, wherein the compound comprises an IL-2Rα ligand, an IL-2Rβ ligand, or both an IL-2Rα ligand and an IL-2Rβ ligand,
 27. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the IL-2Rγc ligand of claim
 18. 28. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the compound of claim
 24. 